how to search thesis in google scholar

Google Scholar Guide

• Advanced searching

Google Scholar provides several advanced searching options. These options may include the use of:

• the Advanced search features.
• Boolean and proximity operators.
• words as search operators.
• symbols as search operators.

The Advanced search features

Click the hamburger icon ( ) on the left-hand corner. This reveals a menu from which you could choose the Advanced search .

Once you select the Advanced search , a pop-up window with the available advanced search options appears.

You may use the following options:

• Find articles with all of the terms: Default search option. | Combines search terms. | Retrieves articles that include all search terms. | Narrows down search results.
• Find articles with the exact phrase: Retrieves articles which include the search terms when they appear together, as an exact phrase. | Narrows down search results.
• Find articles with at least one of the words: Retrieves articles which include either or all search terms. | Expands search results.
• Find articles without the words: Excludes search terms. | Narrows down search results.

You can specify where the words you are searching may appear, by using any of the following options:

• anywhere in the article: Default search option. | Returns articles which include the search terms in any part of the article; title or body. | Works in conjunction with any of the "Find articles" options.
• in the title of the article: Returns articles which include the search terms only in the title of the article. |  Works in conjunction with any of the "Find articles" options. 

There are three additional search options to use:

• Return articles authored by: Returns articles written by a particular author | Works in conjunction with any of the "Find articles" or "Return articles" options. | Narrows down search results.
• Return articles published in: Returns articles published in a particular periodical publication. | Works in conjunction with any of the "Find articles" or "Return articles" options. | Narrows down search results.
• Return articles dated between: Returns articles published in a particular date range. | Works in conjunction with any of the "Find articles" or "Return articles" options. | Narrows down search results.

Boolean operators

This type of search uses operators that help you narrow or broaden your search. The most common operators are AND , OR , NOT . Check the table below to see when and how to use them in Google Scholar.

Words as search operators

Google Scholar supports the use of words as search operators. These words are:

• intitle : Results include a specific search term in the title of the article.| Syntax: intitle:search term   Tip! Do not add a space after the colon.
• intext : Results include a specific search term in the body of the article.| Syntax: intext:search term   Tip! Do not add a space after the colon.
• author : Results include articles written by a specific author.| Syntax: author:"first name last name"   Tip! Do not add a space after the colon. Place quotation marks around the author's name.
• source : Results include articles published in a particular journal.| Syntax: source:"journal title"   Tip! Do not add a space after the colon. Place quotation marks around the journal title.
• ininventor : Results include patent related documents including the name of a patent inventor. Syntax: ininventor:"first name last name"   Tip! Do not add a space after the colon. Place quotation marks around the inventor's name.
• assignee : Results include patent related documents including the entity that is granted the ownership of the patent.| Syntax: assignee:"entity name"   Tip! Do not add a space after the colon. Place quotation marks around the entity name.

Symbols as search operators

Google Scholar supports the use of symbols as search operators. These symbols are:

• Quotation marks ( " " ): Results include the search terms when they appear as a phrase. Syntax: "search term A search term B"
• Hyphen (  -  ): You can use the hyphen to indicate that words are strongly connected. Syntax: search term A-search term B |  Tip! Do not add spaces before and after the hyphen.
• Hyphen (  -  ): You can use the hyphen to exclude words from a search query. Syntax: search term A -search term B |  Tip! Add a space after the first search terms, but do not add a space between the hyphen and the search term you want to exclude.
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• Library links setup
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• Last updated: Dec 21, 2022 1:37 PM

18 Google Scholar tips all students should know

Dec 13, 2022

[[read-time]] min read

Think of this guide as your personal research assistant.

“It’s hard to pick your favorite kid,” Anurag Acharya says when I ask him to talk about a favorite Google Scholar feature he’s worked on. “I work on product, engineering, operations, partnerships,” he says. He’s been doing it for 18 years, which as of this month, happens to be how long Google Scholar has been around.

Google Scholar is also one of Google’s longest-running services. The comprehensive database of research papers, legal cases and other scholarly publications was the fourth Search service Google launched, Anurag says. In honor of this very important tool’s 18th anniversary, I asked Anurag to share 18 things you can do in Google Scholar that you might have missed.

1. Copy article citations in the style of your choice.

With a simple click of the cite button (which sits below an article entry), Google Scholar will give you a ready-to-use citation for the article in five styles, including APA, MLA and Chicago. You can select and copy the one you prefer.

2. Dig deeper with related searches.

Google Scholar’s related searches can help you pinpoint your research; you’ll see them show up on a page in between article results. Anurag describes it like this: You start with a big topic — like “cancer” — and follow up with a related search like “lung cancer” or “colon cancer” to explore specific kinds of cancer.

Related searches can help you find what you’re looking for.

3. And don’t miss the related articles.

This is another great way to find more papers similar to one you found helpful — you can find this link right below an entry.

4. Read the papers you find.

Scholarly articles have long been available only by subscription. To keep you from having to log in every time you see a paper you’re interested in, Scholar works with libraries and publishers worldwide to integrate their subscriptions directly into its search results. Look for a link marked [PDF] or [HTML]. This also includes preprints and other free-to-read versions of papers.

5. Access Google Scholar tools from anywhere on the web with the Scholar Button browser extension.

The Scholar Button browser extension is sort of like a mini version of Scholar that can move around the web with you. If you’re searching for something, hitting the extension icon will show you studies about that topic, and if you’re reading a study, you can hit that same button to find a version you read, create a citation or to save it to your Scholar library.

Install the Scholar Button Chrome browser extension to access Google Scholar from anywhere on the web.

6. Learn more about authors through Scholar profiles.

There are many times when you’ll want to know more about the researchers behind the ideas you’re looking into. You can do this by clicking on an author’s name when it’s hyperlinked in a search result. You’ll find all of their work as well as co-authors, articles they’re cited in and so on. You can also follow authors from their Scholar profile to get email updates about their work, or about when and where their work is cited.

7. Easily find topic experts.

One last thing about author profiles: If there are topics listed below an author’s name on their profile, you can click on these areas of expertise and you’ll see a page of more authors who are researching and publishing on these topics, too.

8. Search for court opinions with the “Case law” button.

Scholar is the largest free database of U.S. court opinions. When you search for something using Google Scholar, you can select the “Case law” button below the search box to see legal cases your keywords are referenced in. You can read the opinions and a summary of what they established.

9. See how those court opinions have been cited.

If you want to better understand the impact of a particular piece of case law, you can select “How Cited,” which is below an entry, to see how and where the document has been cited. For example, here is the How Cited page for Marbury v. Madison , a landmark U.S. Supreme Court ruling that established that courts can strike down unconstitutional laws or statutes.

10. Understand how a legal opinion depends on another.

When you’re looking at how case laws are cited within Google Scholar, click on “Cited by” and check out the horizontal bars next to the different results. They indicate how relevant the cited opinion is in the court decision it’s cited within. You will see zero, one, two or three bars before each result. Those bars indicate the extent to which the new opinion depends on and refers to the cited case.

In the Cited by page for New York Times Company v. Sullivan, court cases with three bars next to their name heavily reference the original case. One bar indicates less reliance.

11. Sign up for Google Scholar alerts.

Want to stay up to date on a specific topic? Create an alert for a Google Scholar search for your topics and you’ll get email updates similar to Google Search alerts. Another way to keep up with research in your area is to follow new articles by leading researchers. Go to their profiles and click “Follow.” If you’re a junior grad student, you may consider following articles related to your advisor’s research topics, for instance.

12. Save interesting articles to your library.

It’s easy to go down fascinating rabbit hole after rabbit hole in Google Scholar. Don’t lose track of your research and use the save option that pops up under search results so articles will be in your library for later reading.

13. Keep your library organized with labels.

Labels aren’t only for Gmail! You can create labels within your Google Scholar library so you can keep your research organized. Click on “My library,” and then the “Manage labels…” option to create a new label.

14. If you’re a researcher, share your research with all your colleagues.

Many research funding agencies around the world now mandate that funded articles should become publicly free to read within a year of publication — or sooner. Scholar profiles list such articles to help researchers keep track of them and open up access to ones that are still locked down. That means you can immediately see what is currently available from researchers you’re interested in and how many of their papers will soon be publicly free to read.

15. Look through Scholar’s annual top publications and papers.

Every year, Google Scholar releases the top publications based on the most-cited papers. That list (available in 11 languages) will also take you to each publication’s top papers — this takes into account the “h index,” which measures how much impact an article has had. It’s an excellent place to start a research journey as well as get an idea about the ideas and discoveries researchers are currently focused on.

16. Get even more specific with Advanced Search.

Click on the hamburger icon on the upper left-hand corner and select Advanced Search to fine-tune your queries. For example, articles with exact words or a particular phrase in the title or articles from a particular journal and so on.

17. Find extra help on Google Scholar’s help page.

It might sound obvious, but there’s a wealth of useful information to be found here — like how often the database is updated, tips on formatting searches and how you can use your library subscriptions when you’re off-campus (looking at you, college students!). Oh, and you’ll even learn the origin of that quote on Google Scholar’s home page.

18. Keep up with Google Scholar news.

Don’t forget to check out the Google Scholar blog for updates on new features and tips for using this tool even better.

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Google Search Techniques

• Google Basic Search
• Google Advanced Search
• Personalized Results
• Tips for Your Settings
• Activity Settings & Search History
• Private Browsing

Google Scholar

• Google Scholar Tutorial

Scope & Coverage

Google Scholar can be found at  https://scholar.google.com .

Scholar indexes:

• most peer-reviewed online academic journals & books
• conference papers
• theses & dissertations
• technical reports
• court opinions

Google doesn't publish a list of journals that they index, but one study estimates that it includes 90% of all scholarly documents on the web (written in English) *

Filter by Date

When you search Google Scholar, the default is to sort by relevance. Depending on your topic, it's also useful to sort or filter by date. Look for these options in the sidebar.

The example below shows only results "since 2017."

Including Patents & Citations

You can also select or de-select the boxes for including patents and citations.

"Cited by" and  Related Articles

Be sure to follow the links under each article for more "cited by" and "related" articles. These can be very useful.

Settings: Select Your Library

When you click through to get a particular article, you may see options for purchasing it, especially if you are not located on your university network when you search.

It's a good idea to let Google Scholar know which university (or universities) you have access to, so it can display links to your library's subscribed copies. You can do this in the Settings.

In the section called "Library links " you can enter the name of your university (up to 5 universities total) and save it. Google Scholar will then display special links to the articles available to you from your library's subscriptions.

Look for "find it@CEULibrary” for full text access to CEU Library electronic resources. These are accessible on campus or by using CEU's VPN .

Some articles may be available for free on various websites (such as the author's own site, or an open access collection), and Google Scholar will show links to those as well.

Profile - Your Publications

Another useful link to be aware of is "My Profile," located near the top of the Google Scholar screen. If you are logged into your Google account, you can click on this to see articles written by you that are indexed by Google Scholar.

Follow this link to see your own publications. They will be sorted with the ones that have the most citations at the top of the list. You can click on the "year" column to see the most recent publications first.

The profiles section is also useful as a way to search for publications by a particular scholar. Click on the search box at the top to find profiles of particular scholars.

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Google: Search Strategies for your Research: Google Scholar

• Google Scholar

About Google Scholar

• Scholarly focus
• Academic publishers
• Professional societies and online repositories
• Professional papers, conference proceedings,  theses, and court opinions
• Online journals, articles, abstracts, and books

Search for Lehman Resources using Google Scholar

Searching articles from lehman in google scholar, search by author.

Type Author: Name to get results written by an author.

Search by Title

Search by words in the title by using the " in title: " operator. 

Search by Phrase

Search for a phrase by using "quotation marks."

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Research Basics: Find Articles Using Google Scholar

• Understanding the Assignment
• Choosing a Research Topic
• Refining a Research Topic
• Developing a Research Question
• Deciding What Types of Sources You Will Need
• Types of Sources
• Search Techniques
• Find Books & eBooks This link opens in a new window
• Choose a Database / Find Articles
• Find Articles Using the EBSCO Articles tab
• Find Journals
• Find Websites using Google
• Find Articles Using Google Scholar
• Find Government Documents This link opens in a new window
• Find Statistics This link opens in a new window
• Interlibrary Loan This link opens in a new window
• How to evaluate your sources This link opens in a new window
• Primary vs. Secondary Sources This link opens in a new window
• Popular vs. Scholary This link opens in a new window
• Wheel of Sources
• Incorporate Sources into Your Research Paper
• Paraphrasing
• Voice Markers
• Using Source Material to Develop/Support an Argument
• Reasons to Cite Your Sources
• Citation & Style Guides This link opens in a new window
• Learning Checks
• Open Access Educational Resources
• Research Help

Ask a Librarian

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Lisle: (630) 829-6057 Mesa: (480) 878-7514 Toll Free: (877) 575-6050 Email: [email protected]

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Connect Google Scholar to the BenU Library's Collection

1. starting in google scholar, choose settings..

2. Choose Library Links. Search “Benedictine” and check the boxes. Search "Worldcat" and check the box. Click Save.

You're done! Now when you search in Google Scholar, your results page will include BenU Library links along the right.

Search Google Scholar

Google Scholar promotes itself as a resource that provides one-stop shopping for scholarly literature. It searches across many disciplines and covers a wide variety of resources, including journal articles, theses, books, abstracts, and more. Although Google Scholar is aimed at the academic community, it uses a very broad definition of "scholarly literature." 

It is important to realize that not everything in Google Scholar is peer reviewed.

Try a search:

Tutorial: Using Google Scholar

Remember to evaluate websites for reliability and accuracy before you use them in your research assignments.

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Thesis & Capstone Research

• Welcome & Getting Started
• Understanding Advanced Search Techniques
• Finding Books, Articles & More with OneSearch
• Google Scholar
• Primary Sources
• Using Our Special Collections & College Archives
• Looking Beyond FIT
• Citing Sources
• Finding Example Theses
• Let Us Help You!

Top Tip: Let Google Scholar Know You Go To FIT!

If you are going to be using Google Scholar in your research, be sure to set up FIT as one of your personal libraries. If you do this, you will see Get It @ FIT with a direct link to any resources available through the FIT Library. Watch video number two in the playlist to the right to see how to do this.

Using Google Scholar Effectively

If you run a general Google search, most of your results are not going to be scholarly in nature. You'll get websites, blogs, videos, and more, but little of this would be the basis for scholarly research and even less of it has been peer-reviewed. However, did you know that Google has a scholarly search tooled called Google Scholar ? The playlist of videos below show you how to use this tool effectively to do scholarly research. 

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• Last Updated: Jul 7, 2022 1:56 PM
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Finding Sources

Finding sources – initial searching with google scholar.

Google or another search engine is an easy way to quickly get an overview on your topic. Even more effective than Google Search is  Google Advanced Search , and even better than that for academic resources is  Google Scholar . Let’s consider Marvin’s experience.

Marvin: So can I just use Google or Bing to find sources?

Prof: Internet search engines can help you find sources, but they aren’t always the best route to getting to a good source. Try entering the search term “bottled water quality” into Google, without quotation marks around the term. How many hits do you get?

Marvin types it in.

Marvin: 1,180,000. That’s pretty much what I get whenever I do an Internet search. Too many results.

Prof: Which is one of the drawbacks of using only Internet search engines. The Internet may have cut down on the physical walking needed to find good sources, but it’s made up for the time savings by pointing you to more places than you could possibly go! But there are some ways you can narrow your search to get fewer, more focused results.

Marvin: Yeah, I know. Sometimes I add extra words in and it helps weed down the hits.

Prof: By combining search terms with certain words or symbols, you can control what the search engine looks for. If you put more than one term into a Google search box, the search engine will only give you sites that include both terms, since it uses the Boolean operator AND as the default for its searches. If you put OR between two search terms, you’ll end up getting even more results, because Google will look for all websites containing either of the terms. Using a minus sign in front of a term eliminates things you’re not interested in. It’s the Google equivalent of the Boolean operator NOT. Try entering bottled water quality health -teeth.

Marvin types in the words, remembering suddenly that he has to make an appointment with the dentist.

Marvin: 784,000 hits.

Prof: Still a lot. You can also put quotation marks around groups of words and the search engine will look only for sites that contain all of those words in the exact order you’ve given. And you can combine this strategy with the other ways of limiting your search. Try “bottled water quality” (in quotation marks) health -teeth.

Marvin: 225,000. That’s a little better.

Prof: Now try adding what type of website you are looking for, maybe a .gov or an .edu. Try typing “bottled water quality” heath -teeth site:.edu

Marvin: Wow, under 6,000 results now.

Prof: Yes, a definite improvement. Sometimes you want to be careful though not to narrow it so far that you miss useful sources. You have to play around with your search terms to get to what you need. A bigger problem with Internet search engines, though, is that they won’t necessarily lead you to the sources considered most valuable for college writing.

Marvin: My professor said something about using peer-reviewed articles in scholarly journals.

Prof: Professors will often want you to use such sources. Articles in scholarly journals are written by experts; and if a journal’s peer-reviewed, its articles have been screened by other experts (the authors’ peers) before being published.

Marvin: So that would make peer-reviewed articles pretty reliable. Where do I find them?

Prof: Google’s got a specialized search engine, Google Scholar, that will search for scholarly articles that might be useful. But often the best place is the college library’s bibliographic databases. 

To be continued. . .

Google Scholar

Google Scholar at scholar.google.com is Google’s academic search engine that searches across scholarly literature. It has extensive coverage, retrieving information from academic publishers, professional organizations, university repositories, professional websites, and government websites.

The benefits of searching within Google Scholar are numerous, but a search solely using Google Scholar will not be sufficient for your research, because non-scholarly and/or non-peer reviewed material may also appear in Google Scholar. You will also need to use library databases to research a topic/working thesis fully. Both Google Scholar and library databases have their own benefits.

Google Scholar accesses more government resources than available in library databases, as well as case law. One of the greatest features of Google Scholar is the “Cited by” link found below each search result. If you find one article you like, you can click on the link to find other articles that reference that same work.

Library databases allow you to limit your search to full-text, peer-reviewed, scholarly articles and to specify more information fields (subject headings, abstract, author, etc.) where you want your search terms found.

View the following video for a good introduction to using Google Scholar. Note that although the video references the University of Wisconsin, you can easily link to your own college’s library through the “settings” option in Google Scholar.

Click on the following examples to get a sense of how Google Scholar works.  You may also want to configure your settings to link to your own college’s library and try the search terms again, to see what’s available to you and how it can be accessed.

Google Scholar Search Results

Click on the links below to see how search results vary when using different search parameters.

caffeine health : A simple Google Scholar search for caffeine and health.

caffeine health coffee OR “green tea” OR “black tea” : Results of the search listed above, where the search specifies articles covering caffeine and health, and noting coffee, black tea, or green tea.

caffeine health author:”RR McCusker” : A search for articles on a topic by a specific author, Rachel R. McCusker.

caffeine health [2012-2016] : These results have been limited to those published from 2012-2016.

• Finding Sources - Intial Searching with Google Scholar. Revision and adaptation of the page Finding Sources at https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-englishcomposition1/chapter/text-finding-sources/ which is a revision and adaptation of sources listed below. Authored by : Susan Oaks. Provided by : Empire State College, SUNY OER Services. Project : College Writing. License : CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
• Finding Sources. Provided by : Lumen Learning. Located at : https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-englishcomposition1/chapter/text-finding-sources/ . Project : English Composition I. License : CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike
• Walk, Talk, Cook, Eat: A Guide to Using Sources. Authored by : Cynthia R. Haller. Provided by : Saylor. Located at : http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/writing-spaces-readings-on-writing-vol-2.pdf . Project : Writing Spaces: Readings on Writing Vol. 2. License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
• Google Tips and Tricks: Google Scholar. Provided by : The University of Rhode Island University Libraries. Located at : http://uri.libguides.com/c.php?g=42527&p=269108 . License : CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial
• Making the Most of your Search: Google Scholar. Provided by : University of Texas at Arlington Libraries. Located at : http://libguides.uta.edu/c.php?g=472514&p=3232594 . License : CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial
• image computer screen with books. Authored by : geralt. Provided by : Pixabay. Located at : https://pixabay.com/en/library-electronic-ebook-e-book-1666703/ . License : CC0: No Rights Reserved
• video How to Use Google Scholar for Academic Research. Provided by : Nextgen Research Publication. Located at : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bYI1eQTDSAA . License : Other . License Terms : Standard YouTube License

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Isf 189 & 190: thesis: google scholar & base.

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Google Scholar

Google Scholar is an easy way to do interdisciplinary research, and with some settings changes can become even more useful.  You need a Google account to use these features.

• Set up a Google Scholar Alert to be automatically notified when new articles are added to Google on topics of interest: 

Do your search in Google Scholar. Look in the left sidebar for the Create Alert link next to the envelope icon, and click it.  New items will be sent to your email account as they are found by Google.

• Make Google display links to full text of articles that Berkeley subscribes to:

• Ever wanted to trace an article’s impact? Google now permits searching within citing articles .

Do a Google Scholar search. Click on the "Cited by" link under a citation and select the "Search within articles citing..." checkbox.

Unlike Google Scholar, BASE allows you to search just the metadata of documents, not the full text of the resources indexed. 

The Basic search provides a single search field and will search all of metadata by default. On the search results page, there are facets that allow you to limit your search results (for example, subject, language, year of publication). 

The Advance search allows you to specify which metadata fields you want to search (for example, author, title, doi) and to limit your search to different types of documents, publication year, and other facets.

Search Help  provides guidance on how to construct a search. Like many of other search engines, a search for more than one term automatically retreieves results containting all the terms. Quotation marks can be used for phrase searching. But other search syntax is availalble to help you construct more sophisticated searches.

Plural, genitive and other word forms will be searched automatically. To disable this feature, choose "Verbatim search" in the advanced search or in the search field on the results page.

If you choose the option "Multi-lingual search" in the advanced search or in the search field on the results page you can also search for synonyms and translations, provided that the search term is included in  Eurovoc Thesaurus  or  Agrovoc Thesaurus .

Off-campus Access to Library Resources

There are two ways to connect to library resources from off-campus using the new library proxy:

• Links to online resources on library websites, such as UC Library Search, will allow you to login with CalNet directly.
• To access library resources found via non-UCB sites, such as Google or Google Scholar, you can add the EZproxy bookmarklet to your browser. Then, whenever you land on a licensed library resource, select your EZproxy bookmarklet to enable CalNet login.

More information is on the EZproxy guide .

The campus VPN  provides an alternate method for off-campus access.

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• Last Updated: Mar 12, 2024 3:02 PM
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University Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

How to Find Dissertations and Theses

• Finding Dissertations and Theses
• University of Illinois Dissertations

Google Scholar

Proquest dissertations and theses, non-u.s. dissertations.

• Dissertation Tracking

Ask a Librarian

Google Scholar searches specifically for scholarly materials, including Open Access (freely available) dissertations and theses. Many institutions make their dissertations publicly available, making Google Scholar a great place to search.

See the Library's guide on Google for Academic Research for more information.

If the Library does not have a copy of a dissertation or a theses, use ProQuest Dissertations and Theses to obtain a citation for the dissertation. Most American and Canadian universities are represented in this database, as well as selected British and European universities. Dissertations completed at many major U.S. universities during the past 10 years (and sometimes earlier) are available as full-text downloads.

If full text is not available, you can request a dissertation through interlibrary loan.

• ProQuest Dissertations and Theses This link opens in a new window PQDT is a collection of citations to dissertations and theses worldwide from 1861 to the present day. Full-text is available for most of the dissertations added since 1997 and some of the older graduate works. PQDT is also the official digital dissertations archive for the Library of Congress. Also included are the citations to British and Irish dissertations and theses (PQDT: UK & Ireland) since 1761 and abstracts for content since 1986. Note: UIUC masters theses are not in PQDT. They are only found in IDEALS or in the library catalog .

A note on terminology for dissertations and theses: these words are used differently depending on the country (at least in the English speaking world). In the US, dissertations are for doctoral work while a thesis can be a for a bachelor’s or master’s degree. However, it’s often flipped in Europe, e.g., a master’s dissertation and a doctoral thesis.

• The DART-Europe E-theses Portal DART-Europe is a partnership of research libraries in Europe who are working together to improve access to European theses. Several hundred universities link their digital repositories to DART-Europe and link to full text theses.
• EThOS: e-theses online service A project by the British Library Board to provide access to all dissertations from institutions in the UK. This website indexes the dissertations and provides links to full text where available and provide assistance to institutions digitizing dissertations. If available, full text dissertations are free to download.
• Foreign Dissertations at the Center for Research Libraries Try here when looking for a dissertation outside of the United States and Canada. CRL acquires hundreds of non-US, non-Canadian doctoral dissertations a year to add to its 800,000+ collection of dissertations. Acquisitions are primarily through the demand purchase program . Because the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign is a member of CRL, loans to the U of I community are provided free of charge - just fill out a standard interlibrary loan request and put "Item held by CRL" in the notes field.
• Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations This directory provides links to country-specific and international online libraries of electronic theses and dissertations. Many items, including those dating back to the early 1900s, are available in full text for free. For those not available in full text, fill out an interlibrary loan request.
• Theses Canada Portal A searchable catalog of all Canadian theses published since 1965, many of which are available in full-text electronic versions which can be downloaded free by students, scholars, and the public. You can also access and search for free full text electronic versions of Canadian theses and dissertations that were published from the beginning of 1998 to August 31, 2002.
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Thesis and Dissertation Guide

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Check out the Google Scholar tab for more information on how to use Google Scholar effectively! 

• Ctiation Chasing
• Subject Searching
• Advanced Keyword Synonyms
• Keyboard Shortcuts

Once you have begun your research and found some articles, you'll discover that searching the citations in articles you've already found is immensely helpful. This allows you to easily find research that relates directly to your topic.  There are a couple ways to do this. Let's say you've found article X, and it is perfect for your topic.

Looking at the bibliography or works cited or references of article X, you skim to see what titles seem to also match your topic.  Picking a title, you then search in our databases/library catalog Primo/Google Scholar for the title

Using a citation indexing service like Scopus, Web of Science or Google Scholar, you type in article X's information and find research that cites a specific article or work

Using citation searching also allows your to find out who the "big names"/big articles in your topic are (you'll find some cited in every article) and who the research you're finding relates to, both of which are extremely useful, especially when conduction a literature review. 

In each record you find, you'll discover subject terms .  Subject terms are a type of keyword for each article/book entry.  This is true in the library catalog and in databases (see images below).  These terms can assist you in finding new keywords for your search, as well as giving you an idea of what the article is about before you read the abstract (AKA summary/description).

In the Primo example, subject terms are called "Subjects" in the record. In EBSCOhost databases, they are both "subject terms" and "author supplied keywords".  In the images below you can see partial record views of where subject terms are displayed in the item records.

Library Catalog Primo:

From an EBSCOhost Database Article:

Stuck with your keywords?

Neil Patel made a fantastic list of 5 ways over on Quicksprout of how to develop a ton more keywords fast - keep in mind databases do not work the same way Google does, but these can help you when synonym.com , thesaurus.com , subject searches, looking at the record, and brainstorming fail you. 

• Ubersuggest
• Google's autofill in tools (or any databases)
• Answer the Public : this website looks a bit odd but type in ONE keyword to start and you can see a visual result of all types of uses of the word - this is typically used for marketing but it's a great tool if you're totally stuck
• Use the Cloudlet extension Firefox to help you generate a keyword word cloud
• Visual Thesaurus
• Do you have any search suggestions? Check those out

What is truncation? Truncation is removing the end of a word and replacing it with a symbol.  So why would you do that?  Because it will search multiple versions of a single word without you having to type them all in.  

To truncate a search term, do a keyword search in a database but add an asterisk (*) to the end of the word after you've cut off part of it.  Confused? See the examples below.

For example:   biolog * will search: biology, biological, biologist, biologics, etc. 

If you searched bio* it would bring back all the results from above, but would also bring back terms like biomass, biosphere, bioluminescence, etc. 

The database (you can also do this in the library catalog or in Google or other search engines) will retrieve results that include every word that begins with the letters you entered.  So if you wanted information on Spain/Spanish would you truncate?  Probably not.  You would have to truncate to SPA which will bring back much more than just  Spa in or  Spa nish. 

Spa* - this will of course bring up other results like actual spas, space, Sparta, etc.

The asterisk is  usually  the symbol used for truncation, but it may be something else.  If the asterisk doesn't work somewhere, do a Google search for the program name, truncation, and symbol.  So if it didn't work in JSTOR you would search:  JSTOR truncation symbol.  (For the record the asterisk is the truncation symbol in JSTOR.)  In Kemp Library's catalog you can use an * or a ? to truncate.

Once you get the hang of it, truncation is a huge time saver.

Boolean Searching is searching using  and, or, not  to clarify your search.

AND = helps limit a search by only showing results that include both topics 

OR = expands a search by showing results about each individual topic and where the topics meat 

NOT = excludes parts of a search

Databases have more sophisticated search features than Google Scholar, but if you have a one or two word topic Google Scholar can be useful.  

However, if you're having trouble finding something specific, try Google Scholar. For example you want "Game of Thrones and Graffiti" and you don't see it in a database, search the title of the article in Google Scholar (here you'd search "Game of Thrones and Graffiti"). 

If we don't have it and you can't access it on Google Scholar, you can always request it via interlibrary loan.

"If Google Scholar isn’t turning up what you need, try an open Google search with the article title in quotes, and type the added filter “filetype:pdf”. This scours the open web for papers hosted somewhere, by someone, in PDF format. Google Books provides limited preview access to many copyrighted books. Other alternate services include  SemanticScholar ,  Microsoft Academic ,  Dimensions , or  GetTheResearch  . Here too there are subject-specific portals like  EconBiz  or the  Virtual Health Library , some of which offer multilingual search options." -  Paragraph taken from A Wikipedia Librarian. 

Did you know that you can use Google Scholar in addition to Primo to help search Kemp library materials? You just have to add us to your Google Scholar and our results will show up in your searches showing you what you have access to as an ESU community member!

• Go to  Google Scholar 
• Make sure you're logged into your Google Account -  you'll see your initials or your icon in the top right hand corner of the screen if you're logged in. 
• Click on  Settings  (either from the top of the Scholar home page, or from the drop-down on the right hand side of the results page).

Choose  Library Links .

Type ‘East Stroudsburg University’ into the search box.

Click the boxes next to “ESU” and "Kemp Library"

Click  Save .

If you have other institutions you're affilitated with, or ResearchGate, you can add them too!

Getting to Google Scholar Settings:

The Library Link Screen: Search, Select and Save!

What your search results will look like: 

"Stopwords" or "stop words" are words that search engines, datagases , or any search interface may ignore, skip or may completely interrupt your search.  They may also affect how your results are listed (or in technical terms, "indexed"). These are usually common words such as " the, a, an, but ". You can see what a specific search engine or database, etc.'s stopwords are by Googling or otherwise looking up the name of the interface and " stopwords ".

Example: "what are Google stop words" or "what are EBSCOhost stop words"

You can see EBSCOhost's list of sample stop words and how they handle them here, or you can see the same information in the attached PDF.

• EBSCOhost Stop Words

Keyboard shortcuts that work in every browser - these will assist you in becoming a master of time efficiency! There are tons more out there that may be of use to you.

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PH 403: Thesis

• Finding Articles
• Use Web of Science

Don't Pay for Articles in Google Scholar!

Set up your google scholar preferences, google scholar and find it at osu, accessing paid content from off-campus.

• Theses & Dissertations
• Staying Organized

Google Scholar is a great place to scan across a lot of sources at once, but if it doesn't know that you have rights to access online articles and other sources from a library, it might send you to a page like this - which asks you to pay for the article you want:

The journal in this example is in the OSU Libraries' collection, and OSU students, staff and faculty have the right to access it (and articles in lots of other journals) from any computer with an Internet connection.  With a few adjustments to your preferences, you can tell Google Scholar to point you to the resources that the library provides for the OSU community.

Step 1:   To make Google Scholar talk to the OSU Libraries collection, go to the Settings link, located on the top left corner of the page:

Step 2:   On the left-hand side of the Scholar Settings page, choose Library links :

Step 3:   Next either search for Oregon State University in the search box or simply use the checkbox next to Oregon State University .

Now, when you do a search, your results list will look like this.  Click on the Find it at OSU link to get to either the full-text of the article or an easy option for requesting the article through interlibrary loan .  Notice that if the article doesn't have a Find it at OSU link, you can click on the More link to Check Library Holdings .

Clicking on these Find it at OSU links will now take you to the library's collections.  If you are in the library, or at an IP address recognized as an OSU address, this process will usually be immediate.  If you are not on campus, you will need to prove that you have access to the sources the library has paid for.  You do this by entering your ONID login and password after this sign in prompt:

This process works well, but it doesn't work perfectly.  If there is an article you want, and you can't get it this way, ask a librarian how you can get it.

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Search for EMU Dissertations in Esearch

This search finds theses and dissertations completed at EMU:

Finding EMU Dissertations and Theses

In addition to the Esearch search above, there are two places to look for dissertations and theses by EMU students: EMU's Digital Commons and a database from the company Proquest.

There are three links to Digital Commons below: two links show a list of dissertations by specific COE departments and the 3rd link goes to the full EMU Digital Commons which will also include Masters Theses from all three COE departments.

The fourth (last) link goes to a ProQuest database of EMU theses. Although there is overlap coverage between Digital Commons and ProQuest, each will have unique theses not found in the other. 

• Leadership & Counseling Dissertations in Digital Commons
• Teacher Education Dissertations in Digital Commons
• Digital Commons @ EMU This link opens in a new window Digital showcase of scholarly and creative works by EMU students, faculty, and staff Subjects : Covers most subjects Info type : scholarly articles, theses, dissertations
• Eastern Michigan University Theses and Dissertations This link opens in a new window This has full text of EMU dissertations and theses. For years prior to 2011, it isn't possible to search by department in this database; however you can search by keyword or by advisor. To do this use the pulldown menu to change the search from "Anywhere except fulltext -- ALL" to "Advisor -- ADV".

Finding Dissertations and Theses Worldwide

If you know the name of a dissertation, one of the quickest ways to locate it might be to search the title in quotes in Google Scholar.

• Google Scholar with EMU Full Text This link opens in a new window Search for scholarly materials on any topic Info type: scholarly articles, books, research reports, theses, working papers, cited sources Access Tips: Use link above to get access to EMU subscriptions with Findtext+ links. If this link does not work and you receive an error message from Google then use this alternate link to Google Scholar and also set your Google Scholar preferences to show EMU library access links. Search Instruction: Google Scholar Video
• Dissertations & Theses Global Full Text This link opens in a new window Info type: full text dissertations and theses (1997- ), descriptions of dissertations and theses (1861- ).
• Open Access Theses and Dissertations - OATD This link opens in a new window Full text theses and dissertations from 600+ universities.
• NDLTD - Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations A very large free database of dissertations and masters theses worldwide. Often there is a link to the full text.
• EBSCOhost OpenDissertations (formerly American Doctoral Dissertations) This link opens in a new window Citations for theses and dissertations from 1902 to the present, sometimes with links to full text in repositories.
• EThOS "EThOS is the UK’s national thesis service which aims to maximise the visibility and availability of the UK’s doctoral research theses."
• DART-Europe E-theses Portal DART (Digital Archive of Research Theses)-Europe allows you to easily search over 360,000 dissertations from over 500 European universities.

Article Databases that include Dissertations

• ERIC This link opens in a new window Key source for Education articles and reports Info type: scholarly articles, professional articles, dissertations, ERIC documents Brief how to video: ERIC Basics Look up Subject terms: Thesaurus on ERIC.gov
• PsycINFO This link opens in a new window Subjects: Psychology, Education, Business, Communication, Linguistics, Social Work Info type: scholarly articles, book info, conference papers, dissertations How To: ProQuest Basics Locating Quantitative and Qualitative Articles in PsycINFO PsycINFO Quick Reference Guide
• ProQuest One Business This link opens in a new window Key source for business articles. Subjects: Accounting, Auditing, Business, Communications, Economics, Ed Leadership, Entrepreneurship, Finance, Health Admin, Hotel Restaurant Mgmt, Management, Public Admin, Technology Info type: scholarly articles, professional articles, magazine articles, news, reports, dissertations Brief Instruction Video: ProQuest Basics

Getting the Full Dissertation

Try first to look in Google Scholar and Dissertations & Theses Global Full Text  (above) for digital fulltext of a dissertation. Many universities are now posting dissertations in repositories (like Digital Commons). Google Scholar includes Digital Commons and other repositories in its search. If that doesn't work, you might also try a regular Google search.

An effective way to search for the dissertation in Google Scholar or Google is to place the title in quotes, followed by the author last name. Example search: "Self-Efficacy and Instructional Leadership" Helber

For older dissertations, you may need to try to interlibrary loan the dissertation. You can get an idea of whether the dissertation is at a library by searching OCLC WorldCat . Or go to the web site for the library of the university where the author did the dissertation. Unfortunately, sometimes dissertations are not available via interlibrary loan. As a last resort, you may be able to purchase dissertations from ProQuest--see DissertationExpress  link below.

• WorldCat (via FirstSearch) This link opens in a new window Search for materials in libraries worldwide Info type: book info, library holdings
• Interlibrary Loan
• Dissertation Express For buying dissertations.
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• Last Updated: Apr 10, 2024 3:30 PM
• URL: https://guides.emich.edu/education

Thomas Vanhoutte

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Submit academic research paper to Google Scholar

You have worked many months to complete your thesis or academic paper and you have relied on existing knowledge to finalize your research. Now you want to make your work available to the public. Here is how to properly include your academic research (journal article, thesis, book, ) in the Google Scholar search engine.

Create your Google Scholar profile

From this page, you can create your Google Scholar profile page. Include as much information as possible, such as a profile picture, your website, affiliation and areas of interest. I would also recommend you to make your profile public.

Once your profile looks good, we can move on to actually adding your academic writings. From here on, you have two options:

• You have only one or a few documents you want to submit, go for option 1
• You have many articles you want to add and are planning on writing even more in the future, go for option 2

Option 1 – Adding one by one

If you only want to include one document (let’s say, your master’s thesis), you can do so manually. Here are the steps:

• Go to this page to start adding a document manually.
• Choose the type of document (journal, conference, chapter, book, thesis, patent, court case or other).
• Fill in all the details about your article (title, author(s), publication date(s), volume, publisher, institution).

Click save and if you filled in everything correctly, you will see the message ‘Added article to your profile’. Congratulations!

Option 2 – Submit a website with all your work

In case you have an academic career and you have a list of work on your (academic or personal) website, option 2 is more suitable for you.

Google has guidelines to help you index your website that contains your academic work. Here are the steps you should follow to successfully include all of your work at once:

• Go to this page  and pick the type of website you are submitting. In my case, I choose ‘Personal publications’.
• Read and check the check-boxes that apply to you, such as ‘My inclusion request is for my personal publications’.
• Fill in the requested details, whereby the your webpage with academic articles should be filled in by ‘List of publications page’.
• Lastly, you are asked to include one or more article examples. So, paste the direct link to on or more of your PDFs there.

click submit and you are greeted with this message

Thanks for submitting your website to Google Scholar. Our crawl team is working hard to add new content as quickly as possible, and we appreciate your assistance. Please keep in mind that bibliographic data is extracted from your pages by automatic software. If you aren’t satisfied with the accuracy of your listings, please refer to our technical guidelines at http://scholar.google.com/intl/en/scholar/inclusion.html for ways to provide more accurate bibliographic data. An email detailing your submission has been sent to [email protected] . If your content meets our guidelines, you can generally expect to find it included within the Google Scholar results within 4-6 weeks.

Be patient, because as the message says, it can take up to a month or more before your articles are indexed. You will also receive an e-mail from  [email protected] with the data you just submitted.

Follow your own profile

Here is a great tip: follow your own Google Scholar profile!

Go to your own profile and at the top right, choose ‘follow’. Enter your e-mail and create the alert. If Google adds a new article to your profile, or a new citation, you will receive an e-mail alert.

This is an excellent way to receive a heads up if another researcher or student has cited your work in their academic writings. Maybe you can even reach out to the author(s) and talk about their research; a great way to expand your network.

Join the conversation

17 Comments

What are good open alternatives or extensions for Google Scholar and Microsoft Academic Search?

Mate is it equivalent to journal publishings.

Thanks a lot Mr. Thomas. I am much benefited by your informative article. The way and simplicity gave me enourament to read all and actually helped me to solve my problem. God bless you.

I like to add my journal in indexing of google scholar

Thanks Thomas for the link to “Submit a website with all your work”, that was a great tip.

I am genuinely happy to read this webpage posts which carries lots of valuable information, thanks for providing such statistics.

RESPECTED SIR, HOW CAN I UPLOAD MY ARTICLE WHICH IS NOT PUBLISHED ANYWHERE TO GOOGLE SCHOLAR, AS I AM A PHD SCHOLAR, THERE IS NO PROVISION TO UPLOAD AND SAVE OPTION IN MY SCHOLAR ACCOUNT. I JUST OPENED AN ACCOUNT SIR. PLS GUIDE ME IN THIS REGARD. THANK YOU SIR

how to add pdf file to google scholars?

CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Name Course Professor Institution City and State location The Date  

TABLE OF CONTENT 1. Introduction…………………………………………………..4 1.1 Background Information………………………………….4 1.2 Definition of Corporate Governance……………………4 1.3 Importance of Corporate Governance…………………..4 1.4 Corporate Governance Theories………………………….5 1.5 Corporate Governance Codes……………………………5 2. Corporate Governance Mechanism………………………….6 2.1 Corporate boards………………………………………….7 2.1.1 Corporate board Structure……………………………7 2.1.2 Role of corporate board……………………………..8 2.2 Institutional Investors……………………………………9 2.2.1 Role of Institutional Investors ……………………..9 2.3 Other Corporate Governance Mechanisms……………10 3. Case Studies…………………………………………………10 3.1 Enron…………………………………………………….10 3.1.1 Background………………………………………..10 3.1.2 Enron’s Failure of Corporate Governance………..11 3.2 Reckitt Benckiser………………………………………12 3.2.1 Background………………………………………..12 3.2.2 Failure of Corporate Governance…………………12 3.3 Satyam………………………………………………….13 3.3.1 Background………………………………………..13 3.3.2 Failure of Corporate Governance ………………..13 3.4 WorldCom……………………………………………..14 3.4.1 Background……………………………………….14 3.4.2 Failure of Corporate Governance…………………14

4 Recommendations…………………………………………15 5 Conclusion…………………………………………………17 6 References…………………………………………………18   Introduction 1.1 Background Many scholars, economists, and other professions consider 2007- 2009 global financial crisis as the worst financial crisis ever since the great depression of 1930. The period characterized by the collapse of many financial institutions, massive bailouts, the economic downturn and finally the great recession was primarily attributed to the failure of corporate governance. As much as this was a low point in corporate governance, it also showed its importance not only to individual firms but to the world economy as a whole (Tricker & Tricker 2015). Never before has the notion that corporate boards and institutional investors are the most important corporate governance mechanisms in the firms with important implications for the sustainable long-term success of the firm been so vividly seen. From time immemorial as humans, we have always learned from our mistakes and the 2007-2009 was an eye opener especially to corporate governance. Before I can explain further on the notion, it is important to learn the basic aspects of corporate governance. 1.2 Definition of Corporate Governance Corporate governance in simple terms refers to the set of rules, processes, and practice through which a company is controlled and directed with (Solomon 2007). It involves balancing the interests of the organization with the interests of other parties such as the government, investors, lenders, suppliers, the community etc. 1.3 Importance of Corporate Governance When executed properly, corporate governance can help a company avoid certain risks such as lawsuits, fraud, and misappropriation of funds. In addition to that, good corporate governance helps in boosting the organization’s brand and reputation to the media, investors, suppliers, customers and the society as the whole. Furthermore, cooperate governance protects the financial interests of the individuals involved with the company such as the shareholders and the employees as explained by (Vitez, 2017).

1.4 Theories of Corporate Governance Corporate governance can be defined in many ways but when it comes to analyzing it, we do it through a framework of different theories. One of those theories is the agency theory which looks at the shareholders as the principals and the executives that have been hired to run the business as their agents. Another theory is the stewardship theory which looks at the executive as the stewards of the shareholders with both parties sharing the same goals. In addition to that, we have the resource dependent theory which considers the board as to be in existence so as to provide resources to the management with the aim of achieving the overall objectives of the business. Stakeholder theory comes from the assumptions that it is not just the shareholders who have an interest in the company but other parties too such as suppliers, the government, creditors among others (Farrar 2008). This means that this parties too can be affected by the success or failure of the business. Other theories of cooperate governance include transaction cost theory, political theory, and ethical related theories. 1.5 Corporate Governance Codes Introduction The code of governance over the years have originated for various reasons or in response to various circumstances. The first major release was in 1992 by Sir Adrian Cadbury popularly referred to ‘Cadbury Code’ titled “the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance”. Following serious revisions over the years, the code is nowadays administered by the Financial Reporting Council. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) developed the first internationally influential codes back in 1999 following a business advisory committee that was led by Irra Milstein. Boards that govern companies are influenced by several documents which include but not limited to articles of incorporation, by-laws, corporate governance guidelines, committee charters, and codes of conduct. When it comes to the United States, various federals laws such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Act, federal laws as well as federal security laws in addition to regulations, rules, and guidance from SEC are used. These documents are meant to be used for the purpose of best practices and flexible working standards to safeguard the various parties that have an interest in the organization. In short, they basically outline the interaction between the board and management outlining the structure and the behavior of the board. The codes are normally contributed to by various individuals including investors, accounting firms, regulators, banks, corporate governance interest organizations, academics, and stock exchanges, among others.

Corporate Governance Mechanism Policies, control, and guidelines are vital for an adequate corporate governance mechanisms. An effective corporate governance mechanism will consist of a number of various mechanisms. The first level consists of internal mechanisms which monitor the business from within and take corrective measures when the business stray away from its set objectives. They include reporting lines that are clearly defined, systems that measure performance and systems for the smooth operation of the business. The next level is the external mechanisms which are controlled by those outside the business and serve the objectives of outsiders such as the regulators, government, financial institutions, and trade unions among others. The objectives of the external mechanism include proper debt management and legal compliance by the company in question. The last level consists of an audit of the entity’s financial statements by an independent auditor who generally works to serve both the internal and external parties that are involved with an organization to ensure that their interests are guided and that the management is doing everything properly. They also act as a second opinion to back up what the management is saying. 2.1 Corporate Boards The board generally consist of groups of individuals elected or nominated by shareholders in the annual general meeting. The board of directors normally act as a bridge between the company and the shareholders -it decides as a fiduciary with the aim of protecting the latter’s interests. This is the norm with a Public company even though nowadays most non-profit making organizations and private companies also have a board. Their main mandate is to make policies for corporate management and also to make decisions on major issues that affect the company. 2.1.1 Corporate Board Structure The structure of the board of directors is mainly guided by the company’s bylaws which sets out the structure, number of members, how often they meet etc. The most important element is that it should be able to balance both the interests of the management and Shareholders. The duties are regulated by the statutory laws, federal statutory laws, listing standards, common law and shareholder activism and litigation. The membership of the board normally constitutes independent directors, senior company executives, non-independent directors such as former senior executives of the company among others. Nasdaq rules require the majority of the board members to be independent and in they constitute up to 75% or more of the boards in 93 of the top 100 US companies. Most boards consist of 8 to 15 members. There are no age and nationality restrictions although in recent years gender balance has been emphasized. 2.1.2 Roles of the Corporate Boards The board’s primary role as discussed earlier is the fiduciary duty to safeguard the finances and the legal requirements of the entity. They do this by ensuring that the entity in questions does all that is required of it by the law, and the funds are properly used. Another role of the board of directors is setting up the mission and vision of the organization. In addition to that, they ensure that the management adheres and work towards achieving them. Over sighting the activities of members of the organization such as executives is another role of the corporate board. The board ensures that the management adheres to rules and regulations and do their work as prescribed. Other roles of the board of directors come up in the annual meetings where-by, they announce the annual dividends, oversee the appointment of key executives and amend the by-laws where it is necessary (Dimopoulos & Wagner, 2016). Other roles of the corporate board include setting up the strategy for the company for long-term survival, short-term gains and future exploration of opportunities that are likely to arise. This might also include setting up the structure of the company to ensure efficiency. The board, however, does not take part in the day to day running of the organization and thus serve another role of delegating the duties to the management. The board should also monitor, control functions and set up compensation plans for the executives. Last but definitely not least, the board helps in acquiring resources for the organization while ensuring continuity. With great power comes great responsibilities. The board must always use their powers for the right reason and do what is required of them by the shareholders of the company. The board must always carry out whatever they do in the full interest of the company, and in case there is a conflict of interest then the interests of the company should always come first. They must also carry out their task with due care minding the interests of both the shareholders and that of the employees. Other responsibilities of the board include acting as the court of appeal in case there are disputes, accessing the performance of the firm and enhancing the organization’s overall public image and brand name. 2.2 Institutional Investors An institutional investor is a person, persons or organization that pools money or provides funds to purchase securities, other investment assets, property or originate loans. They include financial institutions such as banks, Insurance companies, pension and hedge firms, investment advisors, commercial trusts and mutual funds. For a firm to grow, it requires resources inform of money which is provided by these institutional investors who get profits and interests as compensation for their troubles in taking the risk. The returns should exceed the fees and expenses of the investments and is compared against treasury bills which are considered to be risk-free. 2.2.1 Roles and Responsibilities of Institutional investors The best thing about institutional investors is the fact that they have expertise and knowledge to monitor the health and progress of the business. With this knowledge, they can provide the best advice the organization and also control the tendency of the management to put their interests first as opposed to the interests of the company. This active monitoring helps reduce misappropriation of funds and other forms of fraud (Gillan & Starks 2002, pp. 275-305) The institutional investors can act as a source of stability in hard times as was the case in the coal crisis in India recently. By offering additional funds, the institutional investors increase their stake and say in the company thus can push for better corporate governance. Another aspect related to this is the fact the institutional investors have a louder voice compared to minority investors. Most of the time when minority shareholders raise their concerns on corporate governance, they will rarely get addressed or at times get thwarted by the minorities which are not the case with institutional investors. 2.3 Other Corporate Governance Mechanism Other parties that are involved in corporate governance include the shareholders themselves who have the biggest interests as the main contributors of capital, the employees who get their incomes and job security from the good governance of the company, the government which gets taxes from the organization and the society as a whole which benefits from job creation, income distribution, corporate social responsibility activities of the firm among other benefits. Case Studies 3.1 Enron 3.1.1 Background The story of Enron was not only the largest bankruptcy case at the time but also the biggest audit failure. This was cited by many as the biggest corporate governance failure especially on the part of corporate boards and institutional investors. Enron was founded in 1985 by Kenneth Lay who also triples up as the chairman and chief executive officer. This was after merging Houston Natural gas and Intermonth. Other key people involved with Enron included: Jeffrey Skiing who was the C.O.O, Andrew Fastow who was the CFO and Rebecca Mark-Jusbasche who was the once a vice chairman. From 1995 to 2000 Enron was in fact named America most innovative company by Fortune. In the mid-2000s at its peak, the shares of Enron were trading at $90.75 per share. By the end of November 2001, they were trading at less than $1 per share. This was when the shareholders filed a $40 billion lawsuit. Enron filed for bankruptcy on December second, 2001 with assets worth $63.4 billion making it the biggest bankruptcy scandal ever in American history at the time. At this stage, the shares were going at $0.26 per share. 3.1.2 Failure of Corporate Governance in Enron Lack of due care and skill from the board was one of the reasons why Enron failed. As submitted by S.Watkins, Kenneth Lay who was Enron’s chair, could not get what was being said to him in regards to the company having questionable accounting practices. This also showed lack of proper communication between the board and the executives. This was further elaborated by Jeffrey McMahon, the new Enron’s president who said it was virtually impossible to challenge the authorities at Enron. A culture of intimidation had also developed at the company with the likes of Ms. Watkins fearing to lose their jobs. The board literally failed in its role of directing. This showed some sort of conflict of interests where they were more than happy to receive high compensations without asking serious questions which would have led to a decrease in their personal bonuses. The management who carried out the day to running of the Enron misrepresented information by allocating Enron’s debts to its dubious partners. This also showed the lack of proper internal controls at Enron (Carberry & Zajac 2017, p.15134). The corporate investors also failed to properly supervise the company and advice accordingly. For example, according to an economist at Enron, it was important it was all mind games as it was important for the employees, investors, and analysts to believe that the stock will bounce back. Other corporate investors such as the two trustees of Enron’s 401(k) plan failed in their duties as they did not warn the plan participants despite a memo detailing the accounting malpractices. The institutional investors also had all the knowledge and expertise but failed to utilize them- they just sat back and believed whatever they were told. 3.2 Reckitt Benckiser 3.2.1 Background Reckitt Benckiser is a British multinational that produces consumer goods to do with hygien, health, and home products. The name comes from the merging of a United Kingdom company Reckitt & Coleman and Benckiser NV that was based in the Netherlands back in 1999. The most well-known products worldwide include Dettol and Strepsil. Reckitt Benckiser acquired Korean Oxy brand in 2001 which had been using polyhexamethathylene guanidine (PHMG) in a product since 1996. In 2011, PHMG was banned by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and prevention after a published report showed a link to lung damage and report. Several reports also came out supporting the Korean report, and at the height of this in 2016 a coalition of consumer groups came out for the total boycott of Reckitt Benckiser products after it had been linked to more than 500 deaths from a BBC report. 3.2.1 Failure of Corporate Governance Mechanism in Reckitt Benckiser In the case of corporate governance, the management and directors fail as a whole in doing their duty of due care and skill when acquiring the Korean Oxy brand. They had a duty to investigate and know what is in the product. They put the company’s financial interests before the safety of the consumers. In addition to that, several attempts were made by the board and management to suppress investigations instead of taking corrective measures. Even though this was mostly a failure by the management and board, institutional investors also had the power to ask questions. Despite the various reports, they were silent till there was outrage in the mass media. 3.3 Satyam 3.3.1 Background Satyam was India’s fourth largest computer service company in India which has a population of over 1 billion. It was even listed on New York Stock exchange in 2001 with revenues exceeding $1 billion. The founder, M. Raju Ramalinga who was also the chair was a highly regarded person in the business often gracing all the major corporate events. In 2008 Satyam won the coveted prize of the Golden Peacock Award for compliance issues and Risk Management in corporate governance. In 2009, M. Raju confessed that the company’s accounts had been falsified by a massive $1.47 billion (Bhasin 2005). In the same year, Satyam stock was banned from trading on the New York Stock Exchange, and the Golden Peacock Award stripped off. Mr. Raju was later convicted together with other senior members. 3.3.2 Failure of Corporate Governance Mechanisms The board at Satyam failed in their primary duty of due care and monitoring the activity of the business as they did not notice the discrepancy. This was so evident that the first order was to appoint a temporary board. The board also put their interests first at the expense of the company for financial gains as confessed by their chairman. Despite the amount that falsified being that large, the auditors who were Price Water House Coopers failed in their auditing duties as they did not report anything amiss despite having all the expertise and experience. They were even fined $6 million by the US stock exchange for not following the code of conduct and auditing standards in when offering their services to Satyam. Institutional investors also failed to raise questions or properly examine the financial statements. Furthermore, with their expertise, they should have pushed for compliance with the corporate code of governance. 3.4 Worldcom 3.4.1 Background Before filing for bankruptcy protection in 2002, WorldCom was the second largest long distance phone company in the United States. With assets totaling over $104 billion, $30 billion in revenues and over 60,000 employees WorldCom filed for bankruptcy protection on July 1, 2002. The company later wrote down more than 75% of the total assets with over 17,000 of the workers losing their jobs. Over the period between 1999-2002, WorldCom had deliberately overstated their income before tax by over $7 billion which was the main reason behind the falling from grace to grass. It is currently known as Verizon business or Verizon enterprise solution after being acquired by Verizon Communications and is slowly rebuilding and being integrated into the parent company. 3.4.2 Failure of corporate Mechanism in WorldCom The biggest failure of WorldCom was the fact that the board had failed in its structuring role. Over the years, it had acquired a lot of companies with even one accountant confessing that they would get calls from people they did not even know existed. The departments were also not even properly structured for efficient working and were very decentralized. For example, the finance department was in Mississippi; the network operations were in Texas, the human resource in Florida and the legal department in Washington DC. This provided a challenge of communication as each department developed their ways of doing things. Apart from that, the difference in management style and the culture that was developed of not questioning seniors was a discouragement for employees who wanted to correct any issues that arose. In fact, there was a deliberate attempt by the management to hide vital financial issues as explained by Buddy Yates, the director of general accounting who was told he would be thrown outside the window in case he had shown the numbers to the auditors by Gene Morse, a senior manager. The employees also put their self-interests above the interest of the company as loyal employees were often compensated above the company’s approved salaries and bonus packages by Ebbers and Sullivan. The biggest failure was the board however as they failed terribly in all their roles and responsibilities including due care, supervision, bridging the gap between management and shareholder among others. In the case of institutional investors, they also failed terribly. No one raised a question on the structure of the firm or why the firm was highly decentralized. The increase in the salaries and compensation for the ‘loyal’ employees in the finance and accounting department should also have raised questions. Institutional investors should have also used their expertise to confirm the information that was being provided to them. Recommendations on Improving the Quality Of Corporate Governance Corporates Boards Should Meet Regularly: The corporates boards do not take part in the day to day running of the business, but they have a supervisory role. To carry out the tasks effectively, they need to meet more often (Christensen et al 2015, pp.133-164) Division of Responsibilities: The duties and responsibilities of a firm should be properly defined and allocated within an organization. This will help in reducing conflicts and also knowing who is liable and for what. This will also help enhance effective communication within an organization. Stronger Internal Controls: Controls in an organization should start from within for effective corporate governance. The controls include the supervision of seniors, physical controls, controls among others. Transparency: Corporate governance is all about transparency. Transparency does not mean revealing the companies but being honest in its activities. In case there is a loss it should be stated and corrective measures to correct it taken, Proper succession planning: One of the best attributes is that its life is not limited to that of the owners or directors. A proper succession plan should, therefore, be set in place to ensure that the values of the company that encourages proper corporate governance are passed from one generation to the other within the company Proper training of directors: The directors of the company are the eyes of the society and shareholders in the business. They need to be properly trained to carry out their tasks effectively as is required of them. Another option is to select a board of directors that is highly qualified in the different fields that the business is engaged in. Independent members increase: Any organization that is interested in improving its corporate governance should try as much as possible to increase the list of independent parties in its running. The independent parties with no direct relation can view the business from a better neutral point (Klapper & Love 2002, pp.703-728) Conclusion It is crystal clear from the discussions above that the corporate governance mechanisms such as corporate boards and institutional boards are the backbone for the survival of any company. From the cases discussed above, we can see the consequences of bad corporate governance and the fact that it does not matter how big the company is. In addition to that, there is a failure the many bodies that are meant to supervise corporate governance. Corporate governance board needs to do more than just take the words of corporations. It is an understatement to say that corporate governance should be a priority, it should actually be a prerequisite (Lebedeva et al 2016). 

References Bhasin, M.L., 2015. Corporate accounting fraud: A case study of Satyam Computers Limited. Carberry, E. and Zajac, E., 2017, January. How US Corporations Changed Executive Compensation after Enron: Substance and Symbol. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2017, No. 1, p. 15134). Academy of Management Christensen, J., Kent, P., Routledge, J. and Stewart, J., 2015. Do corporate governance recommendations improve the performance and accountability of small listed companies?. Accounting & Finance, 55(1), pp.133-164. Dimopoulos, T. and Wagner, H.F., 2016. Corporate Governance and CEO Turnover Decisions. Farrar, J., 2008. Corporate governance: theories, principles and practice. Oxford University Press Gillan, S.L. and Starks, L.T., 2000. Corporate governance proposals and shareholder activism: The role of institutional investors. Journal of financial Economics, 57(2), pp.275-305. Ilya, P., 2015. inc. [Online] Available at: http://www.inc.com/ilya-pozin/14-highly-effective-ways-to-motivate-employees.html [Accessed 27 January 2018].

Klapper, L.F. and Love, I., 2004. Corporate governance, investor protection, and performance in emerging markets. Journal of corporate Finance, 10(5), pp.703-728. Lebedeva, T.E., Akhmetshin, E.M., Dzagoyeva, M.R., Kobersy, I.S. and Ikoev, S.K., 2016. Corporate governance issues and control in conditions of unstable capital risk. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(1S). Solomon, J., 2007. Corporate governance and accountability. John Wiley & Sons. Tricker, R.B. and Tricker, R.I., 2015. Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA. Vitez, O., 2017. Bizfluent. [Online] Available at: https://bizfluent.com/facts-6884459-importance-corporate governance.html [Accessed 21 February 2018].

Hi, we have the scientific journal: https://journal.scsa.ge/

we are submitting it to google scholar manually already for one year, but it is not indexed still in scholar.

What can we do?

Hi, how to upload my thesis into google or share

hello, how to upload my thesis into google or share .

An impressive share! I’ve just forwarded this onto a friend who was doing a little research on this. And he actually bought me breakfast simply because I found it for him… lol. So let me reword this…. Thanks for the meal!! But yeah, thanks for spending time to discuss this subject here on your web site.

I am interested to publish my articles on Goodle scholar but I have know clear idea about the steps to follow. Please link me

Thanks, Thomas your article help me to explore google scholar differently thanks a lots.

Thanks, friend. I wanted to publish my marketing papers over there. Your article helped. Thanks again.

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Reference management. Clean and simple.

The top list of academic search engines

1. Google Scholar

4. science.gov, 5. semantic scholar, 6. baidu scholar, get the most out of academic search engines, frequently asked questions about academic search engines, related articles.

Academic search engines have become the number one resource to turn to in order to find research papers and other scholarly sources. While classic academic databases like Web of Science and Scopus are locked behind paywalls, Google Scholar and others can be accessed free of charge. In order to help you get your research done fast, we have compiled the top list of free academic search engines.

Google Scholar is the clear number one when it comes to academic search engines. It's the power of Google searches applied to research papers and patents. It not only lets you find research papers for all academic disciplines for free but also often provides links to full-text PDF files.

• Coverage: approx. 200 million articles
• Abstracts: only a snippet of the abstract is available
• Related articles: ✔
• References: ✔
• Cited by: ✔
• Links to full text: ✔
• Export formats: APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, Vancouver, RIS, BibTeX

BASE is hosted at Bielefeld University in Germany. That is also where its name stems from (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine).

• Coverage: approx. 136 million articles (contains duplicates)
• Abstracts: ✔
• Related articles: ✘
• References: ✘
• Cited by: ✘
• Export formats: RIS, BibTeX

CORE is an academic search engine dedicated to open-access research papers. For each search result, a link to the full-text PDF or full-text web page is provided.

• Coverage: approx. 136 million articles
• Links to full text: ✔ (all articles in CORE are open access)
• Export formats: BibTeX

Science.gov is a fantastic resource as it bundles and offers free access to search results from more than 15 U.S. federal agencies. There is no need anymore to query all those resources separately!

• Coverage: approx. 200 million articles and reports
• Links to full text: ✔ (available for some databases)
• Export formats: APA, MLA, RIS, BibTeX (available for some databases)

Semantic Scholar is the new kid on the block. Its mission is to provide more relevant and impactful search results using AI-powered algorithms that find hidden connections and links between research topics.

• Coverage: approx. 40 million articles
• Export formats: APA, MLA, Chicago, BibTeX

Although Baidu Scholar's interface is in Chinese, its index contains research papers in English as well as Chinese.

• Coverage: no detailed statistics available, approx. 100 million articles
• Abstracts: only snippets of the abstract are available
• Export formats: APA, MLA, RIS, BibTeX

RefSeek searches more than one billion documents from academic and organizational websites. Its clean interface makes it especially easy to use for students and new researchers.

• Coverage: no detailed statistics available, approx. 1 billion documents
• Abstracts: only snippets of the article are available
• Export formats: not available

Consider using a reference manager like Paperpile to save, organize, and cite your references. Paperpile integrates with Google Scholar and many popular databases, so you can save references and PDFs directly to your library using the Paperpile buttons:

Google Scholar is an academic search engine, and it is the clear number one when it comes to academic search engines. It's the power of Google searches applied to research papers and patents. It not only let's you find research papers for all academic disciplines for free, but also often provides links to full text PDF file.

Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature developed at the Allen Institute for AI. Sematic Scholar was publicly released in 2015 and uses advances in natural language processing to provide summaries for scholarly papers.

BASE , as its name suggest is an academic search engine. It is hosted at Bielefeld University in Germany and that's where it name stems from (Bielefeld Academic Search Engine).

CORE is an academic search engine dedicated to open access research papers. For each search result a link to the full text PDF or full text web page is provided.

Science.gov is a fantastic resource as it bundles and offers free access to search results from more than 15 U.S. federal agencies. There is no need any more to query all those resources separately!

Accessing scholarly content in ProQuest through Google Scholar

• Article Number: 000035239

ProQuest has partnered with Google to enable the full text of its scholarly journal content to be indexed in Google Scholar. Users starting their research in Google Scholar will be able to access scholarly content via the ProQuest interface (search.proquest.com). Here are answers to some common questions on accessing ProQuest content in Google Scholar.

Indexing and content

• User access and authentication
• Google Scholar/Google search results

Which products will be indexed in Google Scholar?

Google indexes scholarly content not products. That said, most ProQuest platform scholarly content including nearly half a million full text dissertations are indexed in Google Scholar. Google’s definition of scholarly content covers the source types and document types listed below. Read Google Scholar’s content guidelines for additional details.

• Scholarly Journal articles
• Dissertations & theses (New!)
• Conference Papers
• Conference Proceedings
• Working Papers

Which content types will Google Scholar not index?

The following non-scholarly content types will not be indexed by Google:

• Current news
• Historical newspapers
• Trade journals
• Blogs, Podcasts, & Websites
• Encyclopedias & Reference Works
• Funds, Grants, Fellowships & Awards
• Non-scholarly historical periodicals (i.e. The Spectator)
• Pamphlets & Ephemeral Works
• Standards & Practice Guidelines

Are dissertations indexed in Google Scholar?

Good news! Almost half a million full text ProQuest dissertations are now indexed and accessible in Google Scholar. Now users starting their search in Google Scholar can seamlessly discover and access this set of full text graduate works in their libraries subscription collections.

Will ebrary and EBL ebooks be indexed in Google Scholar?

We are still working through the best way to index ebrary and EBL e-books in Google Scholar, but we do not have an update at this time.

User access & authentication

Will this require any technical set up on the library’s part.

No additional setup is required. We are sharing the necessary subscriber information to enable authenticated Google Scholar users to access the ProQuest content purchased by their libraries.

Will Google share customer information with third parties or use it for marketing purposes?

No. Google has strict policies that they will not share customer demographic or holdings information. Those policies are outlined here .

How will end users access ProQuest content in Google Scholar?

Google Scholar groups multiple versions of a work into a single record to improve its ranking in search results. It’s Google’s policy that the publisher's full-text, if indexed, is the primary version. This means that when an article is available from a customer’s publisher subscription and their ProQuest subscription, the publisher link will be the primary version.

When Google Scholar does not have full text content from the publisher, but the full text has been indexed from ProQuest AND the subscription information indicates that full text is available to the user from ProQuest, the end user will be directed to ProQuest to access full text.

When Google Scholar has the full text content from the publisher AND does not have the subscription information from the publisher, but instead, ProQuest provides that subscription information, the end user will be directed to ProQuest to access full text.

How will users authenticate from Google Scholar into ProQuest?

Users will authenticate into ProQuest from Google Scholar by IP authentication or by any of our other authentication methods, including username/password, institutional/library login, and Athens.

• On-campus and IP authenticated – Provided the document is available in the institution’s ProQuest subscription, the user clicks on the document from Google/Google Scholar search results and clicks through to the full-text in ProQuest. Note, if the document is not included in the institution’s ProQuest subscription, they user will land on a document preview page with an abstract of the article and text explaining that the article isn’t available in their library’s subscription. The user will have the option to search for similar full-text content within ProQuest.
• Off-campus authentication (non-authenticated users) – For researchers who are not authenticated, when they click through to a ProQuest document in Google Scholar they will land on a document preview page with an abstract of the article. From here they can log into ProQuest via any of the usual methods to see the full article or item.

My institution is participating in the Google Scholar library links program, what should I do?

Nothing, you can continue participating in the Library Links program. Our collaboration with Google will make it easier for researchers to access your institution’s scholarly full text content from ProQuest.

Google Scholar/Google Search

Is everything in google scholar indexed in google search.

Yes. Everything in Scholar is indexed in the Google Index; Google Scholar is a subset of scholarly research. Google presents the data differently within Scholar vs. Google Search. Here are the most important points of differentiation:

• Scholar: Versions of the same article are collapsed into a single record.
• Google Search: Display as individual results.
• Scholar: Searches against full-text when it’s available.
• Google Search: Does not match queries against full-text yet…it is being worked on. At one point it was planned for 2015, our Google contacts have not confirmed timing.  If implemented it may impact relevance ranking because the content may be more likely to match queries.
• Scholar is not matching against the entire contents of the web.
• No special relevance ranking for scholarly articles in web search; treated like any other content on web
• The same criteria that influences relevance ranking in the main index (SEO, inbound links, relevance of content) are applied to scholarly articles within the main search index

https://support.proquest.com/s/article/Accessing-scholarly-content-in-ProQuest-through-Google-Scholar?language=en_US

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