the year i was born essay

The Year You Were Born

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In a popular assignment, ENG 101/102 instructors ask you to write about what happened during the year that you were born and sometimes even what happened on the very day that you were born.  What historical and cultural events happened on or around that date? What was the impact of these events? What conditions existed in the country or in the world on that date?

This guide will help you identify and find information about events that happened on your birthdate and it will help you learn about conditions that existed in the times into which you were born.

Step 1:  Discover

To begin your "Birthday" assignment, you'll need to identify one or more events that occurred on or around your birth date.  Reference books, daily newspapers, news magazines and  chronologies can help you find out what happened on a particular date or during a particular time period.

Step 2:  Explore

Once you've selected the event(s) you want to write about, you can use other research tools to find out even more information about these events and conditions.

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Baby gorilla is born at Detroit Zoo, the first in its 96-year history

ROYAL OAK, Mich. (AP) — It’s a baby — gorilla.

The Detroit Zoo in suburban Detroit said the birth Thursday was the first in its 96-year history.

“Bandia had a very smooth pregnancy, which is so important for a first-time mom,” said Tami Brightrall, the zoo’s associate curator of mammals.

The baby gorilla doesn’t have a name yet, and the sex has not been determined. The newcomer now four other gorillas at the zoo, including Bandia and father Mshindi, all of which arrived a year ago.

Staff worked for months to prepare the troop, even carrying a stuffed gorilla around the habitat to demonstrate how to carry the baby, Brightrall said.

“Our teams also taught the gorillas how to gently touch the stuffed animal, pick it up off the ground and bring it to a member of the team over at the mesh barrier,” she said.

The public won’t immediately see the gorillas.

“The area will reopen once the animal care team determines mom and baby have had enough time to bond and become comfortable in their habitat,” said Melissa Thueme, a mammal supervisor.

Copyright 2024 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

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Defining historical moments from the year you were born

From wars to elections, international incidents to civil unrest, entertainment to sports, the key defining moments of history profoundly influence who and what we are today.

To discover some of the most iconic moments from each of the last 100 years, Stacker mined historical data, government reports, and newspaper accounts. While most years offered more than one major incident that helped mold our attitudes and beliefs, we strove to provide the most important, defining event of each year since 1920.

Some of these will bring back fond memories, while others may amaze or surprise. Several historic events also serve as painful reminders of senseless acts that hurt us all as we struggled to comprehend why and how they happened. In any case, each encourages reflection and evaluation of our world, perhaps with new insights into the consequences of the events that have helped shape who we are as a culture.

Keep reading to find out more about key events of the last century and which of these defined the year you were born.

You may also like:  103 iconic photos that capture 103 years of world history

1920: Women gain right to vote

With the passage of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution, women gained universal suffrage. Susan B. Anthony led the charge to give women the right to vote. Women voters since have greatly affected the outcome of elections and continue to make their voices heard to even greater effect.

1921: Babe Ruth smashes home run record

Legendary New York Yankees pitcher and outfielder Babe Ruth hits his 138th home run in June, breaking the career home run record held by Roger Connor for 23 years. The Sultan of Swat would go on to hit 714 home runs before his retirement in 1935, a record that held for nearly 40 years. Ruth is widely considered the greatest baseball player of all time.

1922: The Fordney-McCumber Tariff

Guided through Congress by Rep. Joseph Fordney and Sen. Porter McCumber, the Fordney-McCumber Tariff began in 1922 as a protectionist policy of charging high tariffs on European goods to reduce foreign competition. Other nations resented this policy, until they raised their own tariffs on American goods, leading to a decline in international trade. Similar policies enacted by President Donald Trump in 2018 threatened comparable declines in trade and higher consumer prices in the global economy.

1923: Insulin treatment for diabetes is mass produced

Discovered in 1921 and initially used successfully in 1922 in Canada by Frederick Banting, J.J.R. Macleod, and others, insulin treatment for diabetes began mass production this year with a highly refined treatment by the Eli Lilly Company. Banting and Macleod were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1923. Today, more than 20 types of insulin are sold in the United States.

1924: Hoover named head of Bureau of Investigation

At age 29, J. Edgar Hoover was named head of the Bureau of Investigation, later to be known as the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and held that post until his death 48 years later. His reputation as a tough leader helped build the organization with modern investigation techniques and challenging criminal syndicates, as well as secretly monitoring organizations considered subversive. His influence greatly grew the agency, which continues to be an integral part of the federal government.

1925: Scopes Monkey Trial

Tennessee teacher John Scopes was charged with violating the state's Butler Act, which prohibited teaching evolution over divine creation. The trial pitted Christian fundamentalist William Jennings Bryan for the prosecution against attorney Clarence Darrow, with the prosecution prevailing despite Darrow's humiliation of Bryan. In many parts of America, opposition to teaching evolution remains today as efforts continue to either remove it from public school curricula or coerce schools to also teach creationism.

1926: Ford announces 40-hour workweek

The Ford Motor Company was one of the first in America to adopt the 40-hour, five-day workweek this year. Although his son Edsel said , "every man should have more time to spend with his family." Henry admitted the five-day workweek was instituted to increase productivity. Companies in the U.S. and worldwide followed Ford's lead, making the Monday-through-Friday workweek standard.

1927: 'The Jazz Singer' marks end of silent film era

The first film to synchronize dialogue with images, "The Jazz Singer" starring Al Jolson became a huge success after debuting in New York. As such, the film signaled the emergence of talkies and the end of the silent film era. The movie's success established Warner Brothers as a major film studio.

1928: Mickey Mouse debuts in Steamboat Willie

Walt Disney's iconic cartoon character Mickey Mouse made his debut in the short film "Steamboat Willie" in 1928. Mickey was so popular that he continued to star in more than 130 films, with fan clubs and merchandise springing up. By 1932, the official Mickey Mouse Fan Club reached more than 1 million members, and he became the most popular cartoon character in the world.

1929: The Wall Street Crash

The stock market on Oct. 8, 1929, dropped 22.6% in a single day (known as "Black Monday") and reached panic proportions the following day ("Black Tuesday") when prices collapsed completely and led to the Great Depression. Billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors. A similar crash occurred in 1987, and again in 2008 when $1.2 trillion was wiped out from the U.S. stock market.

1930: The Great Depression

The Great Depression kicked in in 1930 following the stock market crash a year prior. More than 3.2 million people were unemployed, and around 1,350 banks failed. By 1932, stocks were worth just 20% their value from their peak in summer 1929, and the worldwide decline reached its worst point in 1933 when unemployment reached almost 30%. The economy turned around after 1939 in response to World War II.

1931: The Dust Bowl

Farmers planting dry wheat and grazing cattle in the Great Plains overworked the land. That, coupled with a devastating drought, severely eroded the soil and turned the region into a giant dust bowl beginning in 1931. Huge dust storms were reported, converting millions of acres of once-rich farmland to dust. The drought affected 27 states as topsoil continued to erode and farmers abandoned their farms. By 1939, the drought ended and the region began to recover by using more sustainable farming techniques.

1932: Franklin Delano Roosevelt wins the presidency

Amid the ravages of the Great Depression, Democrat Franklin Delano Roosevelt won the presidential election in a landslide over Republican incumbent Herbert Hoover. FDR served four terms and led the nation out of the Great Depression and through World War II. His New Deal program included banking reform laws and emergency and work relief programs, among many others.

1933: Prohibition repealed

The 18th Amendment to the Constitution, which prohibited the manufacture, transportation, and sale of liquor, went into effect in 1920.  That legislation led to the rise of bootlegging and other criminal activities, including gang violence. Enforcement costs rose as support for Prohibition waned, and the advent of Roosevelt's presidency led to the 21st Amendment repealing Prohibition.

1934: Hitler becomes Fuhrer

German Chancellor Adolf Hitler declared himself absolute dictator (Fuhrer) of Germany after the death of German president Paul von Hindenburg. With the German Army swearing allegiance to Hitler, the democratic government was dissolved to make way for the Third Reich. Under his rule, Germany became a totalitarian police state, leading to the vicious anti-Semitism that was a cornerstone of Nazi ideology.

1935: Social Security Act established

T he Social Security Act, signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, established a program of federal old-age benefits to be financed by payroll taxes on employees and employers. It later was extended to help the disabled and other groups. The act has been amended many times, including the 1965 Amendments that helped create Medicare.

1936: Rural Electrification Act signed

One of the most important pieces of legislation enacted as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal was the Rural Electrification Act, which enabled the federal government to make low-interest loans to farmers who had created non-profit cooperatives to bring electricity to rural America, many of which continue serving those areas today.

1937: First blood bank opens

The nation's first blood bank opened in Chicago at Cook County Hospital, established by Dr. Bernard Fantus. Prior to the ability to collect and store blood, direct transfusions were required with the donor present. From the preservation of blood lasting 10 days, red blood cells could now be stored for 42 days. Blood banks helped advance modern surgery and medical innovation.

1938: Fair Labor Standards Act

Oppressive child labor conditions  and the need for a minimum hourly wage helped fuel the passage of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. Long sought by  President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who said , "Something has to be done about the elimination of child labor and long hours and starvation wages," the Act went through numerous challenges and adaptations before becoming the law that set standards for minimum wage, overtime pay, recordkeeping, and child labor restrictions.

1939: World War II begins

Following decades of political conflict, Adolf Hitler began military aggressions by annexing Austria with little opposition. On Sept. 1, the Nazis launched an invasion of Poland and, two days later, France, the United Kingdom, and other nations declared war on Germany. The war pitted the Soviet Union and Great Britain (allies of the United States, which didn't enter the war until 1941) , against the axis of Germany, Japan, and Italy. The war lasted until 1945.

1940: The Battle of Britain

Seeking to gain air superiority over the United Kingdom, Germany's Luftwaffe and Britain's Royal Air Force battled in the largest sustained bombing campaign of the war to that date in the Battle of Britain. The British prevailed despite months of attacks on its air bases, military posts, and on the civilian population. The British victory saved the nation from a German ground invasion and possible occupation by the Nazis, and helped the allies eventually defeat Nazi Germany.

1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor; U.S. enters WWII

The Imperial Japanese Navy launched an unprovoked surprise attack on the U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7 in 1941, killing more than 2,400 Americans and wounding 1,000. About 20 naval vessels including eight battleships and more than 300 planes were destroyed or damaged in the attack, and the U.S. declared war on Japan the next day. America was further thrust into World War II when Germany and Italy declared war against the U.S. this year.

1942: Rationing and war bonds

As the U.S. participation in WWII intensified, Americans at home stepped up to sacrifice and do with less to help with the war effort. A rationing program set limits on gas, food, tires, oil, clothing, and many other commodities. Americans further helped the effort by purchasing war bonds, with more than 85 million Americans spending $185.7 billion on the bonds.

1943: Race riots

While WWII fighting raged in much of the rest of the world, the U.S. was rocked by numerous race riots in Harlem, Los Angeles, and Detroit. During riots in Detroit, where car-making factories were converted to build weapons of war, the influx of African-American workers strained housing infrastructure and led to increased racial tensions. Rumors sparked mobs that went on a 36-hour spree of violence that ended with 34 people killed and more than 1,800 people arrested.

1944: The Battle of Normandy (D-Day)

With the Nazis taking control of France in 1940, the Allies launched one of the most decisive turning points of the war this year with the Battle of Normandy, also known as D-Day, on June 6. The battle began with the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe and involved the largest invasion fleet ever assembled. Paris was liberated about 10 weeks later.

1945: World War II ends; Atomic bombs dropped on Japan

With the Allies closing in on Berlin, Nazi Germany surrendered on May 8, dubbed V-E Day (Victory in Europe). The American B-29 "Enola Gay" dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima on Aug. 6, followed three days later by an atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, which led to Japan surrendering unconditionally to the Allies on Aug. 14, effectively ending the war on V-J Day (Victory Over Japan).

1946: UNICEF created

The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund  (UNICEF) was created by the General Assembly of the United Nations after World War II to provide relief to children in nations struggling to recover from the war. UNICEF continued its advocacy of children's rights, and in the 1980s was key to the creation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the most widely ratified human rights treaty in history . Only Somalia and the United States failed to ratify it.

1947: UFO crashes near Roswell, N.M.

Was it a close encounter with a ship from outer space, or was it a weather balloon? The latter is the original Army Air Force assertion about the remains of an unidentified flying object found in a sheep pasture outside Roswell, N.M. But many people believe the debris to be proof of an encounter with an extraterrestrial flying saucer, and believe there is a cover-up of the truth. The debate continues.

1948: World Health Organization established

T he World Health Organization (WHO) was created by the United Nations and  tasked with dealing with epidemic control, quarantines, and drug standardization. The WHO has since played a key role in eradicating smallpox and deals with communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. Its priorities include assisting countries that seek progress toward universal health coverage and access to essential, high-quality medical products, among others.

1949: North Atlantic Treaty Organization founded

Established originally as a collective defense pact meant to check then-Soviet Union aggressions in Eastern Europe, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) today pushes for peaceful conflict management and democracy. NATO has the ability to take on a wide range of military operations, with 18,000 military personnel engaged in missions worldwide. The organization today operates in Afghanistan, Kosovo, and the Mediterranean.

1950: U.S. enters Korean conflict

When North Korea attacked South Korea in June of 1950, President Harry Truman committed American air and naval forces to defend South Korea from communist aggression. He soon committed U.S. ground forces, and the United Nations Security Council approved U.N. forces in Korea be put under U.S. command under General Douglas MacArthur. The "police action," which ended in 1953, left the peninsula as divided as it was before the war.

1951: Rock 'n' roll kicks off

Although the exact date of the founding of rock 'n' roll  remains  dubious , the genre was born sometime in 1951 when disc jockey Alan Freed coined the term. Blending the essences of blues, rhythm and blues, jazz, gospel, and country, rock 'n' roll swept the nation throughout the 1950s and 1960s, changing the world of music and serving as a cultural and social catalyst. Variations of the genre are still popular today, with the original music still broadcast on oldies stations.

1952: World's first commercial jet takes off

British Overseas Airways Corporation launched its commercial jet airliner service with a flight of the de Havilland Comet craft from London to Johannesburg, South Africa, carrying 36 passengers, six crew, and 30 bags of mail. Although the success of the Comet later faltered due to deadly structural flaws, the jet engine revolutionized air travel around the world. The U.S. wouldn't enter commercial jet airliner service until 1958.

1953: Dwight D. Eisenhower inaugurated

World War II five-star general Dwight D. Eisenhower served two terms as the 34th president of the United States. He is best-known for his support of the creation of the interstate highway system, signing the 1957 Civil Rights Act , and setting up a permanent Civil Rights Commission. He also signed a bill to form the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

1954: Brown vs. Board of Education decision

This landmark Supreme Court case, which ruled that racial segregation of public school children was unconstitutional, is a cornerstone of the civil rights movement. Oliver Brown of Topeka, Kan., filed a class-action suit against that city's board of education in 1951 after his daughter was denied entrance to an all-white school, claiming that segregation violated the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment. The case moved to the Supreme Court in 1952, and the unanimous verdict by the justices in 1954 ruled in favor of Brown and led to the process of integrating schools nationwide.

1955: Disneyland opens in California

Disneyland was built for $17 million on 160 acres of former orange groves in Anaheim, Calif. Walt Disney designed the amusement park to be educational as well as amusing, and rides such as the Mark Twain steamboat, Mr. Toad's Wild Ride, and Snow White's Adventures made a trip to Disneyland unforgettable for children of all ages. Today, more than 14 million visitors a year enjoy the park, spending close to $3 billion annually.

1956: Elvis Presley's popularity peaks

Rock 'n' roll icon Elvis Presley's popularity skyrocketed with music, movies, and television appearances. He released his first #1 single, "Heartbreak Hotel," and his self-titled album climbed to #1 this year, too. Presley also signed his first movie contract with Paramount Pictures for "Love Me Tender."

1957: Civil Rights Act extends voting rights to all

The passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1957 guaranteed all Americans the right to vote. The law prohibited the administration of literacy tests and poll taxes that had once effectively  disenfranchised the African-American vote in the South. A later version, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, outlawed segregation in public places and prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, sex, or national origin.

1958: Invention of the integrated circuit

Although transistors had been commonplace in radios, phones, and other electronics, working like a switch, scientists needed a whole circuit miniaturized for easier production. Inventor Jack Kilby discovered the circuit could be built out of a single crystal of silicon. Robert Noyce had made a similar discovery at Fairchild Semiconductor this year and today,  integrated circuits are the principal components of almost all electronic devices including microcomputers.

1959: Alaska, Hawaii become states

Purchased from Russia in 1867 for $7.2 million, Alaska was considered a U.S. territory until it was granted statehood in 1959, making it the 49th state under a proclamation signed by President Eisenhower. Hawaii was annexed as a U.S. territory in 1898 and became the nation's 50th state later in 1959. Eisenhower signed an executive order for Hawaii's statehood; it and Alaska are the only two states not contiguous to the rest of the U.S.

1960: OPEC formed

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries  (OPEC) was founded in Iraq this year, with the first members including Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. The organization's stated objectives  include unifying petroleum prices among its nations and ensuring fair prices and regular supplies to its customers. Today, OPEC has grown to 12 nations that produce about 40% of the world's crude oil, with exports representing about 60% of the petroleum traded worldwide.

1961: Soviets launch first human into space; U.S. soon follows

Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human launched into space, completing a 108-minute orbital flight in the Vostok I spacecraft in April. Less than a month later, astronaut Alan Shepard became the first American in space aboard the Mercury spacecraft. Both feats were continuations of the so-called space race, which began in 1957 when the USSR launched Sputnik, the world's first artificial satellite.

1962: Cuban Missile Crisis brings world to brink of war

The Cuban Missile Crisis began in October when then-Soviet Union installed nuclear-armed missiles on Cuba, just 90 miles off the U.S. mainland. American President John F. Kennedy announced his decision to place a naval quarantine around the island nation and made it clear the U.S. would use military force if necessary to remove the threat. War was avoided when Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev removed the missiles in exchange for the U.S. promise not to invade Cuba.

1963: President John F. Kennedy assassinated

President Kennedy on Nov. 22 was shot as his motorcade passed the Texas School Book Depository in Dallas. Lee Harvey Oswald fired three shots from the sixth floor of the building, fatally wounding Kennedy and seriously injuring Gov. John Connally, although controversy continues on the possibility of a conspiracy. That afternoon, Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was sworn in as the 36th president of the United States.

1964: The Beatles arrive in New York

"Beatlemania" took over the United States in 1964 when the British rock 'n' roll band The Beatles arrived in New York in February as part of a world tour. Already at the top of the charts in the United Kingdom, The Beatles' arrival in the U.S. skyrocketed the Fab Four into international superstardom with the band's appearance on "The Ed Sullivan Show." Beatlemania was just the start of the musical British Invasion, with bands including the Rolling Stones, Herman's Hermits, the Searchers, and innumerable more following in the Beatles' wake.

1965: U.S. enters combat in Vietnam War

Although the U.S. had military advisors in South Vietnam  starting in 1955 , its first involvement in combat in the Vietnam War  began a decade later year. President Lyndon Johnson sent 82,000 combat troops to the country and escalated the U.S. commitment to 100,000 troops by the end of July. Massive anti-war protests broke out in the U.S. as a result, continuing during the latter part of the 1960s and into the early 1970s as more than 58,000 American troops were killed in the war.

1966: Miranda rights established

The United States Supreme Court in June decided in Miranda v. Arizona that all criminal suspects must be advised of their rights before being interrogated. The case was taken up by the American Civil Liberties Union when suspect Ernesto Miranda was interrogated and confessed to kidnapping and rape in 1963. Miranda later recanted, claiming the confession was false and coerced.

1967: First Super Bowl ends in Packers blowout

The Green Bay Packers of the National Football League crushed the Kansas City Chiefs of the American Football League (AFL) 35-10 in the first-ever world championship, to become known as Super Bowl I. The AFL won its first championship two years later when Joe Namath's New York Jets beat the favored Baltimore Colts 16-7. The two leagues merged in 1970 and were split into the American Football Conference and the National Football Conference.

1968: Martin Luther King Jr., Robert F. Kennedy assassinated

James Earl Ray assassinated famed civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. April 4 in Memphis, Tenn. The assassination of King, who gave his historic "I Have a Dream" speech to 250,000 supporters in front of the Lincoln Memorial in 1963, led to an outpouring of anger among African Americans and mourning from the rest of the nation, which helped expedite the passage of the Fair Housing Act a week later. On June 5, Sirhan Sirhan assassinated Sen. Robert F. Kennedy, a presidential candidate, in Los Angeles.

1969: America lands first man on the moon

The U.S. launched the Apollo 11 spacecraft to the moon July 16 with astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins aboard. On July 20, Armstrong stepped out of the lunar module onto the surface of the moon and declared, "That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind." The crew returned to Earth safely July 24.

1970: Environmental Protection Agency begins operation

The U.W. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) began operating in 1970 in response to a growing national concern about deteriorating air, contaminated water supplies, and litter in once-pristine areas. Championed by President Richard Nixon, the EPA became an umbrella organization with duties transferred from other agencies along with funding for improved water treatment facilities, national air-quality standards, and approval of a national contingency plan for treating oil spills, among many other mandates. In 2018, under administrator Scott Pruitt and further exacerbated by President Donald Trump, numerous gains and research programs under the EPA have been cut, rolled back, or defunded.

1971: Pentagon Papers leaked

Former Defense Department analyst Daniel Ellsberg leaked the so-called Pentagon Papers, which detailed government deception regarding the validity of the Vietnam War, to The New York Times in June of 1971. The administration of President Richard Nixon responded by going to the federal courts, which ordered the newspaper to cease publishing them under an injunction. But Ellsberg took the papers to The Washington Post, which along with the Times won a 6-3 decision by the Supreme Court, saying the government had no right to prior restraints of the press, allowing the newspapers to continue publishing the documents under the First Amendment.

1972: The Watergate scandal

Several burglars were arrested during a break-in of the Democratic National Committee office at the Watergate Hotel in June. Washington Post reporters Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward reported that a break-in and wiretapping of the offices of the Democratic National Committee by Republican operatives of President Richard Nixon's Committee to Re-Elect the President was part of a massive campaign of political spying and sabotage. Seven conspirators were indicted on charges related to the affair, with five pleading guilty, and two others convicted. Evidence proved Nixon was involved in the cover-up.

1973: OPEC enacts oil embargo

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cut oil exports to nations providing military assistance to Israel in the Yom Kippur War in October 1973, when Egyptian and Syrian forces launched a surprise attack against Israel to dislodge them from occupied territories. Israel, assisted by the United States, the Netherlands, and Denmark, prevailed, and OPEC imposed the embargo on the three nations after huge price increases. The embargo ended after successful negotiations in March 1974.

1974: Richard Nixon resigns

Facing likely impeachment for obstruction of justice and other charges related to the Watergate break-in of 1972, President Richard Nixon went on national television Aug. 8 to announce his resignation. The release of the Watergate tapes and other documents in 1973 implicated Nixon for obstruction of justice and other abuses of power relating to Watergate and other illegal activities. Vice President Gerald Ford was sworn in as the 38th president at noon on Aug. 9.

1975: Saigon falls; Vietnam War ends

The Vietnam War ended in April after aggressive assaults by North Vietnam led to the fall of Saigon in the south. Although the Paris Peace Accords were signed in 1973 to end the war, and most American troops had withdrawn, fighting continued until this year when South Vietnam surrendered. U.S. President Gerald Ford declared the end of the war April 23; the last remaining Americans were airlifted from the country by April 30.

1976: Comaneci scores perfect 10 in Olympics

Romanian-born Nadia Comaneci was the first woman to ever score a perfect 10 in a gymnastics event, achieving that milestone at the 1976 Montreal Olympics. The 14-year-old gymnast garnered seven perfect scores and won gold medals for uneven bars, balance beam, and individual all-around, and a bronze for floor exercise. Her accomplishments sparked a revolution in the sport of women's gymnastics.

1977: Personal computer industry is born

First developed in 1974, the Altair was the first personal computer—but it wasn't until 1977 that mass-produced PCs became a viable, booming industry. The Apple II, Tandy Radio Shack TRS-80, and Commodore Business Machines Personal Electronic Transactor all entered the market that year and PC popularity waxed. As technology continued to advance and computers became faster, smaller, and more capable, computer sales reached 350 million units a year by 2013, when smartphones and tablets began to cut into PC sales.

1978: Golden age of arcade video games

The release of "Space Invaders" in 1978 sparked the so-called golden age of arcade video games . As a forerunner to modern video games, "Space Invaders" helped grow the global appeal  and diversity of computer gaming. Now w ith numerous advances in technology, video games are a $100 billion worldwide industry and hold massive cultural influence.

1979: Iran hostage crisis

Iranian students on Nov. 4 attacked the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and took 52 hotsages. The revolutionary students wanted an end to America's interference in its affairs, with a focus on their revolutionary leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. The hostages were released after 444 days on Jan. 20, 1981 — the same day President Jimmy Carter's presidency ended.

1980: John Lennon murdered

Former Beatle John Lennon was shot in the back and killed just outside his New York home, The Dakota, on Dec. 8, 1980. His assassin, Mark David Chapman, said he shot Lennon so he could be famous. Lennon's post-Beatles work is laced with calls for peace and unity that cemented his legacy with such tunes as "Imagine" and his song "Give Peace a Chance."

1981: Sandra Day O'Connor named first female justice

President Ronald Reagan nominated Sandra Day O'Connor to become the first female justice on the U.S. Supreme Court. The former two-term Arizona state senator garnered unanimous Senate approval. She was the deciding vote in a 1992 challenge to Roe v. Wade, effectively defeating the challenge, and was also the deciding vote in the 2000 election case, Bush v. Gore, which ended the recount of votes for president and upheld George W. Bush's victory — on which she later said the court perhaps should not have weighed in.

1982: Michael Jackson releases 'Thriller'

Michael Jackson released "Thriller" in November of 1982, featuring songs such as"Billie Jean" and "Beat It." The album is the Recording Industry Association of America's  #1 all-time best-seller with 33 million copies sold. Jackson's music videos of these tunes topped the charts, with "Thriller" becoming the highest-selling music video of all time. 

1983: U.S. Embassy, Marine barracks attacked in Beirut

A suicide bomber on April 18 crashed a truck filled with a ton of explosives into the U.S. Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, killing 63. The dead included 17 Americans, some of whom were CIA officers. The Islamic Jihad Organization claimed responsibility, and  Hezbollah was blamed for a truck bomb attack in October on U.S. Marine barracks that killed 241 marines and sailors.

1984: Iconic Apple ad

The " 1984" advertiesement for Apple Macintosh's revolutionary personal computer  aired during during Super Bowl XVIII and was widely considered a watershed event in advertising. Based on George Orwell's dystopian novel "Nineteen Eighty-Four," in which everyone is expected to conform to the state , the ad's unnamed female protagonist fights back against conformity, indicating the computer would do the same when it proclaims " You'll see why 1984 won't be like '1984 .'"

1985: Live Aid concerts raise $125 million

The Live Aid concerts held simultaneously in Philadelphia and London on July 13, 1985, raised $125 million in relief aid to famine-stricken eastern Africa. The event, called the biggest rock concert and charity event in the history of the world, was broadcast worldwide to an audience of 1.5 billion people. Prince Charles and Princess Diana officially opened the concert at Wembley Stadium in London. Musicians included Tom Petty, Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, the Rolling Stones, Paul McCartney, and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young.

1986: Space shuttle Challenger explodes

On Jan. 28, 1986, just over a minute after lift-off from the Kennedy Space Center, the space shuttle Challenger exploded, killing all seven crew members. The crew included teacher Christa McAuliffe, who would have been the first civilian to travel into space, and astronauts Ellison Onizuka, Gregory Jarvis, Judith Resnik, Michael J. Smith, Francis Scobee, and Ronald McNair. The tragedy was blamed on the failure of rubber O-rings on Challenger's solid rocket booster.

1987: Stock market crashes

The Dow Jones Industrial Average on Oct. 19, 1987, plummeted almost 23%, the largest one-day percentage drop in history. The steep decline was seen worldwide, as 19 of the 20 largest markets declined by 20% or more. Although the market recovered quickly, stock exchanges implemented circuit breaker rules and other safety features to slow impacts of trading irregularities and give the market more time to correct itself.

1988: First use of DNA evidence convicts murderer

DNA fingerprinting  was used for the first time in 1988 and helped convict a murderer. George Wesley was found guilty of murder, burglary, rape, and other charges in New York after genetic material found in blood on his clothes matched with material found in 79-year-old victim Helen Kendrick's hair. Wesley was sentenced to 38 years in prison.

1989: Berlin Wall falls

The Berlin Wall was built in August 1961 by the communist East German regime to stop mass defections from east to west. More than 100,000 East German citizens tried to escape to the West, and at least 171 died at the wall. On Nov. 9, 1989, as the Cold War began to ease, East Berlin's Communist Party announced that citizens were free to cross the border, which led to the destruction of the wall and more than 2 million people celebrated in the streets.

1990: Iraq invades Kuwait; Operation Desert Shield launched

More than 100,000 Iraqi troops and arms crossed into Kuwait on Aug. 2, 1990, annexing the oil-rich nation. Operation Desert Shield was launched a week later to protect Saudi Arabia. In November, the United Nations Security Council agreed to use force against Iraq after the country failed to withdraw from Kuwait.

1991: Operation Desert Storm

After months of negotiations, and when the United Nations' sanctions against Iraq and Saddam Hussein's regime for annexing Kuwait fell apart, the U.S. led a 32-nation attack on Iraq during Operation Desert Storm. The attack, begun in January 1991, included six weeks of air attacks against Iraq's military and civil infrastructure. A coalition ground offensive began in February, and Kuwait was liberated in less than four days.

1992: Rodney King riots rock L.A.

Four Los Angeles policemen were acquitted in April of the vicious beating of Rodney King, an African-American man, despite graphic video evidence broadcast worldwide. King, who was stopped after a high-speed chase,  suffered skull fractures, broken bones and teeth, and permanent brain damage in the attack. After the acquittal, furious South Central Los Angeles residents who were fed up with racial and economic inequality in L.A. took to the streets for three days of rioting that resulted in more than 60 deaths, thousands of injuries, and almost $1 billion in damages.

1993: The Waco siege

Agents from the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms on Feb. 28, 1993, raided the Branch Davidian religious compound near Waco, Texas after reports that self-proclaimed prophet David Koresh and his followers were violating federal firearms regulations. After a deadly gun battle, a cease-fire was arranged and nearly 900 law-enforcement agents surrounded the compound for what would be a 51-day siege. At that point, FBI agents fired tear gas into the compound and, after the attack, several fires broke out, which engulfed the compound as gunfire was heard inside. Seventy-six people died, including 25 children.

1994: Nelson Mandela elected South African president

Nelson Mandela became the first black president of South Africa after spending 27 years in prison for his campaign of peaceful, nonviolent resistance to the country's apartheid policies of racial segregation and white supremacy. Mandela, as leader of the African National Congress, worked with then-president F.W. de Klerk to reach an agreement in 1993 that would end apartheid in 1994 and earn them both the Nobel Peace Prize. As president, Mandela introduced new socio-economic policies that helped fund job creation, housing, and basic health care.

1995: Oklahoma City bombing

In April 1995, on the second anniversary of the end of the Waco siege,   Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols used a truck loaded with thousands of pounds of fuel oil and aluminum nitrate to attack the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Okla. A total of 168 people were killed and an estimated 850 wounded, making the Oklahoma City bombing the deadliest terrorist attack in the United States to that date. McVeigh was executed for the attack in 2001; Nichols was eventually sentenced to 161 consecutive life terms in prison.

1996: Mad Cow Disease linked to human deaths

Mad Cow Disease  (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) is a fatal brain disease found in cattle and transferred to humans eating beef. First discovered in the United Kingdom in 1986, the disease was linked in 1996 to 231 cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, a fatal brain disease in humans. The European Union banned British beef that year,  with other nations following suit. When Mad Cow Disease was found in the U.S. in 2003, major importers barred U.S. beef until 2007, costing ranchers and processors almost $11 billion.

1997: Princess Diana dies in car crash

Diana, Princess of Wales, was killed in a car crash on Aug. 31, 1997, along with her boyfriend Dodi Fayed and driver Henri Paul. Her Mercedes was being pursued by paparazzi and crashed into a concrete pillar in a tunnel at more than 60 mph. Numerous conspiracy theories abounded after the crash, but French and English investigations ruled it an accident caused by reckless actions of the paparazzi as well as by Paul, who was drunk and driving at twice the speed limit.

1998: President Bill Clinton accused of affair, lies

President Clinton was accused in January 1998 of having a sexual affair with former White House intern Monica Lewinsky. Independent counsel Kenneth Starr began investigations that would eventually lead to a failed impeachment attempt. In his denial, Clinton said he "did not have sexual relations with that woman, Monica Lewinsky." In August, Clinton testified to the grand jury and admitted to inappropriate intimate contact, and the House of Representatives in December voted to impeach him for perjury and obstruction of justice in December. Clinton was ultimately acquitted.

1999: Columbine High School massacre

Two teenaged gunmen killed 13 people in a shooting spree at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colo. on April 20, 1999.  Dylan Klebold and Eric Harris killed 12 students and a teacher and wounded 23 others before killing themselves. The duo also brought bombs to the school, apparently intending to kill hundreds of people.

2000: Supreme Court ends presidential recount; George W. Bush wins

With the 2000 presidential election hanging in the balance, fewer than 600 votes separated candidates Al Gore and George W. Bush in Florida. The Florida Supreme Court ruled manual recounts should continue, but Bush filed a U.S. Supreme Court challenge, Bush v. Gore, to stop the manual recount. The court overturned the lower court's decision Dec. 9, giving Bush Florida's 25 electoral votes — and the presidency.

On Sept. 11, 2001, 19 terrorists connected to al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden hijacked four airplanes. Two were flown  into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, one struck the Pentagon , and another crashed into a field in Pennsylvania. Overall, nearly 3,000 people died, including hundreds of firefighters, paramedics, and other emergency crew trying to evacuate the towers. On Oct. 7, the U.S. launched a coalition to oust the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and destroy bin Laden's terrorist network during Operation Enduring Freedom.

2002: Axis of Evil speech and prelude to war

Naming Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and their "terrorist allies" as an Axis of Evil seeking weapons of mass destruction, President George W. Bush in his State of the Union Address said, "these regimes pose a grave and growing danger." He especially called out Iraq, claiming the nation flaunted its hostility toward America and supported terror. Bush argued Iraq's continued possession of WMDs and support for terrorist groups made disarming the nation a priority.

2003: U.S., allies attack Iraq

Three days after President George Bush issued an ultimatum for Saddam Hussein to leave Iraq within 48 hours, which was ignored, U.S. and coalition forces launched an attack on Iraq. The coalition captured Iraq's major cities in three weeks and Bush declared the end of major combat May 1. But American and coalition troop casualties continued to rise as insurgent attacks against occupying troops continued to accelerate. No weapons of mass destruction were found in Iraq.

2004: Red Sox win first championship since 1918

The legend of the "Curse of the Bambino" was finally vanquished when the Boston Red Sox won their first championship in 86 years in October 2004. The curse legend stemmed from 1920 when Red Sox owner Harry Frazee sold Babe Ruth to the Yankees. The Sox came within one out of winning it all in 1946, 1975, and 1986, but couldn't close the deal. In 2004, the team was down to its final game against the New York Yankees in the American League Championship series before winning four straight to take that series and go on to sweep the St. Louis Cardinals .

2005: Hurricane Katrina slams Gulf Coast

Hurricane Katrina slammed into huge parts of Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama on Aug. 29, 2005, a day after New Orleans Mayor Ray Nagin ordered mandatory evacuations of that city. The storm surge overwhelmed many of the city's levees and drainage canals, putting about 80% of the city under some amount of water. Overall, the storm killed more than 1,800 people and damages topped $105 billion.

2006: Amish school shooting

Five young girls were killed by in 2006 by a heavily armed truck driver who barricaded himself in a one-room Amish schoolhouse with them in Lancaster County, Pa., and shot them execution-style before killing himself. Shooter Charles Carl Roberts IV told his wife he molested young relatives 20 years earlier and was dreaming of doing it again. Police said Roberts brought several items, including restraints, to the school, indicating he may have intended to molest the girls.

2007: Apple iPhone introduced

Apple CEO Steve Jobs introduced the iPhone in January, launching a mobile revolution that continues to this day with new upgrades of devices and apps. It was the first true touch-screen phone, a feature most smartphone makers offer now, along with multi-touch features such as  pinch zoom in and out on a web page and motion sensor. Later versions of the iPhone made Apple the #1 global smartphone maker.

2008: The Great Recession devastates world markets

American and world markets began to falter in the summer of 2007 as falling housing prices, a glut of new homes on the market, and too many mortgages being offered to high-risk borrowers brought about the Great Recession of 2008. During the crisis, home mortgage foreclosures increased worldwide as millions of people lost their life savings, homes, and jobs. The Dow lost more than half its value over the next 18 months, with household net worth dropping $14 trillion.

2009: Obama's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

President Barack Obama introduced the $840 billion American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, passed by Congress in February 2009, to combat the Great Recession. The stimulus package included tax cuts, credits, and unemployment benefits; funding for shovel-ready public works projects; investments in education, science research, and technology; and other programs that, combined, added more than 4 million jobs overall in the first 18 months of the program. The recession ended five months after Congress passed and Obama signed the Act, with economic growth expanding in the third quarter.

2010: End of subprime mortgage crisis

Beginning in 2007, mortgages were expanded to include high-risk borrowers at a time of rising house prices, creating turmoil in financial markets that lasted until 2010. The collapse of subprime lending fueled a downward spiral in house values and was a key impetus for the recession, alleviated in part when the Federal Reserve lowered long-term interest rates and stimulated economic activity that stabilized the housing market by 2013.

2011: Japanese earthquake, tsunami

A magnitude 9.0 earthquake, followed by a massive tsunami, devastated northeast Japan on March 11, killing more than 19,000, causing more than $300 billion in damages, and triggering a major accident at the Fukushima nuclear power station. The tsunami damaged backup generators at the plant and sent waves as high as 33 feet smashing the coast and flooding several communities. The water swept away enormous quantities of houses, cars, boats, and other debris, and radioactive contamination issues still plague Fukushima today.

2012: Shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School

Adam Lanza on  Dec. 14, 2012, shot and killed 20 first-grade students and six school employees at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conn. The children were 6 and 7 years old. Lanza's rampage started with him killing his mother, who owned the weapons used, then killed himself as police closed in at the school. Investigators never found a motive.

2013: Boston Marathon bombings

Two bombs exploded near the finish line of the 117th annual Boston Marathon April 15, killing three spectators and wounding more than 260. Terrorist brothers Dzhokhar and Tamerlan Tsarnaev planned and carried out the attack on their own, also killing a police officer that night. Tamerlan died following a shootout with police, while his brother—who struck him with a car as he fled—was found guilty of 30 charges in 2015 and sentenced to death.

2014: Malaysian Flight MH370 disappears

Malaysian Flight MH370, a Boeing 777 filled with 239 passengers and crew, disappeared March 8, 2014, on a flight from Kuala Lumpur to Beijing. The search for evidence of the flight's fate has been largely futile, and conflicting theories about what happened to the plane continue to this day.

2015: Charlie Hebdo attack

Twelve people were killed and nearly as many injured after al-Qaeda terrorists attacked the French satirical weekly newspaper Charlie Hebdo in Paris in January. The attack, led by brothers Said and Cherif Kouachi, occurred after the newspaper had published several controversial cartoon depictions of the Prophet Muhammad, the spiritual leader of Islam. The attack was one of several in Paris from Jan. 7 to  9.

2016: Russia interferes in U.S. presidential election

The U.S. intelligence community agreed in October 2016 that the Russian government had directed efforts to interfere with the U.S. presidential election, which was won by Donald Trump. Leaders of the U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee said in mid-May 2018 there was no doubt Russia undertook the effort. Sen. Mark Warner, the leading Democrat on the committee, said Russian interference was ordered by Russian President Vladimir Putin to help Trump and hurt Democrat candidate Hillary Clinton.

2017: FBI investigates election meddling, possible collusion

The FBI, beginning investigations regarding Russian election meddling in 2016, stepped up its investigation into whether members of President Donald Trump's campaign colluded with the Russians to help Trump win the presidential election. Begun with then-FBI Director James Comey, whom Trump fired in May 2017, the investigation was taken over by former FBI Director Robert Mueller, who was appointed special counsel by Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein. Mueller's report ultimate found no evidence of collusion, but would not exonerate Trump of obstruction of justice.

2018: School shootings epidemic; students demand action

Multiple deadly school shootings in the U.S. prompted students to organize and demand gun-control action from Congress. After 17 people  were killed at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Fla, by a former student, surviving students Emma Gonzalez, David Hogg, Cameron Kasky, Alex Wind, and Jaclyn Corin began the #NeverAgain movement  to curb gun violence. On March 14, 2018, nearly a million students walked out of their classes in protest, demanding Congressional action.

2019: Climate change takes center stage

The U.N.'s General Assembly in March 2019 announced to world leaders there are only 11 years left in which to halt otherwise irreversible damage wrought by climate change. That striking claim—along with multiple 2019 reports of turbulent storm seasons, potential mass extinctions, and rising sea levels—have thrust the subject of climate change to the forefront of political debate, environmental activism, and new pushes by companies to reduce waste and go green. Major initiatives in 2019 so far have included the proposal of the Green New Deal (which was created in 2006 but until this year only featured into Green Party candidate platforms), a worldwide climate march, a student-led climate strike, and local and state moves pushing for a cleaner planet by banning single-use items like plastic straws and shopping bags.

2020: COVID-19 pandemic

It was Dec. 30, 2019, when a doctor working at Wuhan Central Hospital in Wuhan, China, sent out a text to a group of other doctors warning them to protect themselves against a new respiratory virus. By June 8, 2020, COVID-19 had caused the death of 404,360 people around the world , according to data from Johns Hopkins University and Medicine.

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A New Generation of Club Kids Is Born. They’re Younger Than You Think.

In New York, dance spots for tots and techno heads alike are thriving, with veteran D.J.s, oversize headphones and zero “Baby Shark.”

By Rachel Sherman

At a recent dance party in Brooklyn, Berk Sawyer, wearing Nike high-tops and a white bodysuit covered in city icons like pigeons and a hot-dog stand, bopped his head to the heavy bass. Occasionally, he bounced so hard he tumbled to the floor.

Thankfully, at 13 months old and two feet tall, Berk was never too far from the ground.

Berk was running away from his mother, Rena Deitz, at St. James Joy, a lively all-age, block party in the Clinton Hill neighborhood of Brooklyn.

All around him, the brownstone-lined street was filled with grooving toddlers and their parents. Some nursed beers, some nursed. True to the party’s name, joy spread through a conga line, and through the swirls of dancers who paired off to salsa.

“It’s one of the few places you can come to dance with a baby,” said Ms. Deitz, 36, who used to seek out nightlife before becoming a parent, adding: “It starts to scratch the itch.”

St. James Joy is now one of a handful of dance parties around New York City where house music fanatics and babies alike find a dose of social life together in broad, pre-bedtime, daylight. It’s a city tradition that has grown in recent years. At multigenerational dance parties, attendees can listen to music by veteran New York D.J.s played on serious speakers — without any remixes of “Baby Shark.” It’s a small way for weary parents to find a dance floor release, while burning off energy with their children. And this summer there’s been no shortage of options.

That day at St. James Joy, Justin Carter, a D.J., was dancing with his daughter Navy on his shoulders, her tutu poking out the sides of his head.

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Severn-born Mount St. Mary’s alum Brady Feigl…

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Severn-born Mount St. Mary’s alum Brady Feigl debuts in majors at 33. It doesn’t go especially well.

Moment is special for old mill graduate, but he allows six earned runs in 1 2/3 innings as pirates reliever: ‘body kind of shaking’.

Pittsburgh Pirates left-hander Brady Feigl struggled in his major league debut Monday night in an 18-8 loss to the Chicago Cubs. However, it was still a special moment for the 33-year-old.

Feigl, a Severn-born Old Mill alumnus , finally made it to the major leagues 10 years after signing as an undrafted amateur free agent with the Atlanta Braves in 2014 from Mount St. Mary’s University in Emmitsburg. He’s the first Mountaineers player to reach the majors since 1932, according to the school.

“Body kind of shaking,” Feigl said when asked what he was feeling when he took the mound. “I was just kind of telling myself, ‘Don’t airmail it or spike it.’ [Catcher Yasmani] Grandal’s had a pretty good year, don’t want to beat him up.”

Feigl entered with two outs in the seventh inning and the Pirates trailing 11-2. He allowed one run in the eighth and five in the ninth.

First baseman Rowdy Tellez relieved Feigl and got the last two outs while pitching for the second time in three days.

“Anytime someone has grinded through the minor leagues and independent ball as long as he has, for a 33-year-old to be able to make his debut, obviously not the way he wanted it to be but it’s a dream come true for him,” Pirates manager Derek Shelton said.

Feigl spent three years in the Braves’ farm system through 2016 then pitched for three seasons in the Texas Rangers’ organization from 2017 to 2019.

Brady Feigl, C’12, becomes the first Mount baseball player to play in the Major Leagues since 1932! #GoMount #MountProud https://t.co/SQ7FL2NcKL — Mount St. Mary's University (@MSMU) August 27, 2024

Feigl missed 2020 when the minor league season was canceled because of the COVID-19 pandemic. He was sidelined by an injury in 2021 then pitched the past two seasons in the independent Atlantic League.

The Pirates signed Feigl to a minor league contract earlier this year and he was 7-2 with a 3.83 ERA in 33 games for Triple-A Indianapolis. He was called up to the major leagues on Sunday.

Feigl’s story is reminiscent of Drew Maggi’s. The infielder-outfielder was also 33 when he made his big league debut for the Pirates on April 26, 2023.

“I mean, maybe,” Feigl said if he doubted about ever getting to the majors. “But I know in the back of my head, I wasn’t going to give up. As long as I still have the ability to do it, I’m not going to give up.”

AP MLB: https://www.apnews.com/hub/MLB

PITTSBURGH, PA - AUGUST 26: Brady Feigl #52 of the Pittsburgh Pirates makes his major league debut in the seventh inning against the Chicago Cubs at PNC Park on August 26, 2024 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (Photo by Justin K. Aller/Getty Images)

Pittsburgh Pirates relief pitcher Brady Feigl delivers during the seventh inning of a baseball game against the Chicago Cubs Monday, Aug. 26, 2024, in Pittsburgh. (AP Photo/Matt Freed)

Brady Feigl #52 of the Pittsburgh Pirates makes his major league debut in the seventh inning against the Chicago Cubs at PNC Park on Aug. 26, 2024 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (Photo by Justin K. Aller/Getty Images)

Millersville native and Old Mill graduate Brady Feigl is a pitcher in the Texas Rangers organization. - Original Credit:

5/22/08 All County Athletes Spring 2008. Brady Feigl, Old Mill BBB, Grade 12. Photo by Paul W. Gillespie

6/15/08 The Brooks Robinson High School All-Star Game of Maryland at Orioles Park at Camden Yards. Old Mill Pitcher Brady Feigl throws for the South. Photo by Paul W Gillespie

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Was 'Natural Born Killers' Based on a True Story?

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The Big Picture

• Natural Born Killers was partly inspired by the Fugate and Starkweather killings.
• Oliver Stone's film is a satirical commentary on media sensationalism.
• Natural Born Killers is just one of many films to draw inspiration from the Starkweather and Fugate killings.

In two careers filled to the brim with widely-discussed and controversial films, perhaps no addition to the filmographies of Oliver Stone has been as polarizing as 1994’s Natural Born Killers . The Woody Harrelson and Juliette Lewis -starring murder-rampage flick features graphic violence and wanton mayhem in a completely unapologetic manner, all through a psychedelic, frantic editing style. The film also attempts to communicate ideas not only about this violence but, more specifically, the portrayal of violence in the media, the exploitative nature of television, and the cultural impact these types of stories have, particularly on the youth of America.

With all of this being the case, and on the 30th anniversary of the film’s release, the (somewhat morbid) question has popped into viewers' minds of whether this story is based on a true case. After all, the sheer brutality of the film combined with its clear real-world commentary is more than inviting each audience member to reflect on how accurately the film reflects society or in what ways its approach satirizes modern-day America. While there is not one exact story that the film is based on that would make this a traditional biopic, there are definite connections to be drawn to various stories of similar anarchistic destruction.

'Natural Born Killers' Takes Inspiration from the Starkweather and Fugate Killings

The primary real-life killers that Mickey and Mallory of Natural Born Killers take their cues from are Charles Starkweather and Caril Ann Fugate. In a somewhat similar fashion to Mickey and Mallory, Starkweather and Fugate tore across Nebraska and Wyoming in early 1958 and killed 9 people at the peak of this spree. There are other notable similarities between the two couples though.

For one, the age discrepancy between the two in the film (with Harrelson being 35 and Lewis being 21 at the time of release) reflects an age gap between the real-life Starkweather and Fugate (albeit at a different stage of life, with Starkweather having been 19 and Fugate 15 at the time of the crimes). In another disturbing parallel, Starkweather not only seemed to lead the two and bring Fugate into his violent world, but at the start of the rampage, he killed Fugate’s parents , much as Mickey does to the nightmarish I Love Lucy -parody version of Mallory’s parents. In an upsetting difference between the two though, while Mallory’s young brother is spared in the film, Starkweather killed Fugate’s baby sister . With these connections, it is clear that Starkweather and Fugate’s case of young lovers engaging in a seemingly random killing spree helped lay the groundwork for at least some of Natural Born Killers ' story.

Other Real Stories Contributed to 'Natural Born Killers'

There are, however, significant differences between the film and the real-life story. The entire final act of the film set in the prison is a fictitious addition (along with the charicature-like Robert Downey Jr. and Tommy Lee Jones characters), but there is also a massive difference in the actual ending for the killers themselves. While Mickey and Mallory get themselves free amid a violent prison riot, the real-life killers never made such an escape, with Starkweather eventually being executed in 1994 (coincidentally, the same year Natural Born Killers was released). Fugate herself was released on parole in 1976 and has been living as a free woman since. She has claimed that she was a hostage of Starkweather and a victim in this case as well, which was disputed during her trial.

While these are clear differences in the real and fictional narratives, Natural Born Killers is less based entirely on one event than it is a tapestry of many, with another story that it draws inspiration from being that of Bonnie and Clyde, both the actual true story and the iconic 1967 film . Its story also involves a couple rampaging through small-town America with seemingly no intent but to cause chaos (with the man there also bringing the woman into the criminal life), though that story famously ends with a violent conclusion for the two perpetrators that Natural Born Killers does not replicate.

‘Natural Born Killers’ Was Banned for Inspiring Real-Life Crimes

Oliver Stone's take on the Quentin Tarantino script continues to live in controversy and infamy.

Another significant aspect of the film’s satire revolves around the media sensationalizing, glorifying, and above all else, simply providing a massive megaphone for these killers' deeds to be broadcast with. The manner of the coverage of the case in the film (including the hilariously un-self-aware Robert Downey Jr. character) is also a piece of commentary, and the film clearly takes inspiration from other similar news-worthy events that were relevant at the time. This includes the highly publicized O.J. Simpson trial which appears in the closing montage of the film. There are also many examples of serial killers having adoring fans due in part to the coverage they received, including the likes of Ted Bundy and Jeffrey Dahmer , which is also reflected in the wild crowds that arrive in the film for Mickey and Mallory’s trial. These examples highlight the wide variety of real-world events that inspired Natural Born Killers ' story and thematic subtext.

The Starkweather-Fugate Killings Inspired Other Art

The infamy of the Starkweather-Fugate killings has led to many other appearances in pop culture processing or simply referencing the violent events, with the line “Starkweather homicide” appearing in the iconic Billy Joel song “We Didn’t Start the Fire” and Bruce Springsteen writing the song "Nebraska," which recounts the story of the killings. Other films also draw inspiration from the events, including Peter Jackson’s 1996 horror-comedy film The Frighteners .

The most pertinent example outside of Natural Born Killers , however, would have to be the 1973 Terrence Malick film Badlands , starring Martin Sheen and Sissy Spacek as a young couple who murder multiple people seemingly at random throughout the American Northwest over a short period of time. Badlands more closely follows the story of Starkweather and Fugate, with the ages of the characters (25 for Sheen’s Kit and 15 for Spacek’s Holly) being nearer to that of their real-life counterparts, and with the Spacek character getting parole by the end while the Sheen character is executed. Another interesting point to note is that Harry MacLean, an author who had personal connections to Starkweather , notes that he “looked a bit like James Dean ”, which is famously an observation made in Badlands regarding Sheen's character.

While Natural Born Killers definitely seems to draw heavier inspiration from the Starkweather-Fugate murders than any other real-life story (particularly with the core premise of its two protagonists), it is clearly more than a simple “based on a true story” film. In trying to convey its ideas about mass media and sensationalism, it takes inspiration not only from murder sprees but from massive pop culture moments that were in the public consciousness in 1994 , and creates a unique experience that will leave any viewer able to stomach its brutality with a lot to think about.

Natural Born Killers is available to stream on Netflix in the U.S.

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Home — Essay Samples — Psychology — Childhood Development — Human Growth and Development

Human Growth and Development

• Categories: Childhood Development

About this sample

Words: 481 |

Published: Jan 31, 2024

Words: 481 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Table of contents

Theoretical foundations of human growth and development, physical development, cognitive development, social and emotional development, environmental and genetic influences on human growth and development, lifespan development.

• Freud, S. (1905). Three essays on the theory of sexuality. Standard Edition, 7, 123-255.
• Erikson, E. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
• Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York: International Universities Press.

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The Year Nike was Born: Tracing the Origins of a Global Giant

This essay about Nike’s rise details the company’s origins in the 1960s through the partnership of Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman. It highlights Nike’s transformation from a small distributor of Onitsuka Tiger shoes to a global leader in athletic footwear and apparel. The narrative covers key moments such as the creation of the Waffle Trainer, the launch of Air Jordans, and Nike’s commitment to innovation and corporate responsibility, illustrating the brand’s impact on sports and culture.

How it works

In the intricate weave of corporate chronicles, few narratives compare to the meteoric rise of Nike—a saga that intertwines entrepreneurial spirit, athletic fervor, and cultural impact into a story of unmatched triumph. The inception of Nike can be traced back to the early 1960s, born from the collaboration between Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman, set against the scenic backdrop of Oregon’s running tracks and the vibrant streets of Japan.

Phil Knight, a former track athlete turned visionary entrepreneur, embarked on a groundbreaking venture after discovering the innovative running shoes produced by Onitsuka Tiger during his travels in Japan.

Sensing their potential in the American market, Knight, alongside his former coach at the University of Oregon, Bill Bowerman, seized the moment. With a modest investment and a shared vision for footwear innovation, they founded Blue Ribbon Sports in 1964. Initially operating from the trunk of Knight’s car, the duo began importing and distributing Onitsuka Tiger shoes to a niche market of track athletes and enthusiasts.

The early days were fraught with obstacles—financial instability, logistical challenges, and stiff competition from well-established brands. Yet, Knight and Bowerman’s tenacity and creativity propelled them forward. In 1971, seeking to redefine their brand identity, they rebranded as Nike—a name inspired by the Greek goddess of victory. This pivotal rebranding marked the beginning of Nike’s evolution from a distributor to a manufacturer and innovator in athletic footwear.

Central to Nike’s early achievements was Bill Bowerman’s relentless pursuit of enhanced performance. His experiments with shoe design, notably the creation of the iconic Waffle Trainer with its unique sole pattern, distinguished Nike in terms of both function and style. This commitment to innovation became a cornerstone of the brand—a commitment that continues to drive Nike’s product development and market strategy today.

By the late 1970s and into the 1980s, Nike had firmly established itself as a leader in athletic footwear. The company’s bold marketing strategies, characterized by endorsements from both rising stars and established athletes, solidified its reputation. Athletes such as Steve Prefontaine became not merely endorsers but embodiments of Nike’s ethos—pushing boundaries and striving for greatness.

The 1980s heralded a period of significant expansion for Nike, as it ventured into new markets and product categories. The launch of the Air Jordan line in collaboration with basketball icon Michael Jordan exemplified Nike’s prowess in blending performance with cultural relevance. The Air Jordan phenomenon transcended the basketball court, influencing global fashion trends and popular culture—a testament to Nike’s ability to innovate not only in footwear technology but also in shaping cultural narratives.

As Nike continued to grow, it faced challenges and controversies, including scrutiny over labor practices in overseas factories. These challenges prompted a reassessment of corporate responsibility and a commitment to improving working conditions—a journey that continues to evolve in response to global scrutiny and consumer expectations.

Despite these challenges, Nike’s trajectory has been defined by resilience and adaptation. Through strategic acquisitions, such as the purchase of Bauer Hockey in 1995, and continued expansion into digital fitness technologies and sustainability initiatives, Nike has diversified its portfolio while staying true to its core mission of innovation and performance.

Today, Nike stands as a global powerhouse—a brand that transcends borders and languages, resonating with athletes and consumers alike. Its commitment to innovation, evidenced by advancements in materials science and sustainability practices, underscores its role as a leader in shaping the future of sports and fashion.

Looking ahead, Nike faces new challenges in a rapidly evolving marketplace shaped by technological disruption and shifting consumer expectations. Yet, its legacy as a pioneer in athletic footwear and apparel positions Nike to continue driving change and inspiring athletes around the world.

In conclusion, the narrative of Nike’s origins and ascent is not merely a story of business success but a testament to the transformative power of innovation, determination, and an unrelenting quest for excellence. From the track fields of Oregon to the global stage, Nike’s journey embodies the spirit of victory—propelled by passion, guided by innovation, and destined to leave an indelible mark on the world of sports and beyond.

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The Year Nike Was Born: Tracing the Origins of a Global Giant. (2024, Jun 28). Retrieved from https://papersowl.com/examples/the-year-nike-was-born-tracing-the-origins-of-a-global-giant/

"The Year Nike Was Born: Tracing the Origins of a Global Giant." PapersOwl.com , 28 Jun 2024, https://papersowl.com/examples/the-year-nike-was-born-tracing-the-origins-of-a-global-giant/

PapersOwl.com. (2024). The Year Nike Was Born: Tracing the Origins of a Global Giant . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/the-year-nike-was-born-tracing-the-origins-of-a-global-giant/ [Accessed: 27 Aug. 2024]

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PapersOwl.com. (2024). The Year Nike Was Born: Tracing the Origins of a Global Giant . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/the-year-nike-was-born-tracing-the-origins-of-a-global-giant/ [Accessed: 27-Aug-2024]

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The Editor’s Manual

Free learning resource on English grammar, punctuation, usage, and style.

How to Write and Say the Year

Write years in numerals rather than words.

• Dark matter was first discovered in 1933 .
• The world changed in 2020 .

To say the year, pronounce the first two and then the second two digits as individual numbers.

• 1995 = nineteen ninety-five
• 2021 = twenty twenty-one

Years may be written in words in creative writing or at the start of a sentence.

• Twenty twenty-one was the year that everything changed.

The phrase “the year” before the name of a year is generally redundant, though it can sometimes help make the meaning clearer.

• We came here in the year 1999 .
• The year 2000 was a turning point in human history.

How to write the year

Years are generally written in numerals . A specific year refers to a 365-day period (366-day in a leap year) starting January 1. Each year has its own numeric value, usually indicated using figures.

• The first UFO was sighted in 1947 .
• Tumkin visited Malta in 1984 .
• In 2015 , Russia intervened in Syria.

The abbreviations BC, AD, BCE, and CE may be used to specify the era . (The BCE/CE system is numerically equal to BC/AD.)

• The war lasted from 223 BC to AD 400 .
• The tribe moved northward around 8000 BCE .

If no era is specified, it is assumed to be AD (or CE).

• Emily Dickinson was born in 1830 . Understood to be AD (or CE).

Abbreviated form

In informal usage, the year may be abbreviated by using an apostrophe in place of the first two digits that indicate the century.

• Here’s a picture of the Class of ’87 .
• It was in ’66 that the wolves came down from the forest.
• My parents met in the summer of ’71 .
• The new model was launched in ’02 and has been running ever since.

Use an apostrophe, not a closing quotation mark , to abbreviate a year.

• Incorrect: Did we go to Fiji in ‘90 or ‘91 ? Correct: Did we go to Fiji in ’90 or ’91 ?

How to say the year

Names of years are pronounced in two parts: say the first two digits and then the second two digits as if they were individual numbers.

• 1066 = ten sixty-six ( not one thousand and sixty-six)
• 1776 = seventeen seventy-six ( not one thousand seven hundred seventy-six)
• 1815 = eighteen fifteen
• 1946 = nineteen forty-six
• 1997 = nineteen ninety-seven
• 2010 = twenty ten
• 2017 = twenty seventeen
• 2020 = twenty twenty

For years up to AD 1000, the abbreviations BC and AD (or BCE and CE) are often included for clarity.

• 5000 BC = five thousand BC
• 722 BC = seven twenty-two BC or seven hundred twenty-two BC The word and is optional and generally omitted in American English: seven hundred twenty-two or seven hundred and twenty-two
• 9 BCE = nine BCE
• AD 7 = seven AD
• AD 93 = ninety-three AD
• AD 515 = five fifteen AD or five hundred fifteen AD
• 723 CE = seven twenty-three CE or seven hundred twenty-three CE

For years in the first decade of a century —that is, years in which the third digit is zero — you may either pronounce the zero as “zero” or “oh,” or say the word “hundred” for the century.

• 1801 = eighteen oh one, eighteen zero one, or eighteen hundred one
• 1909 = nineteen oh nine, nineteen zero nine, or nineteen hundred nine

The last year of a century (1800, 1900, etc.) is said the same way as other years.

• 1800 = eighteen hundred
• 1900 = nineteen hundred

The years 1000 and 2000 are exceptions.

• 1000 = the year one thousand ( not ten hundred)
• 2000 = the year two thousand ( not twenty hundred)

The years 2001 to 2009 can be said in a few different ways.

• 2001 = twenty oh one, twenty zero one, or two thousand and one
• 2009 = twenty oh nine, twenty zero nine, or two thousand and nine

Pronounce abbreviated years as a single number.

• ’77 = seventy-seven “She graduated in ’77 ” is read aloud as “She graduated in seventy-seven .”
• ’93 = ninety-three
• ’21 = twenty-one

Pronounce the zero as “oh” in abbreviated years.

• ’02 = oh two “We set up the company in ’02 ” is read aloud as “We set up the company in oh two .”
• ’03 = oh three

When years like 1900 and 2000 are abbreviated, they are pronounced as the unabbreviated year would be.

• ’00 = the year 2000

Years written in words

When written in words, years are spelled out as they are pronounced. Don’t capitalize the numbers.

• In twenty twenty , it became normal to work from home.
• The war ended in nineteen forty-five .
• Nineteen twenty-five was a watershed year in motor racing.

In formal writing, numerals are not used at the start of a sentence. The Chicago Manual of Style suggests either spelling out the year or rephrasing slightly.

The AP Stylebook suggests simply using figures for the year, even at the start of a sentence.

• Acceptable: 2013 started with the largest gathering of human beings in history.

In creative writing, names of years are sometimes spelled out.

• It was during that minute in nineteen hundred and eighteen , that millions upon millions of human beings stopped butchering one another. — Kurt Vonnegut , Breakfast of Champions (1973)

Note that names of years are generally written in numerals rather than words, particularly in formal writing.

• Anita’s first book was published in 1987 . pronounced nineteen eighty-seven
• Commercial printing began in 1450 .
• Farley lost the lottery in 1999 , 2000 , and 2001 .
• Rita climbed Mt. Everest in 1996 .

The year in a date

When writing dates in American style, use commas to separate the year from month and day.

• The war ended on September 2, 1945 .
• It was on January 1, 2001, that I first laid eyes on the diamond.
• On March 9, 2019, Rita joined the academy as a space cadet.

Remember to “close” your commas. Place a comma both before and after the year.

• Incorrect: The Durandians landed on October 3, 2031 in the middle of the Indian Ocean. Correct: The Durandians landed on October 3, 2031, in the middle of the Indian Ocean.

In British style, the day appears before the month, and commas are generally omitted.

• The war ended on 2 September 1945 .
• It was on 1 January 2001 that I first laid eyes on the diamond.
• The Durandians landed on 3 October 2031 in the middle of the Indian Ocean.

References to the current year are usually omitted. If a date refers to the current year, don’t mention the year unless necessary.

• Your flight is at noon on June 23 . of the current year

Years in ranges

When both years in a range belong to the same century, the digits for the century need not be repeated. If the century changes, show all the digits. Use an en dash (–) instead of a hyphen (-) to indicate a range.

• Significant progress was seen in the period 1907–14 .
• The war of 1939–45 left scars on the European landscape that can still be seen.
• Not many companies survived the dot-com bubble of 1995–2000 .
• In the years 1998–2007 , the band released three albums, all of which went platinum.

To indicate a range comprising two consecutive years, a slash is often used.

• All courses have been canceled for the academic session of 2020/21 .
• The 1999/2000 season was his most prolific.

“The year . . .”

Using the phrase “the year” is generally unnecessary before the name of a year. Avoid such redundancies in formal writing.

• We completed the mission in the year 1993 .
• The band was formed in the year 1967 .
• In the year 2003 , the space shuttle Columbia disintegrated upon reentry into the atmosphere.

Note that sometimes “the year” may be helpful for clarity—for example, at the start of a sentence .

• The year 1958 saw many advances in rocket science.

We also use “the year” before years up to the number 1000 and to refer to the year 2000, as these numbers may not otherwise be immediately recognizable as names of years.

• By the year 480 , the Franks were firmly established in northeastern Gaul.
• Zadie Smith’s White Teeth was published in the year 2000 .

Share this article

Years are generally written in numerals rather than words.

Pronounce the name of a year in two parts: say the first two and then the second two digits as individual numbers.

Use an apostrophe, not an opening quotation mark, to abbreviate a year.

Use a comma between day and year in a date.

No comma is used between month and year in the British style of writing dates.

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The Year I Was Born: 1979 Bibliography 19 Pages 4696 Words

             So here I was, arriving into the world, at the end of the 70's, the wildest and craziest decade since the Roaring 20's. Hairstyles, clothing fashions, music and dance, and just about every other aspect of society was experiencing a liberating and expanding consciousness. It seems I missed all the fun. Major trends included a growing disullisionment of government, advances in civil rights, increased influence of the women's movement, a heightened concern for the environment, and increased space exploration. Amid war, social realignment and presidential impeachment proceedings, American culture flourished. Indeed, the events of the times were reflected in and became the inspiraton for much of the music, literature, entertainment, and even fashion.              Major National Political Events/Issues Page 2              There was a lot going on in America in 1979. Jimmy Carter was President, along side him Walter Mondale as Vice-President. The U.S. Congress had sizable Democratic majorities in both houses, but still blocked most of the President's program in one house or the other. During their first session, Congress was an independent, argumentative, and voter-conscious body. They seemed more focused on special-interest lobbies, rather than passing the President's proposals. Throughout the first session, Congress recessed five times over the course of five months, passing less major legislation then any other Congress in the 1970's.              The House of Representatives held a secret session for the first time in 149 years that resulted in the approval of a version of the Panama Canal Treaty in September. The bill went into affect on October 1. The SALT II agreement was signed by President Carter and Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, limiting strategic weapons. The U.S. Congress failed to ratify the treaty, but both sides abided by its terms anyhow. On October 17, President Carter signed legislation establishing a new Cabinet-level Department of Education. ...

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• The Day the Baby Brother Was Born

The Day the Baby Brother Was Born - Essay Example

• Subject: English
• Type: Essay
• Level: Undergraduate
• Pages: 1 (250 words)
• Downloads: 104
• Author: evan28

Extract of sample "The Day the Baby Brother Was Born"

The day my baby brother was born The day my baby brother was born was the best in my life. I always have pleasure in playing with him and like the fact that he loves it too. Hayden is now five, but I remember the first day like it was yesterday. On that particular day, our father woke us up early in the morning and told us that it was time to go. We did not have to ask many questions because we knew exactly what it implied. My elder brother, my grandmother, my mother and I all rushed to his car in reaction to the urgency involved in this situation.

We could not hide the excitement as we waited in the lobby where my brother and I had Cheetos for breakfast. All our minds could think of is the excitement that Hayden would bring to our lives. At this moment time seemed to be sluggish, so we turned to our Gameboy gadgets to keep us occupied and save us from anxiety.  As we were in the lobby waiting our dad suddenly appeared and announced with his voice full of joy, “he’s here! Come meet your new little brother!” Even before he was through with the announcement we were already on our feet headed to the ward.

I have never been able to describe the feeling that I had as I held Hayden Joe in my arms. Maybe it is because it is a feeling that is yet to be discovered.  As I held him I could not help noticing how tiny his nose. It was at this moment that it dawned me that I will have a chance of watching him as he grew up. Could not have imagined any better feeling than what I felt at that moment.

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