catharsis hypothesis psychology

Catharsis in Psychology & Meaning of Cathartic Release

Charlotte Nickerson

Research Assistant at Harvard University

Undergraduate at Harvard University

Charlotte Nickerson is a student at Harvard University obsessed with the intersection of mental health, productivity, and design.

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Catharsis is the expression of formerly repressed feelings in order to overcome problems associated with them.

The term is commonly used in connection with psychoanalysis, where it is believed that underlying problems cannot be resolved unless the emotions connected with them are also discharged.

Key Takeaways

• The word catharsis describes the relief of built-up tension or strong emotions. In psychology, catharsis is thought to be beneficial in terms of reducing stress and anxiety.
• The followers of the psychoanalytic school, such as Josef Breuer, believed that catharsis could be achieved through the process of psychoanalysis. This involved the patient talking through and deconstructing past experiences.
• Catharsis is at the core of many modern therapeutic methods, such as psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral therapy.
• There are a vast number of catalysts for catharsis in everyday life, including loss, art, writing, and exercise.
• Some have questioned whether some types of catharsis, such as venting and ruminating, can improve mental health, even arguing that they may have detrimental effects.

Cathartic Release

Catharsis is an emotional release. The term, in ancient Greek, translates literally to “purgation” or “purification.”

In psychoanalytic theory , the word catharsis has been used to refer specifically to the discharge of previously repressed effects or emotions connected to traumatic events that occur when these events are brought back into someone’s consciousness and re-experienced.

A related concept is abreaction (Powell, 1995).

Later, therapists and psychologists saw catharsis as an outburst of emotion leading to a sense of profound enlightenment.

In modern psychology, however, the term has taken on a lighter meaning, defined as any form of expressing and releasing feelings and emotions.

It is this articulation of emotion that psychologists posit to lead to healing and positive mental health. For example, an artist throwing paint at a canvas or a boxer punching a punching bag in an act of range may not be considered to be acts of catharsis (Powell, 1995).

The introduction of catharsis in the psychological sense dates to Josef Breuer (2009), a colleague of Sigmund Freud .

Breuer practiced a form of therapy that involved hypnotizing his patients to help release repressed, traumatic feelings.

He thought that by allowing patients to consciously express these feelings, they would be cured of hysteria.

The concept of catharsis later would become foundational to Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. Freud believed that healing can only occur when meaningful, unconscious thoughts and feelings are brought into consciousness (Guinnagh, 1987).

Therapeutic Uses

The aim of psychotherapy is to attempt to unmask and express feelings in order to make progress with particular issues.

For example, someone attending a psychotherapy session may have a moment of realization when they realize how their family relationships have contributed to their adult relationship problems (Nichols & Max, 1977).

Particular branches of therapy use catharsis in different ways. Psychodynamic therapy uses catharsis to bring repressed emotions and memories into a person’s consciousness.

For example, a patient in psychodynamic therapy may use art to express painful emotions that they feel unable to put into words.

The therapist may encourage the patient to express their emotions in this way because it can provide a non-threatening way for the patient to confront difficult feelings.

In psychoanalysis, the therapist investigates the client’s unconscious through free association, word association, and projective tests. They identify the unconscious conflicts and help the client to bring them to the surface (catharsis). They then help the client to work through and deal with

Cognitive behavioral therapy ( CBT ) may use catharsis to help a person identify any negative thought patterns that are causing them distress so that they can learn how to reframe these thoughts in a healthier way (Nichols & Max, 1977).

In Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, the therapist may encourage their patient to openly express any pent-up anger they feel towards someone who has hurt them in the past.

The therapist would then help the patient to see how holding onto this anger is harmful and counterproductive, preventing them from moving on with their life.

In contrast, the act of expressing and releasing this anger can lead to a sense of relief and peace.

In Everyday Language

The definition of catharsis in psychology is different from how the word is used in everyday language.

In general, people use the term “catharsis” to describe any form of emotional release, such as crying or yelling.

However, psychologists define catharsis specifically as the discharge of previously repressed emotions connected to traumatic events (Powell, 1995).

It is important to distinguish between the two definitions because not all forms of emotional release are considered cathartic in a psychological sense.

For example, someone who cries after watching a sad movie may feel better afterward, but they have not discharged any previously repressed emotions.

On the other hand, someone who cries while recalling a traumatic event may be experiencing catharsis because they are releasing emotions that have been repressed (Powell, 1995).

Mood is often heavily influenced by physical elements. Exercise, it has been shown, can often improve mood and lessen anxiety.

Additionally, however, it can cause people to experience feelings that otherwise may not be expressed.

People often speak of using exercise as a way of “working through”their emotions. For example, someone may have an argument with their spouse and family member and be left upset.

After expressing their emotions through vigorous exercise, these people often feel markedly better and able to take a wider perspective on the issue (Nichols & Efran, 1985).

Catharsis is an act that is both expressed by and integral to creative works. A painter, for example, may use their work as an act of emotional processing and articulation.

Art can also be cathartic for those who view it. This is because the media can bring about feelings that help people make progress with their personal issues.

For example, someone may see a movie that gives rise to feelings about an estranged child and this may cause them to rethink their behavior toward their son or daughter (Nichols & Efran, 1985).

One common powerful catalyst of catharsis is loss. This loss can result from anything from the dissolution of a marriage to the death of a loved one.

These strong emotions following a loss can cause someone to plunge into despair, fill them with gratitude, or cause them to reevaluate their life.

For example, one common practice after the death of someone is a funeral and the act of spreading ashes.

These ceremonies, by allowing those close to the deceased to openly express grief and sadness, may allow those participating to release their pent-up emotions and accept the loss.

Similarly, the act of writing and giving a eulogy may serve a similar purpose, provoking those giving and listening to it to become grateful for the former presence of someone in their life (Nichols & Efran, 1985).

Yet another way of expressing emotions cathartically is through writing, such as in a journal.

By using a journal, people can create a visual aid that helps them to look at their emotions and break them down into smaller parts, thus improving their processing and ability to cope with a situation (Nichols & Efran, 1985).

Critical Evaluation

Freud considered the expression of unconscious emotion to be the key to improving mental health .

This is one element of Freud’s ethos that remains popular today. Indeed, one of the biggest goals of psychotherapy is to help people communicate what and how they are feeling.

Nonetheless, catharsis, though often helpful, is not always the best solution.

“Stuffing” and ignoring feelings are generally not beneficial. Unexpressed emotions build up inside of people and manifest in various problems, such as depression and anxiety, psychologists generally agree.

When people are able to express their emotions in appropriate ways, their well-being, in the view of most psychologists, improves (Scheele, 2001).

Indeed, almost every therapeutic intervention in modern psychology toots the importance of honesty and facing one’s emotions.

Techniques that are common, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy, argue that healing does not occur when feelings are avoided or minimized.

Freud and Bauer’s treatment of emotions both involved catharsis. While certain trauma treatments may not focus explicitly on uncovering unconscious feelings, treatments for these conditions still often try to elicit thoughts and feelings associated with trauma so they can be dealt with accordingly.

Furthermore, the treatment of anxiety often relies on the confrontation of anxious emotions. Cognitive behavioral therapy, for example, treats anxiety by asking people to challenge their worries and encourage them to perform behavior that will evoke their anxious feelings (Scheele, 2001).

Nonetheless, there are many expressions of catharsis that may actually make one’s mental health worse. Venting, for example, is similar to the modern meaning of catharsis.

Unfortunately, venting — be it through vocalizing feelings or expressing oneself through aggression — has not been shown to be associated with positive outcomes (Scheele, 2001).

Rumination is another concept similar to catharsis that can be detrimental to one’s mental health.

Rumination occurs when someone continuously thinks about or expresses their positive emotions. Often, rumination is used as a way of coping with anxious thoughts in a similar way to emotional processing.

However, rumination does not work in alleviating anxiety (Sansone & Sansone, 2012).

In addition, some believe that the concept of catharsis may give people permission to behave inappropriately.

Be it acting aggressively to express anger or in a psychologically hurtful way to express resentment or sadness, this can be passed off, these critics have argued, as catharsis.

However, those who advocate for catharsis argue that expressing anger does not have to result in behavior that is offensive or harmful to others.

For example, someone could punch a pillow or burn a letter instead of threatening a person or destroying property.

Nonetheless, scholars argue that anger and aggression do not dissipate just because it is expressed cathartically (Bushman, Baumeister & Stack, 1999).

Breuer, J. O. S. E. F. (1957). Freud S: Studies on hysteria. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, 2, 1893-1895.

Bushman, B. J., Baumeister, R. F., & Stack, A. D. (1999). Catharsis, aggression, and persuasive influence: Self-fulfilling or self-defeating prophecies?. Journal of personality and social psychology, 76 (3), 367.

Guinagh, B. (1987). Sigmund Freud’s Use of Catharsis and Cognition. In Catharsis and Cognition in Psychotherapy (pp. 27-39). Springer, New York, NY.

Nichols, M. P., & Zax, M. (1977). Catharsis in psychotherapy . Gardner Press.

Nichols, M. P., & Efran, J. S. (1985). Catharsis in psychotherapy: A new perspective. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 22 (1), 46.

Powell, Esta. “Catharsis in psychology and beyond. ” (1995).

Sansone, R. A., & Sansone, L. A. (2012). Antidepressant adherence: are patients taking their medications? Innovations in clinical neuroscience, 9 (5-6), 41.

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Psychologily

Catharsis in Psychology: The Healing Power of Emotional Release

Catharsis is a term commonly used in psychology and refers to releasing repressed emotions or feelings. It is a process that allows individuals to express their feelings, thoughts, and emotions in a safe and controlled environment. The concept of catharsis has been used in therapy, literature, and art for centuries, and has proven to be an effective way to cope with difficult emotions.

In psychology, catharsis is often used to reduce aggression and frustration. By expressing emotions in a controlled environment, individuals are able to release pent-up emotions and reduce their overall stress levels. This can lead to a sense of relief and an improved sense of well-being. Additionally, catharsis can help individuals gain insight into their emotions and behaviors, leading to personal growth and development.

There are many ways to achieve catharsis, including therapy, exercise, art, and music. Each method has its own unique benefits, and individuals may find that one method works better for them than others. By understanding the concept of catharsis and exploring different methods of achieving it, individuals can improve their emotional well-being and lead happier, healthier lives.

Understanding Catharsis

Catharsis is a term used in psychology to describe releasing and expressing emotions healthily. It is a powerful emotional release that, when successful, is accompanied by cognitive insight and positive change. According to psychoanalytic theory , this emotional release is linked to a need to relieve unconscious conflicts.

Catharsis is thought to be beneficial in terms of reducing stress and anxiety. The followers of the psychoanalytic school believed that catharsis could be achieved through psychoanalysis. It is a means of discharging negative emotions to relieve intense anxiety, stress, anger, or fear.

Have you ever been so angry that you went outside and yelled or hit a pillow? Psychologists call this venting aggression a way to release or eliminate emotions. This is an example of catharsis. By healthily expressing our emotions, we can reduce stress and tension.

Catharsis can take many forms, including talking to a therapist, writing in a journal, or engaging in physical activity. Finding a healthy outlet for our emotions is important, as repressing them can lead to negative consequences such as depression and anxiety.

Origins of Catharsis in Psychology

Catharsis is a term that has been used in both psychology and literature. It comes from the Greek word “katharsis,” which means “purification” or “cleansing.” Catharsis aims to bring about some form of positive change in the individual’s life. In psychology, catharsis refers to the expression of formerly repressed feelings to overcome problems associated with them. In this section, we will discuss the origins of catharsis in psychology.

Freud’s Theory

Sigmund Freud , the father of psychoanalysis, was the first to use catharsis as a therapeutic method of releasing negative emotions to reduce frustration and feelings of aggression. According to Freud’s theory, repressed emotions can lead to psychological disorders. Therefore, catharsis was seen as a way to release these emotions and reduce the risk of developing psychological disorders.

Freud believed that catharsis could be achieved through free association, a technique where the patient is encouraged to speak freely about their thoughts and feelings without censorship. This technique allows the patient to express their repressed emotions and bring them to the surface, where they can be dealt with and resolved.

Aristotle’s Poetics

The Greek philosopher Aristotle was the first to use the term “catharsis” in a literary context. In his book “Poetics,” Aristotle used the term to describe the emotional release that an audience experiences when watching a tragedy. According to Aristotle, the purpose of tragedy is to evoke pity and fear in the audience, which leads to a cathartic release of emotions.

Aristotle believed that the emotional release from watching a tragedy benefits individuals by allowing them to experience their emotions in a controlled environment. By experiencing these emotions safely, the individual can better deal with them daily.

Catharsis and Emotional Release

Humans are bound to experience many emotions, from happiness and joy to sadness and anger. Sometimes, these emotions can build up inside us, causing tension and stress. This is where the concept of catharsis comes in.

Catharsis is a process of emotional release that helps us relieve pent-up emotions and reduce stress and anxiety. It involves expressing our emotions safely and healthily, whether through talking to a trusted friend or therapist, engaging in physical activity, or engaging in creative outlets like art or music.

One example of catharsis is the act of journaling. Writing down our thoughts and emotions can help us process and healthily release them. Similarly, running or boxing can help release tension and aggression.

It’s important to note that catharsis is not a one-time solution to our emotional struggles. It’s a continuous process of self-care and self-expression that we must practice regularly to maintain our emotional well-being.

The Role of Catharsis in Therapy

Catharsis is crucial in therapy, particularly in treating trauma and emotional distress. The process of emotional release can help individuals confront and work through difficult emotions in a safe and supportive environment. Here are some examples of how different forms of therapy utilize catharsis to help individuals heal:

Art Therapy

Art therapy is a form of therapy that uses creative expression as a means of communication. The process of creating art can help individuals express emotions that may be difficult to put into words. Through the use of different art materials and techniques, individuals can explore their inner world and gain insight into their emotions and experiences. Art therapy can be particularly helpful for individuals who have experienced trauma, as it provides a safe and supportive space for emotional expression and release.

Music Therapy

Music therapy is a form of therapy that uses music to address emotional, cognitive, and physical needs. Music has the ability to evoke powerful emotions and memories, making it a useful tool for emotional expression and release. Through music, individuals can explore their emotions, gain insight into their experiences, and develop coping skills. Music therapy can be particularly helpful for individuals who struggle with anxiety, depression, and PTSD.

Drama Therapy

Drama therapy is a form of therapy that uses role-playing, improvisation, and other theatrical techniques to help individuals explore and express their emotions. Through drama, individuals can step into different roles and perspectives, gaining new insights into their emotions and experiences. Drama therapy can benefit individuals who struggle with social anxiety, low self-esteem, and trauma.

Catharsis and Mental Health

A catharsis is a powerful tool that can positively impact our mental health. It can help us deal with difficult emotions and process traumatic experiences. This section will explore how catharsis can benefit our mental health.

Stress Relief

One of the main benefits of catharsis is stress relief. When we experience stress, our bodies produce cortisol, adversely affecting our physical and mental health. We can release pent-up emotions and reduce our stress levels by engaging in cathartic activities, such as journaling, exercising, or talking to a therapist.

Anger Management

Anger is a natural emotion that we all experience from time to time. However, not finding healthy ways to express our anger can lead to negative consequences, such as damaged relationships or physical health problems. Catharsis can be an effective way to manage anger. We can release our anger safely and healthily by engaging in activities such as hitting a punching bag or screaming into a pillow.

Grief Processing

Losing a loved one can be one of the most difficult experiences we go through in life. Grief can be overwhelming and can last for months or even years. Engaging in cathartic activities, such as writing a letter to the person we lost or creating a memorial, can help us process our grief and find closure.

Catharsis in Everyday Life

We all experience various emotions in our daily lives. Sometimes, these emotions can become overwhelming and may cause stress, anxiety, or frustration. Catharsis is a natural way to release these emotions and reduce their adverse effects on our mental and physical health.

One way to achieve catharsis is through physical exercise. Exercise can help release endorphins, which are natural mood boosters. It can also provide a healthy outlet for anger or frustration. For example, running or hitting a punching bag can help release tension and promote relaxation.

Writing in a journal is another effective way to achieve catharsis. Writing down our thoughts and emotions can help us process them and gain insight into our feelings. It can also provide a sense of release and relief. For example, writing about a difficult situation at work or a personal struggle can help us gain perspective and find solutions.

Talking to a trusted friend or therapist can also be a powerful way to achieve catharsis. Sharing our feelings with someone who listens and understands can help us feel validated and supported. It can also provide an opportunity to gain new perspectives and insights.

Critiques and Controversies of Catharsis

As with any psychological concept, catharsis has faced its share of critiques and controversies. While some researchers and therapists believe in the power of cathartic release, others have questioned its effectiveness and existence.

One critique of catharsis is that it may be harmful in some cases. For example, if a person is encouraged to express their anger in an aggressive manner, it may reinforce that behavior and lead to more aggressive outbursts in the future. Additionally, some individuals may become overwhelmed by their emotions during a cathartic release and experience negative consequences such as panic attacks or dissociation.

Another controversy surrounding catharsis is whether it is a necessary component of therapy. While some therapists believe that emotional release is essential for healing, others argue that simply talking through one’s problems can be just as effective. Some studies have shown that catharsis may not be necessary for therapeutic progress and that other factors, such as the therapeutic relationship, may be more critical.

Furthermore, the concept of catharsis has been criticized for being too vague and subjective. Measuring and quantifying emotional release can be challenging, and some researchers have questioned whether the term has any real scientific basis.

Despite these critiques and controversies, catharsis remains a popular and widely used psychological concept. While it may not be appropriate for everyone or every situation, many individuals have found emotional release helpful in managing their mental health. As with any therapeutic technique, it is important to approach catharsis cautiously and under a trained professional’s guidance.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is emotional catharsis, and how does it relate to psychology.

Emotional catharsis is a process of releasing and expressing pent-up emotions, such as anger, fear, or grief, in a safe and healthy way. In psychology, catharsis is a beneficial technique to reduce stress and anxiety. By releasing negative emotions, individuals can experience a sense of relief and clarity. This process can be achieved through various methods, including talking to a therapist, writing in a journal, or engaging in physical activity.

What are some examples of catharsis in literature and media?

Catharsis has been a popular theme in literature and media for centuries. Some of the most famous examples include Shakespeare’s tragedies, such as “Hamlet” and “Macbeth,” where the characters experience emotional catharsis through their tragic endings. In the film, the classic example is the character of Andy Dufresne in “The Shawshank Redemption,” who achieves catharsis by escaping prison and finding redemption. In music, artists often use their lyrics to express their emotions and achieve catharsis through their music.

What is the origin and etymology of the term ‘catharsis’?

The term ‘catharsis’ comes from the Greek word ‘katharsis,’ which means ‘purification’ or ‘cleansing.’ The concept of catharsis was first introduced by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, who believed that watching tragic plays could help individuals release negative emotions and achieve emotional balance.

Can catharsis be used as a therapeutic technique in counseling?

Yes, catharsis is often used as a therapeutic technique in counseling. By allowing individuals to express their emotions in a safe and supportive environment, therapists can help them achieve emotional release and reduce stress and anxiety. This can be achieved through various methods, including talk therapy, art therapy, and physical exercise.

What is Aristotle’s theory of catharsis, and how does it apply to psychology?

Aristotle’s theory of catharsis suggests that watching tragic plays can help individuals release negative emotions and achieve emotional balance. He believed that by experiencing pity and fear through the characters in the play, individuals could achieve catharsis and release their own negative emotions. In psychology, this theory has been adapted to suggest that engaging in emotional expression can help individuals achieve catharsis and reduce stress and anxiety.

Is there evidence to support the effectiveness of catharsis in psychology?

While there is some evidence to suggest that catharsis can be an effective technique for reducing stress and anxiety, more research is needed to fully understand its effectiveness. Some studies have suggested that engaging in physical activity, such as exercise or sports, can help individuals achieve catharsis and reduce negative emotions. Additionally, talk therapy and other forms of counseling have been shown to be effective in helping individuals achieve emotional release and reduce stress and anxiety.

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Definition of Catharsis

Catharsis is a psychological and emotional process that involves the release and purification of repressed emotions. It refers to the experience of purging or cleansing oneself of negative sensations, feelings, or traumas through various forms of expression.

Purpose of Catharsis

Catharsis serves as a method to alleviate intense inner tension or emotional conflicts. The underlying principle is that by expressing and confronting suppressed emotions, individuals can achieve a sense of emotional relief and healing.

Methods of Catharsis

Catharsis can be achieved through different outlets, including:

• Artistic expression: Creating visual art, writing, dancing, or engaging in any creative activity that allows individuals to externalize and process their emotions.
• Physical activities: Participating in rigorous exercise, sports, or any form of physical exertion that helps release pent-up emotions and promotes a sense of catharsis.
• Talking and communication: Sharing feelings and experiences with trusted individuals, such as friends, family, or therapists, to gain insight, support, and achieve emotional release.
• Dramatic performances: Observing or participating in theatrical or cinematic experiences that evoke strong emotional responses, thus enabling individuals to connect with and release their own emotions.

Benefits of Catharsis

The process of catharsis can have several positive effects, such as:

• Relieving stress and anxiety by freeing oneself from the burdens of repressed emotions.
• Enhancing self-awareness and self-understanding through introspection and reflection.
• Promoting emotional growth and personal development by confronting and processing unresolved feelings and traumas.
• Improving overall mental well-being and emotional resilience.

It is important to note that while catharsis can be a valuable tool for emotional healing, it may not be suitable for everyone or every situation. Seeking professional guidance or support is advisable, especially when dealing with complex emotional issues.