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Graduate Applications

The CQIF includes four members of DAMTP Faculty, two affiliated members, and several senior researchers.

We always have to turn away some outstanding applicants: if you are considering applying to us you should also apply widely elsewhere. Applicants who are not UK citizens should also carefully consider the information about funding below, and note the very early deadlines for applications for funding from Foundations and Trusts. Applications to start a PhD in October 2022 will be considered from November 2021 onwards.

Successful applicants are likely to have a first class undergraduate degree in mathematics, physics or computer science, and should ideally also have an M.Sc. or equivalent qualification. Candidates considering applying directly from an undergraduate degree are encouraged to consider applying first to take Cambridge's one-year Masters-level course, the Master of Advanced Study in Mathematics (Part III of the Cambridge Mathematics Tripos). The course includes one or more lecture courses on aspects of quantum information and foundations, as well as courses on a wide variety of other topics in theoretical physics and pure and applied mathematics.

Applications from graduate students to research centres in DAMTP are handled by the Board of Graduate Studies in the first instance, and then administered by the department. Applications for PhD places should thus be made to the Board of Graduate Studies in the first instance, specifying an interest in working at the CQIF in DAMTP. The information needed can all be found on this page . Note that the timetable for applications has some very early application deadlines.

The University's admissions process is quite slow and, beyond the initial acknowledgment of receipt of your application, past experience suggests it could be as late as May before you hear any more from the University. Once the application process has started, your application can be tracked using your self-service account .

Applications for the Part III course should also be made to the Board of Graduate Studies. The information needed can be found on this page .

Our standard method of funding UK and EU graduate students is by grants from the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. These are allocated by the department, mostly after the Part III results in mid to late June. EPSRC studentships provide full support for UK students, and cover tuition fees for EU students from outside the UK.

There are some other possible sources for funding (which are not generally restricted to EU students): for example the Gates Foundation, the Cambridge Commonwealth Trust, and a small number of the wealthier Cambridge Colleges. Decisions on these scholarships are made in May. Unfortunately (at least for us!), these funding sources are entirely outside our control or influence; in particular there is nothing we can do to get a decision from them sooner than May. Applications to these organisations and institutions need to be made separately. The University's Board of Graduate Studies web pages --- reached from the above-mentioned links --- have some information; anyone needing clarification or advice should contact either them or the relevant organisation. We have no independent sources of support for non-EU students.

While we try to be helpful where possible, there is normally little that we can add to the information given here. We cannot generally comment in advance on the chances of any individual application to the CQIF being successful or offer advice in putting together an application. Applicants may find it helpful, though, to look at the information on our group web pages, and especially useful to look at some of the recent papers of CQIF members, which can mostly be found on the quantum physics archive . (Some recent papers are also linked from CQIF members' personal pages on this site.)

We normally interview selected candidates once applications have been reviewed: the timetable for these varies from year to year.

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Quantum Computing

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Principal lecturer: Dr Steven Herbert Taken by: Part II CST 50% , Part II CST 75% Hours: 16 Suggested hours of supervisions: 4 Prerequisites: Computation Theory , Data Science Past exam questions

The principal aim of the course is to introduce students to the basics of the quantum model of computation. The model will be used to study algorithms for searching, factorisation and quantum chemistry as well as other important topics in quantum information such as cryptography and super-dense coding. Issues in the complexity of computation will also be explored. A second aim of the course is to introduce student to near-term quantum computing. To this end, error-correction and adiabatic quantum computing are studied.

Bits and qubits. Introduction to quantum states and measurements with motivating examples. Comparison with discrete classical states.
Linear algebra. Review of linear algebra: vector spaces, linear operators, Dirac notation, the tensor product.
The postulates of quantum mechanics. Postulates of quantum mechanics, incl. evolution and measurement.
Important concepts in quantum mechanics. Entanglement, distinguishing orthogonal and non-orthogonal quantum states, no-cloning and no signalling.
The quantum circuit model. The circuit model of quantum computation. Quantum gates and circuits. Universality of the quantum circuit model, and efficient simulation of arbitrary two-qubit gates with a standard universal set of gates.
Some applications of quantum information. Applications of quantum information (other than quantum computation): quantum key distribution, superdense coding and quantum teleportation.
Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm. Introducing Deutsch’s problem and Deutsch’s algorithm leading onto its generalisation, the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm.
Quantum search. Grover’s search algorithm: analysis and lower bounds.
Quantum Fourier Transform and Quantum Phase Estimation. Definition of the Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT), and efficient representation thereof as a quantum circuit. Application of the QFT to enable Quantum Phase Estimation (QPE).
Application 1 of QFT / QPE: Factoring. Shor’s algorithm: reduction of factoring to period finding and then using the QFT for period finding.
Application 2 of QFT / QPE: Quantum Chemistry. Efficient simulation of quantum systems, and applications to real-world problems in quantum chemistry.
Quantum complexity. Quantum complexity classes and their relationship to classical complexity. Comparison with probabilistic computation.
Quantum error correction. Introducing the concept of quantum error correction required for the following lecture on fault-tolerance.
Fault tolerant quantum computing. Elements of fault tolerant computing; the threshold theorem for efficient suppression of errors.
Adiabatic quantum computing. The quantum adiabatic theorem, and adiabatic optimisation. Quantum annealing and D-Wave.
Case studies in near-term quantum computation. Examples of state-of-the-art quantum algorithms and computers, including superconducting and networked quantum computers.

At the end of the course students should:

understand the quantum model of computation and the basic principles of quantum mechanics;
be familiar with basic quantum algorithms and their analysis;
be familiar with basic quantum protocols such as teleportation and superdense coding;
see how the quantum model relates to classical models of deterministic and probabilistic computation.
appreciate the importance of efficient error-suppression if quantum computation is to yield an advantage over classical computation.
gain a general understanding of the important topics in near-term quantum computing, including adiabatic quantum computing.

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PhD in Scientific Computing

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Information on how to enter our PhD programme

A common route for admission into our PhD programme is via the Centre’s MPhil programme in Scientific Computing. The MPhil is offered by the University of Cambridge as a full-time course and introduces students to research skills and specialist knowledge. Covering topics of high-performance scientific computing and advanced numerical methods and techniques, it produces graduates with rigorous research and analytical skills, who are formidably well-equipped to proceed to doctoral research or directly into employment in industry.

List of the groups who offer PhD positions in Scientific Computing and its applications

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Spotlight on...

Top 20 Quantum Computing Masters & Ph.D. Degree Programs in 2024

Kenna hughes-castleberry.

June 6, 2022

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Quantum Computing Masters & Ph.D. Degree Programs

Because quantum computing requires a background in research, it’s important for those entering the quantum workforce to go through one of the many rigorous quantum computing Ph.D. or master’s programs.

There are many universities around the world offering quantum computing as a graduate program. Many of them have also spawned some of the biggest names in quantum computing, allowing a bridge to form between research and industry. This is especially beneficial for students looking to transition from academia into a quantum computing job .

While the choices of quantum computing degree programs seem nearly endless, we at Quantum Insider want to offer a summarized list of what we believe are a few of the top ones to get a Ph.D. or master’s in quantum computing. This is not at all exhausting as many universities continue to advance their quantum computing programs or work with companies to help enhance opportunities for their students.

We’ve organized a list of the top 20 quantum computing master’s and Ph.D. programs to get a degree in 2024. Enjoy!

20 Quantum Computing Degree Programs

1. mit’s lincoln laboratory.

It’s no surprise that the top quantum computing graduate programs are hosted by some of the most prestigious schools. MIT is no exception, as its Lincoln Laboratory studies integrated nano-systems and quantum information. MIT’s masters in quantum computing focus on trapped-ion qubits as well as designing integrated quantum circuits. The laboratory offers several different projects to work on, all with real-world applications.

2. University of California Berkeley

UC Berkeley is one of the many universities in California looking into quantum computing , mimicking the hub of activity by quantum companies in that area. The Berkeley Lab works on harnessing quantum computing to help solve real-world issues. With research topics ranging from quantum materials to even training the quantum workforce, UC Berkeley’s quantum computing masters program offers a multi-disciplinary approach.

3. University of Chicago

The University of Chicago is one of the top quantum computing universities as it is home to the Chicago Quantum Exchange (CQE). The CQE connects other universities in the Midwest, as well as companies and other organizations to discuss developments in quantum technology. Because of the CQE, their quantum computing graduate students get exclusive networking opportunities and the ability to work on cutting-edge research.

4. University of Maryland’s Joint Quantum Institute (JQI)

The University of Maryland’s JQI offers a unique experience for students, as it includes quantum scientists from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the University of Maryland, and the Laboratory for Physical Sciences (LPS). With this diversity in researchers, students have a wide range of quantum degree programs to choose from, including theoretical and experimental quantum physics.

5. University of Southern California’s Center for Quantum Information Science and Technology (CQIST)

Like UC Berkeley, USC’S CQIST focuses on quantum information science. However, its main focuses are on quantum computing, quantum cryptography, and quantum information theory. To research these subjects in their master’s and Ph.D. programs, CQIST brings in experts from both the school of Arts and Sciences and Engineering, giving all students an interdisciplinary focus on quantum computing technology.

6. California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

Studying quantum computing at Caltech, students become part of the university’s Institute for Quantum Information and Matter ( IQIM ). This institute is a National Science Foundation Physics Frontier Center , one of many government centers that encourage global collaboration and offer unique opportunities to quantum computing masters and Ph.D. students. These centers also work to give extra activities to enhance student education.

7. Stanford University

Stanford University has multiple researchers studying quantum computing, including the Q-Farm , an acronym standing for Quantum Fundamentals, Architectures, and Machine learning initiative. Q-Farm collaborates with Stanford’s National Acceleration Laboratory ( SLAC ) to develop answers to some of the biggest challenges for quantum computing.

8. Harvard University

Harvard University hosts the Harvard Quantum Initiative , which recently released a new quantum computing Ph.D. program in quantum science and engineering. The Harvard Quantum Initiative has a bustling hub of researchers focusing on properly training the next quantum workforce, while also working with industry partners to advance this technology. They offer a prize for Ph.D. researchers in quantum engineering as well as several summer research programs.

9. Carnegie Mellon University

The Pittsburgh Quantum Institute ( PQI ) at Carnegie Mellon University hosts over 100 members and workers to create a multidisciplinary quantum computing graduate program that involves engineering, business, philosophy of science, and other fields. PQI offers many opportunities to its quantum engineering students, including travel awards, poster sessions, public lectures, and outreach activities. The PQI also works closely with other centers, like the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, to work on this next-generation quantum technology.

10. University of Colorado Boulder

Within the University of Colorado Boulder lies JILA , a leading quantum physics degree institute created by a partnership between the University and NIST. JILA hosts its own NSF Physics Frontier Center, as well as several other centers focused on quantum computing and laser systems. Several of the scientists within JILA work closely with quantum computing companies, allowing their master’s and Ph.D. students better networking opportunities within Colorado, a growing hub of quantum activity.

11. The University of Waterloo

Canada’s University of Waterloo is one of the best well-known universities for quantum computing due to its Institute for Quantum Computing . With over 29 faculty members and 300 researchers, their quantum computing Ph.D. program works to train the next generation of the quantum workforce through global collaborations involving other universities, organizations, and quantum companies.

12. The University of Bristol

Both the Bristol Quantum Information Institute and its Quantum Engineering Technology labs help make the university one of the top places to get a Ph.D. or master’s in quantum computing. The Quantum Engineering Technology Labs develop prototypes for quantum applications, from computing to sensing to simulations. With a group of mentors and advisors, students of this quantum computing degree program will learn more about the career paths within this field and be assisted in their journey.

13. The University of Cambridge

The University of Cambridge has bolstered its reputation in quantum computing due to the company spin-offs from the university. Within the university are many research groups that study quantum devices and nano-systems. Because of its reputation, the University of Cambridge brings opportunities for network connections within the UK’s quantum hub.

14. Oxford University

Perhaps the largest center for quantum research in the UK, Oxford University ‘s quantum computing graduate program hosts 38 different research teams and over 200 researchers. As their focus is to harness the power of quantum computing, students get hands-on experience developing next-level quantum technology, while being in the center of the UK’s quantum network.

15. Ecole Polytechnique

The Institut Polytechnique de Paris is one of France’s most prestigious universities, as it hosts the Center for Theoretical Physics ( CPHT ). Their quantum physics degree programs offer students a wide range of physics topics, from condensed matter to particle physics.

16. Delft University of Technology

Located in the Netherlands, Delft University’s Department of Quantum and Computer Engineering ( QCE ) combines computer science with quantum computing. In their quantum engineering degree program, students research quantum architecture and circuitry, combining it with computer design.

17. Austrian Academy of Sciences

The Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information ( IQOQI ) lies within the Austrian Academy of Sciences. Their quantum computing degree programs range from quantum optics to superconducting quantum circuits to quantum nanophysics. With a large staff of researchers and scientists, this quantum computing university sits right in the middle of the quantum hub in Europe.

18. University of Science and Technology of China (USTC)

The USTC’s Division of Quantum Physics and Quantum Information is a world leader in quantum computing research. Scientists and students at this center focus on fiber-based quantum communication, free-space quantum communication, quantum memory, superconducting quantum computing, quantum simulation, and many other fields. With an electronics shop and over 37 faculty members, the USTC will no doubt continue to be one of the leading quantum computing degree programs.

19. The National University of Singapore (NUS)

The NUS’s Center for Quantum Technologies ( CQT ) focuses on bringing quantum computing students and scientists from around the world together to develop quantum devices. The CQT focuses on quantum research and education as well as quantum technology. Every year, the CQT runs a short-film competition about quantum technology called Quantum Shorts .

20. The University of Sydney

The University of Sydney is a growing location for quantum computing research, partially due to Australia’s first quantum computing conference last year. Research at the University of Sydney ranges from theoretical to experimental, offering a wide range of quantum computing masters and Ph.D. programs for graduate students. The University also works with many different organizations, including the Sydney Quantum Academy.

If you found this article to be informative, make sure to explore more of the current quantum technology news here . If you would like to explore enterprise end users of quantum in more detail, you should check out our dedicated market intelligence platform .

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We Are Quantinuum

Leading a technological revolution that will change the world.

Quantinuum Scientific Leaders

Marcello is a Senior Research Scientist at Quantinuum. In this role, he has been contributing to the development of near-term quantum algorithms for generative modelling, sampling, inference, regression, classification, combinatorial optimization, and simulation. Marcello holds a PhD in Computer Science from University College London. There, he investigated methods at the intersection between machine learning and quantum computing, using trapped ion and superconducting computers. Previously, Marcello spent two years as a research assistant at NASA Ames Research Center.

Harry is Chief Scientist for Algorithms and Innovation at Quantinuum. Previously, Harry had an eminent career in academia, as distinguished research Professor of algorithms, complexity theory and quantum computing at the University of Amsterdam and leader of the algorithms & complexity group at CWI, the national research institute for mathematics and computer science. Harry was the founding director of QuSoft, the Dutch research centre for quantum software, launched in 2015. His research interests cover quantum computing, information, and cryptography, computational complexity theory, and computational biology. Harry has been an active researcher, advancing our understanding of complexity theory and quantum computing and quantum communication since the 1990s, when he founded and headed the quantum computing group at CWI. Harry has been an integral part of the development of the EU’s quantum computing roadmap and is recognised as a global leader in quantum computing.

Prior to joining Quantinuum as Head of AI, Stephen Clark spent 14 years as a Member of Faculty at the Departments of Computer Science of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, including 4 years as a Tutorial Fellow at Keble College, Oxford. From 2016 to 2020 he was a Research Scientist at DeepMind in London, acting as a Team Lead for the research area of Grounded Language Learning. Professor Clark holds an undergraduate degree in Philosophy from the University of Cambridge (Gonville and Caius College). He obtained an MSc in Cognitive Science at the University of Manchester (Department of Computer Science) and a PhD in Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence at the University of Sussex (School of Cognitive and Computing Sciences). He is currently an Honorary Professor at Queen Mary University of London.

In addition to his post as Chief Scientist, Professor Coecke leads Quantinuum’s Oxford-based Quantum-Compositional Intelligence research team. The team’s research efforts include work in Quantum Computational Linguistics (QCL) and its practical implementation, Quantum Natural Language Processing (QNLP), as well as the development of diagrammatic quantum theory. Bob is Distinguished Visiting Research Chair at Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Emeritus Professor at Wolfson College, Oxford University, and a Visiting Fellow at Oxford’s Computer Science and Mathematics Departments, where he teaches a course on QCL. Professor Coecke is a founding member of the Quantum Physics and Logic (QPL) and Applied Category Theory (ACT) communities, the diamond-open-access journal, Compositionality, and the Cambridge University Press, Applied Category Theory book series. Learn more about Prof Coecke -->

Dr Henrik Dreyer is the Managing Director and Scientific Lead in Munich, Germany. He is a theoretical physicist using classical and quantum computers to study strongly correlated quantum many-body systems. His team develops near-term quantum algorithms for the simulation of materials and tools to accelerate fundamental physics research. Henrik worked on the interface between quantum information and condensed matter physics during his PhD at the Max-Planck Institute of Quantum Optics and at Oxford University. He holds degrees in Physics and Mathematics from ETH Zürich and Cambridge University.

Ross Duncan leads Quantum Software at Quantinuum and holds honorary positions at the University of Strathclyde and University College London. He obtained his Doctorate from Oxford University in 2006 for his thesis “Types for Quantum Computation”. Since then, he has held positions as an EPSRC Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of Oxford, Chargé de Recherche at the Université Libre de Bruxelles, and Lecturer of Computer Science at the University of Strathclyde. His research focuses on the foundations of quantum computing and in particular on the use of category theory and diagrammatic calculi to better understand the structure of quantum states and programs; he is the co-inventor (with Professor Bob Coecke) of the ZX-calculus and has applied this to reason about quantum circuits, measurement-based quantum computation, and quantum error correcting codes.

Steven leads the quantum algorithms team at Quantinuum’s Cambridge office, with a particular focus on quantum algorithms for classical computational problems including quantum Monte Carlo integration, quantum topological data analysis and quantum optimisation. Steven holds bachelors, masters and PhD degrees from the University of Cambridge, and alongside his position at Quantinuum is also an affiliated lecturer at the University of Cambridge Department of Computer Science and Technology.

Dr Chris Langer is a Fellow at Quantinuum where he serves as the chair of the Technical Board and an advisor to the President and COO. Chris is a key inventor and architect for the Quantinuum hardware. Prior to joining Quantinuum (formerly Honeywell) in 2016, Chris worked 10 years at Lockheed Martin on various projects within the Space Systems Company and the Aeronautics Company. Chris received his PhD in physics in 2006 from the University of Colorado for work on ion trap quantum computing under Nobel Laureate David Wineland.

Patty Lee is the Chief Scientist for hardware technology development at Quantinuum. In this role, she focuses on the technology roadmap to achieve fault tolerance and scaling Quantinuum’s H-Series trapped ion quantum computers. She is best known for her work on phase control of geometric phase gates in trapped ions. Patty brings her expertise in quantum information science from her experimental work with neutral atoms and quantum networks at US Army Research Laboratory and NIST, as well as experience in defense industry from her prior position as a scientist at Lockheed Martin. She holds a Ph.D. in atomic physics from University of Michigan at Ann Arbor and a B.S. in physics from California Institute of Technology.

Dr Brian Neyenhuis is the Director of Commercial Operations for Quantinuum, where he leads a team of scientists, engineers and technicians who upgrade and operate Quantinuum’s commercial quantum computers. Dr. Neyenhuis did his postdoctoral research at the University of Maryland where he focused on quantum simulation and the development of new quantum technologies. Brian earned a B.S. in Physics at Brigham Young University and a PhD in Physics from the University of Colorado.

Dr. David Muñoz Ramo is the head of Quantum Chemistry for Quantinuum. David earned his Master’s and Ph.D. in Computational Chemistry from the University of Barcelona in 2004, and has worked in computational science for 15 years. He was a research associate at the University College London, then at the University of Cambridge, before joining Quantinuum.

Steve Sanders is Senior Director for hardware technology development at Quantinuum in Broomfield, Colorado. Steve has been with Quantinuum since early 2018, leading a quantum computing research and development effort across a broad swath of engineering and physics disciplines. Today the Quantinuum team is rapidly pushing the state of the art in trapped-ion technology, demonstrating a trapped-ion quantum charge coupled device (QCCD) architecture within both their commercial and R&D quantum processors. Prior to joining Quantinuum’s predecessor organization, Honeywell Quantum Solutions, Steve worked at Honeywell since 1998 as a research scientist in optical sensors, where he led groups designing fiber-optic gyroscopes, inertial measurement units, and celestial navigation systems for high-performance guidance and navigation. Products of his design are currently operating at sea and in space. Steve holds a B.S. in engineering physics from U.C. Berkeley and a PhD in plasma physics from Caltech.

Dr Jenni Strabley is the Sr. Director of Offering Management for Quantinuum and is responsible for full life-cycle management of product offerings including the industry-leading System Model H1 technologies, Powered by Honeywell. Dr Jenni Strabley brings 14 years of prior experience in the aerospace industry, with roles in offering management, product line management, operations, project management, and new product and technology development. She has 19 awarded patents and holds a doctorate degree in atomic physics.

Dr Russell Stutz is Director of the Commercial Products group of Quantinuum, where he is responsible for the design and build of Quantinuum’s trapped-ion commercial quantum computers. He received his Bachelor of Science in Physics from the University of Kansas, taking a commission in the US Air Force through the ROTC program upon graduation. As an Air Force officer, he worked on laser research at the Air Force Research Lab, Directed Energy Directorate at Kirtland AFB, NM. Dr Stutz received his PhD from the University of Colorado-Boulder in atomic, molecular, and optical physics in 2010. Eric Cornell, his research advisor at CU, is a Nobel Laureate in Physics. After receiving his PhD, Dr Stutz has worked industrial research and development at AOSense, a small company in California developing quantum sensors, as well as Lockheed Martin in Colorado. He has been with Quantinuum since 2016, and was one of the first employees at the Broomfield, CO site.

Quantinuum Enterprise Leaders

Rajeeb (Raj) Hazra is CEO of Quantinuum and has more than three decades of experience in supercomputing, quantum, and technical roles across the globe. Prior to joining Quantinuum, he served as the General Manager, Compute and Networking Business Unit at Micron Technologies, and spent 25 years at Intel Corporation, leading the Enterprise and Government Group, Technical Computing Group, Supercomputer Architecture and Planning, and Systems Technology Research. Before joining Intel in 1995, Raj was with the Lockheed Corporation based at NASA’s Langley Research Center. He prides himself on building high- performing teams with a growth mindset and a culture of truth and transparency. Raj has a Ph.D. and a master’s degree in Computer Science from the College of William and Mary in Virginia, U.S., and a bachelor’s degree in Computer Science from Jadavpur University in Kolkata, India, and holds 16 patents.

Ilyas founded Cambridge Quantum in 2014 and was the founding CEO of Quantinuum, the company created as a result of the merger of Honeywell Quantum Solutions and Cambridge Quantum. He is currently the Chief Product Officer of Quantinuum and part of the executive leadership team of the company. He is the Leader in Residence at the University of Cambridge’s Judge Business School where he was instrumental in establishing the highly regarded Accelerate Cambridge program of investment in early-stage Cambridge-based deep-science technology sector companies. Ilyas was the inaugural Chairman of The Stephen Hawking Foundation, holding the post until 2019. He is also the founding Chairman (non-executive) of the Topos Institute. He is also a fellow of St Edmund’s College, Cambridge. Ilyas is recognised as one of the founders and leading voices in the quantum computing industry globally.

Denise was the CFO, Honeywell Quantum Solutions. With thirty years of finance experience at Honeywell, Denise has expertise in planning, forecasting & analysis, operations finance, general accounting, government compliance, and M&A. Denise holds a B.S. in Finance from the University of Nebraska and is Six Sigma Green Belt Certified.

As the Chief Legal Officer, Chief Compliance Officer, and Senior Vice President for Government Relations for Quantinuum, Kaniah oversees the global legal and government affairs for Quantinuum, including corporate governance, intellectual property, contracts, export control, data privacy/security, and compliance. She monitors legal, legislative and regulatory trends applicable to emerging technologies. Prior to that role, Kaniah served as General Counsel for Honeywell Quantum Solutions and Honeywell Federal Manufacturing and Technologies, LLC. Before Honeywell, Kaniah was a senior attorney for the Department of Energy and Department of the Interior. Kaniah has served as Chair of the QED-C Law TAC, and has held several Chair and Vice-Chair roles for subcommittees of the American Bar Association’s Science and Technology Committee. She co-authored “The Legal Implications of Quantum Computing,” and has lectured and taught several CLE courses on quantum computing and the law.

Susan leads global Human Resources and Communications. As SVP Operations, she leads Business Administration, Integrated Supply Chain, and Health, Safety, & Environment Organizations. Previously, she was Chief Operations Officer for Honeywell Quantum Solutions, and Global HR Leader in Automated Control Solutions. She has also held HR and Integrated Supply Chain roles for Honeywell Federal Manufacturing and Technologies, LLC. Susan holds a B.S. in Business Administration and Management from Minnesota State University.

Waseem is the Senior VP of Strategic Initiatives and Chief of Staff at Quantinuum. He has been with Cambridge Quantum since its inception in 2014 where he has been responsible for developing global operations, growth, and financing. Prior to CQ, Waseem was the Managing Partner of Stanhill Capital Partners, where he invested in companies across a variety of industrial and deep science technology sectors. Waseem holds a BSc degree from University College London. After graduation, Waseem joined Morgan Stanley’s Investment Banking division and focused on capital markets, M&A and restructuring transactions.

As managing director of Goldman Sachs, Tokyo & Hong Kong, Shuya led equity electronic trading and was involved in portfolio, algorithmic, and electronic derivatives trading. He was part of Principal Strategic Investment group, an internal private equity team. In 2013, Shuya joined J.P. Morgan Securities and served as Managing Director & Head of Electronic Client Solutions and Portfolio Trading. In 2017, he joined Pelagos Inc., a consultancy focused on the financial sector. Shuya has a B.A., and M.A. from Stanford University.

Nash is responsible for sales, marketing and delivering revenue at Quantinuum. He was previously responsible for delivering revenue at Intel's High-Performance Computing and Graphics, and Datacenter and AI groups, and led the task-force that delivered the "heterogenous product roadmap", giving him a highly relevant interest in the enterprise application of hybrid quantum-classical computing. Throughout his career, Nash has held various leadership, strategic and engineering roles and today indulges his passion in artificial intelligence by advising and mentoring a number of small startups. Nash holds three patents and was honored for his contribution to the #1 system in the Top 500 list of the world's fastest supercomputers. He earned his B.S. in Electronics and Communications Engineering from Anna University (India) and holds a Ph.D. and M.S. from the University of Cincinnati in Electrical and Computer Engineering.

Quantinuum Board of Directors

Chairman and CEO, Honeywell, Darius has been Chairman since 2018. He has served as both President, CEO, and President, COO. Joining Honeywell as CEO, Metrologic, he was President, Scanning and Mobility, and President, Process Solutions before being named President, CEO, Performance Materials and Technologies. Darius has an MBA, Harvard University, M.S., Computer Engineering, Syracuse University, and B.S., Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University. He serves on the US-China Business Council, Business Roundtable, Business Council and Council on Foreign Relations.

Ilyas founded Cambridge Quantum in 2014 and was the founding CEO of Quantinuum, the company created as a result of the merger of Honeywell Quantum Solutions and Cambridge Quantum. As well as being Vice-Chairman of the board of directors, he is also the Chief Product Officer of Quantinuum and part of the executive leadership team of the company. He is the Leader in Residence at the University of Cambridge’s Judge Business School where he was instrumental in establishing the highly regarded Accelerate Cambridge program of investment in early-stage Cambridge-based deep-science technology sector companies. Ilyas was the inaugural Chairman of The Stephen Hawking Foundation, holding the post until 2019. He is also the founding Chairman (non-executive) of the Topos Institute. He is also a fellow of St Edmund’s College, Cambridge. Ilyas is recognised as one of the founders and leading voices in the quantum computing industry globally.

Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Honeywell, Anne manages legal affairs, gov. relations, HSE, product stewardship, environmental sustainability, and global M&A. Prior, she was VP, Corporate Development, Global Head of M&A, VP, Deputy General Counsel (GC) for Performance Materials and Technologies, VP, GC, Specialty Chemicals, and GC, Fluorine Products for AlliedSignal. Anne earned an A.B., English and American Literature, Brown University, Accounting and MBA Finance, NYU Stern School of Business, and J.D. from Fordham University School of Law.

Niels Nielsen is a London based entrepreneur and tech investor. He is former Chairman and early investor in Cambridge Quantum Computing. Niels has invested in and managed a number of businesses within financial services (Zedra, LGT Vestra, Vistra, Kinetic Partners and others). Niels' tech investments span across Quantum, Deep-tech, FinTech, Hospitality, Energy, Education, GreenTech and Biosciences. He is also the co-owner of Azure Hotels. Niels is Danish and holds a Bachelor's degree from Brown University, and an MBA from Yale University.

As Chief Technology Officer, Honeywell, Suresh leads Honeywell product development and oversees engineering, R&D, and Honeywell Technology Solutions (HTS). He serves as VP, CTO for Safety and Productivity Solutions. Suresh joined Honeywell as an Aerospace Software Engineer and Systems Analyst. He served as CTO for Automation and Control Solutions, and President of HTS. He has a degree in Computer Science Engineering from Bharathidasan University, India and post-graduate work in general management from the Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode.

Quantum Science and Engineering

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In this first-of-its-kind quantum science and engineering program, you will be a part of an interdisciplinary program that builds on Harvard’s track record of excellence in the field. The flexible curriculum will equip you with a common language for the rapidly growing field of quantum science and engineering (QSE). You will have the opportunity to work with faculty from both the science and engineering programs to design an individualized path tailored to your QSE research interests. Research is a primary focus of the program, and you will be working with state-of-the-art experimental and computational facilities.

You will be embedded in the broader Boston-area quantum ecosystem through collaborations with institutions such as MIT and University of Massachusetts Boston. You will also have the opportunity to interact with industry partners working to turn quantum theory into useful systems and devices.

Graduates of the program are uniquely qualified to meet the rising demand for QSE researchers and educators in industry, academia, and national labs.

Additional information on the graduate program is available from the PhD program in quantum science and engineering and requirements for the degree are detailed in Policies .

Areas of Study

Admissions Requirements

Please review admissions requirements and other information before applying. You can find degree program-specific admissions requirements below and access additional guidance on applying from the PhD program in quantum science and engineering.

Academic Background

Students with bachelor’s degrees in physics, mathematics, chemistry, computer science, engineering, or related fields are invited to apply for admission. Prospective students should demonstrate depth of background in one or more relevant fields including (but not limited to) physics, electrical engineering, engineering sciences, materials science, computer science, and chemistry. Typically, applicants will have devoted approximately half of their undergraduate work to one or more of these fields and will have demonstrated overall academic excellence.

Statement of Purpose

Applicants should detail their reason for pursuing the PhD in Quantum Science and Engineering and explain why this program is particularly well-suited for them. A student who has a marked interest in a particular area of quantum science and engineering should include this information in the online application. If possible, applicants should also indicate whether they are inclined toward experimental or theoretical (mathematical) research. This statement of preference will not be treated as a binding commitment to any course of study and research.

Standardized Tests

GRE General: Not accepted GRE Subject Test: Not accepted

See list of Quantum Science and Engineering faculty

APPLICATION DEADLINE

Questions about the program.

Cambridge-based Steve Brierley awarded OBE for quantum computing contribution

D r Steve Brierley, founder of quantum computing research and product development company Riverlane, has been awarded an OBE for services to quantum computing.

Dr Brierley has worked in quantum for over 20 years and is an expert advisor to the UK government.

He holds a PhD in quantum information, spent a decade in the intelligence community and worked as a senior research fellow at the University of Cambridge, leading quantum computing research projects.

Dr Brierley founded Riverlane in 2016 to solve the error correction problem in quantum computing. Driven by his conviction that fault-tolerant quantum computers will accelerate human progress, Riverlane – which is based at St Andrew’s House in the centre of the city – has since partnered with leading quantum hardware companies to make that happen sooner.

In 2020, Riverlane was appointed to lead a consortium which was awarded a £7.6m government grant to build a new quantum OS, Deltaflow.OS. In April 2023, Riverlane secured £15m in a Series B fundraise to accelerate the development of Deltaflow.OS.

Dr Brierley said of his OBE: “I’m humbled to receive this honour for my work on quantum computing at Riverlane. It really belongs to the many people who have been leading the charge at Riverlane – both past and present.

“The ability to harness the power of the atom to build a computer will be transformative for healthcare and climate change.

“A quantum computer will be a new tool enabling scientists and researchers to test ideas on a computer that today can only be tested in the laboratory – vastly increasing the speed of development for new medicines and technologies to reduce carbon emissions.

“Ever since I first learnt about quantum computing two decades ago I have wanted to make this happen sooner! At Riverlane we are doing this by solving the central challenge in quantum computing – which is to correct errors during the computation.

“Quantum bits are really fragile and without active error correction only small quantum computers could be built.”

Steve Brierley at Riverlane. Picture: Keith Heppell.

Harvard Launches PhD in Quantum Science and Engineering

Drawing on world-class research community, program will prepare leaders of the ‘quantum revolution’.

Harvard University today announced one of the world’s first PhD programs in Quantum Science and Engineering, a new intellectual discipline at the nexus of physics, chemistry, computer science and electrical engineering with the promise to profoundly transform the way we acquire, process and communicate information and interact with the world around us.

The University is already home to a robust quantum science and engineering research community, organized under the Harvard Quantum Initiative . With the launch of the PhD program, Harvard is making the next needed commitment to provide the foundational education for the next generation of innovators and leaders who will push the boundaries of knowledge and transform quantum science and engineering into useful systems, devices and applications.

“The new PhD program is designed to equip students with the appropriate experimental and theoretical education that reflects the nuanced intellectual approaches brought by both the sciences and engineering,” said faculty co-director Evelyn Hu , Tarr-Coyne Professor of Applied Physics and of Electrical at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS). “The core curriculum dramatically reduces the time to basic quantum proficiency for a community of students who will be the future innovators, researchers and educators in quantum science and engineering.”

“Quantum science and engineering is not just a hybrid of subjects from different disciplines, but an important new area of study in its own right,” said faculty co-director John Doyle , Henry B. Silsbee Professor of Physics. “A Ph.D. program is necessary and foundational to the development of this new discipline.”

Quantum science and engineering is not just a hybrid of subjects from different disciplines, but an important new area of study in its own right.

“America’s continued success leading the quantum revolution depends on accelerating the next generation of talent,” said Dr. Charles Tahan, Assistant Director for Quantum Information Science at the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and Director of the National Quantum Coordination Office. “It’s nice to see that a key component of Harvard’s education strategy is optimizing how core quantum-relevant concepts are taught.”

The University is also finalizing plans for the comprehensive renovation of a campus building into a new state-of-the-art quantum hub – a shared resource for the quantum community with instructional and research labs, spaces for seminars and workshops, and places for students, faculty, and visiting researchers and collaborators to meet and convene. Harvard’s quantum headquarters will integrate the educational, research, and translational aspects of the diverse field of quantum science and engineering in an architecturally cohesive way. This critical element of Harvard’s quantum strategy was made possible by generous gifts from Stacey L. and David E. Goel ‘93 and several other alumni .

“Existing technologies are reaching the limit of their capacity and cannot drive the innovation we need for the future, specifically in areas like semiconductors and the life sciences,” said David Goel, co-founder and managing general partner of Waltham, Mass.-based Matrix Capital Management Company, LP and one of Harvard’s most ardent supporters. “Quantum is an enabler, providing a multiplier effect on a logarithmic scale. It is a catalyst that drives scientific revolutions and epoch-making paradigm shifts.”

“Harvard is making significant institutional investments in its quantum enterprise and in the creation of a new field,” said Science Division Dean Christopher Stubbs , Samuel C. Moncher Professor of Physics and of Astronomy. Stubbs added that several active searches are underway to broaden Harvard’s faculty strength in this domain, and current faculty are building innovative partnerships around quantum research with industry.

“An incredible foundation has been laid in quantum, and we are now at an inflection point to accelerate that activity,” said SEAS Dean Frank Doyle , John A. and Elizabeth S. Armstrong Professor of Engineering and Applied Sciences.

An incredible foundation has been laid in quantum, and we are now at an inflection point to accelerate that activity.

To enable opportunities to move from basic to applied research to translating ideas into products, Doyle described a vision for “integrated partnerships where we invite partners from the private sector to be embedded on the campus to learn from the researchers in our labs, and where our faculty connect to the private sector and national labs to learn about the cutting-edge applications, as well as help translate basic research into useful tools for society.”

Harvard will admit the first cohort of PhD candidates in Fall 2022 and anticipates enrolling 35 to 40 students in the program. Participating faculty are drawn from physics and chemistry in Harvard’s Division of Science and applied physics, electrical engineering, and computer science in SEAS.

Candidates interested in Harvard’s PhD in Quantum Science and Engineering can learn more about the program philosophy, curriculum, and requirements here .

“This cross disciplinary PhD program will prepare our students to become the leaders and innovators in the emerging field of quantum science and engineering” said Emma Dench, dean of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. “Harvard’s interdisciplinary strength and intellectual resources make it the perfect place for them to develop their ideas, grow as scholars, and make discoveries that will change the world.”

Harvard has a long history of leadership in quantum science and engineering. Theoretical physicist and 2005 Nobel laureate Roy Glauber is widely considered the founding father of quantum optics, and 1989 Nobel laureate Norman Ramsey pioneered much of the experimental foundation of quantum science.

Today, Harvard experimental research groups are among the leaders worldwide in areas such as quantum simulations, metrology, quantum communications and computation, and are complemented by strong theoretical groups in computer science, physics, and chemistry.

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There is a worldwide research effort exploring the potentials of quantum mechanics for applications. The field began with Feynman’s proposal in 1981 at MIT Endicott House to build a computer that takes advantage of quantum mechanics and has grown enormously since Peter Shor’s 1994 quantum factoring algorithm. The idea of utilizing quantum mechanics to process information has since grown from computation and communication to encompass diverse topics such as sensing and simulations in biology and chemistry. Leaving aside the extensive experimental efforts to build controllable large-scale quantum devices, theory research in quantum information science (QIS) investigates several themes:

If a perfectly functioning quantum computer were built, which problems could it solve faster than conventional computers, and which problems do not admit any speedup?
What is the fundamental limitation in the computational power of our universe governed by quantum mechanics?
How can we store, transfer, or manipulate quantum information in the presence of noise?
How can we efficiently communicate and compute in the presence of errors?
What are the basic properties of quantum entanglement and information?
How can we efficiently manipulate and characterize quantum devices?
Apart from computations and communications, what other applications can benefit from quantum hardwares?
What are the ways to improve applications such as ultra-sensitive sensors or precise clocks?
How can ideas from QIS contribute to other research areas as diverse as convex optimizations, black holes, and exotic quantum phases of matter?
Is there a unified framework to efficiently describe quantum entanglement and information in complex systems?

QIS theory research at MIT spans all of these areas. The CTP faculty involved are: Soonwon Choi and Aram Harrow , and the larger group at MIT includes Isaac Chuang (EECS/physics), Seth Lloyd (Mech. Eng.), Anand Natarajan (EECS) and Peter Shor (Math). Other faculty in the area include Eddie Farhi (emeritus), Jeffrey Goldstone (emeritus) and Jeff Shapiro (EECS, emeritus). Together this forms a large and vibrant group working in all areas of QIS.

Some of the notable contributions involving the CTP include the quantum adiabatic algorithm and quantum walk algorithms (Farhi, Goldstone), the first example of a problem for which quantum computers exhibit no speedup (Farhi, Goldstone), proposals for unforgeable quantum money (Farhi, Shor), a quantum algorithm for linear systems of equations (Harrow, Lloyd), efficient protocols for simulating quantum channels (Harrow, Shor), both algorithms and hardness results for testing entanglement (Harrow), proposals for quantum approximate optimization algorithms (Farhi, Goldstone), proposals and experimental observations of exotic quantum dynamics such as slow thermalization or a discrete time crystalline phase in quantum simulators (Choi), quantum sensing protocols using strongly interacting spin ensembles (Choi), and quantum convolutional neural networks (Choi). Ongoing research at MIT in QIS includes work on new quantum algorithms, efficient simulations of quantum systems, methods to characterize and control existing or near-term quantum hardwares, connections to many-body physics, applications in high-energy physics, and many other topics.

The larger QIS group at MIT shares a seminar series, a weekly group meeting, regular events for grad students.

Interdepartmental course offerings include an introductory and an advanced class in core QI/QC, as well as occasional advanced special topics classes. Quantum information has also entered the undergraduate physics curriculum with a junior lab experiment on NMR quantum computing and some lectures in the 8.04/8.05/8.06 sequence on quantum computing.

Circuit diagram for a quantum convolutional neural network.

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Program options

The Institute for Quantum Computing offers an interdisciplinary graduate program in Quantum Information (QI) that leads to MMath, MSc, MASc, and PhD degrees.

The graduate program is designed to provide knowledge of quantum information, including theory and implementations, their home program discipline, and also develop advanced expertise in their particular research area within quantum information.

Students are required to complete the requirements of both their home unit and the specific requirements of the Quantum Information (QI) program to achieve the special QI designation. For example, MMath in Computer Science (Quantum Information), PhD in Chemistry (Quantum Information), MASc in Electrical and Computer Engineering (Quantum Information).

The Quantum Information program is offered in collaboration with:

The faculty of mathematics.

Department of Applied Mathematics

Department of Combinatorics and Optimization

David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science

Department of Pure Mathematics

The Faculty of Science

Department of Chemistry

Department of Physics and Astronomy

The Faculty of Engineering

Department of Electrical and Computer Engineerin g

Program option details

Applied math (quantum information) mmath | phd.

Deepen your knowledge of calculus and differential equations: the foundation for most mathematical models. There is a wide range of interdisciplinary research being undertaken which provides a stimulating environment for our graduate programs. The Department of Applied Mathematics is one of five units that comprise the Faculty of Mathematics at the University of Waterloo, which was ranked 20 th worldwide in the 2015 QS University Rankings for mathematics.

Students' research projects involve cutting-edge applications of mathematical theory in a broad range of fundamental and applied sciences. These applications include, for instance, cancer therapy optimization, control of shape memory alloys, fractal image processing, and the study of climate variability, inflationary cosmology, nanotechnology and quantum computing. Graduates receive a 'Quantum Information' designation on their degree.

Some areas of research include:

Tests of Gravitational Theory, Black Holes
Quantum cryptography
Theory of quantum measurement
Quantum Gravity and String Theory
General relativistic quantum physics

If you have any questions regarding admission or application requirements, contact Erin Kelly at the Applied Mathematics Graduate Office .

Chemistry (Quantum Information) MSc | PhD

This department offers one of the most interdisciplinary and cutting-edge graduate chemistry programs in Canada. Its award-winning faculty member’s research improves the fundamental understanding of the world around us.

The program is designed to provide students with knowledge of quantum information, including both theory and its implementations, advanced expertise in quantum information science and in home program disciplines, as well as training in research. Graduates receive a 'Quantum Information' designation on their degree.

Structural, optical, and electronic properties of low-dimensional, quantum materials
Experimental investigation of spin qubits in quantum dots
Experimental nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) implementations of quantum information processing (QIP)
Quantum molecular dynamics simulations

For more information about the Chemistry (Quantum Information) MSc and PhD program, please visit the Department of Chemistry website. If you have any questions regarding admission or application requirements, the Admissions Coordinator can be reached at the Guelph-Waterloo Centre for Graduate Work in Chemistry and Biochemistry.

Combinatorics and Optimization (Quantum Information) MMath | PhD

Join the world’s first Combinatorics and Optimization (C&O) department. An intensely research-oriented department, C&O has a strong international reputation in six major areas and the largest concentration of faculty and researchers in the field. Optimization deals with determining the values of variables that maximize or minimize an objective.

Research and teaching in our department emphasizes six areas: algebraic combinatorics, combinatorial/discrete optimization, continuous optimization, cryptography, graph theory, and quantum computing. Graduates receive a 'Quantum Information' designation on their degree.

Computational complexity of quantum many-body systems
Quantum algorithms
Theory of quantum information
Fault-tolerant quantum error-correction

If you have any questions regarding admission or application requirements, contact Melissa Cambridge at the Combinatorics and Optimization Graduate Office .

Physics and Astronomy (Quantum Information) MSc | PhD

The Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Waterloo is exploring the quantum world broadly with active theoretical and experimental research programs in quantum cryptography and communication, quantum computing and simulation and quantum sensors. In our state of the art laboratories, we are advancing the field with a diverse array of quantum systems including ultracold atoms and ions, superconductors, photonics, nuclear and electronic spins, neutron interferometry, and quantum dots.

Quantum information is an inherently multidisciplinary field, often overlapping with Quantum Materials and Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics research groups. The University of Waterloo is a global centre with world-class quantum researchers across campus and within the Waterloo community from other disciplines such as mathematics, computer science, chemistry, and engineering. Graduates receive a 'Quantum Information' designation on their degree.

Quantum memory and dark-state polaritons
Exploring nanometer scale quantum phenomena in condensed matter systems
Global satellite-based quantum communication
Large-scale solid-state quantum simulators and computers for quantum information processing (QIP) and communications

If you have any questions regarding admission or application requirements for the Physics and Astronomy (Quantum Information) MSc and PhD programs please contact the Physics graduate program manager.

Note: This information is specific to the thesis-based program options. A one-year course-based MSc program in physics, with a specialization in Quantum Technology is also available. Learn more about the course-based MSc in Physics, Quantum Technology Specialization option.

Computer Science (Quantum Information) MMath | PhD

The David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science has an international reputation in teaching, academics, research, and employment. It attracts exceptional students from all over the world to study and conduct research with its award-winning faculty.

The quantum information specialization is a cross-disciplinary degree provided by the Institute for Quantum Computing and a number of departments in the Faculty of Mathematics, including computing, or the Faculties of Engineering and Science. Apply theories from various areas of study to understand and use properties from the quantum world. Graduates receive a 'Quantum Information' designation on their degree.

Quantum complexity theory
Quantum zero-knowledge
Quantum security models

If you have any questions regarding admission or application requirements, contact Marie Kahkejian for MMath program inquiries or Paula Roser for PhD program inquiries.

Electrical and Computer Engineering (Quantum Information) MASc | PhD

Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) is at the core of almost all technology - from the everyday, to the unimaginable. Diverse and talented students come from all over the globe to experience our first-rate faculty, education, and research programs. Graduates from ECE programs are among the most sought after in the world. This collaborative programs is an opportunity to conduct electrical and computer engineering research at the cutting edge of quantum information science.

Research flowing from this department consistently leads to the creation of new patents and prototypes for future market use. ECE faculty members are internationally recognized for their expertise and are holders of many prestigious awards and research chairs. In this program, you will work under the supervision of an Electrical and Computer Engineering faculty member, while gaining perspectives from other disciplines in the Institute for Quantum Computing. Graduates receive a 'Quantum Information' designation on their degree.

Nanophotonics and quantum optics
Quantum artificial intelligence and quantum security
Semiconductor nanowire quantum light sources
Superconducting qubits

If you have any questions regarding admission or application requirements for the Electrical and Computer Engineering (Quantum Information) MASc and PhD programs please complete the following information form .

Pure Math (Quantum Information) MMath | PhD

This department offers exciting and challenging programs leading to MMath and PhD degrees. It has an active research community that is intensely devoted to both ground-breaking research and teaching excellence.

With over 80 faculty members, postdoctoral fellows and graduate students in the department, there is a huge level of research activity covering a wide range of topics in pure mathematics such as algebra, geometry and topology, functional harmonic analysis, mathematical logic, number theory and quantum information. Graduates receive a 'Quantum Information' designation on their degree.

Device independent testing and verification
Mathematics of quantum information
Quantum entanglement
Quantum channels

For more information about the Pure Math (Quantum Information) MMath and PhD program, please contact the Graduate Office at the Department of Pure Mathematics .

CryptoWorks21 Supplemental Training Program

CryptoWorks21 is a supplemental training program for graduate students and postdoctoral fellows who would like to develop their technical and professional skills for a successful career in cybersecurity, quantum, and related areas. It is a joint program between the Institute for Quantum Computing and the Cybersecurity and Privacy Institute (CPI).

First-year graduate students and new post-docs in CPI and IQC are especially encouraged to participate in the program. In 2022–2023, the CryptoWorks21 program will include:

Technical workshops on quantum computing, network and information security, quantum cryptography, and post-quantum cryptography
Professional workshops on intellectual property, management and communication
An industry networking event

To get more information on the CryptoWorks21 program in general, please visit the CryptoWorks21 website .

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Unlocking mRNA’s cancer-fighting potential

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What if training your immune system to attack cancer cells was as easy as training it to fight Covid-19? Many people believe the technology behind some Covid-19 vaccines, messenger RNA, holds great promise for stimulating immune responses to cancer.

But using messenger RNA, or mRNA, to get the immune system to mount a prolonged and aggressive attack on cancer cells — while leaving healthy cells alone — has been a major challenge.

The MIT spinout Strand Therapeutics is attempting to solve that problem with an advanced class of mRNA molecules that are designed to sense what type of cells they encounter in the body and to express therapeutic proteins only once they have entered diseased cells.

“It’s about finding ways to deal with the signal-to-noise ratio, the signal being expression in the target tissue and the noise being expression in the non-target tissue,” Strand CEO Jacob Becraft PhD ’19 explains. “Our technology amplifies the signal to express more proteins for longer while at the same time effectively eliminating the mRNA’s off-target expression.”

Strand is set to begin its first clinical trial in April, which is testing a self-replicating mRNA molecule’s ability to express immune signals directly from a tumor, triggering the immune system to attack and kill the tumor cells directly. It’s also being tested as a possible improvement for existing treatments to a number of solid tumors.

As they work to commercialize its early innovations, Strand’s team is continuing to add capabilities to what it calls its “programmable medicines,” improving mRNA molecules’ ability to sense their environment and generate potent, targeted responses where they’re needed most.

“Self-replicating mRNA was the first thing that we pioneered when we were at MIT and in the first couple years at Strand,” Becraft says. “Now we’ve also moved into approaches like circular mRNAs, which allow each molecule of mRNA to express more of a protein for longer, potentially for weeks at a time. And the bigger our cell-type specific datasets become, the better we are at differentiating cell types, which makes these molecules so targeted we can have a higher level of safety at higher doses and create stronger treatments.”

Making mRNA smarter

Becraft got his first taste of MIT as an undergraduate at the University of Illinois when he secured a summer internship in the lab of MIT Institute Professor Bob Langer.

“That’s where I learned how lab research could be translated into spinout companies,” Becraft recalls.

The experience left enough of an impression on Becraft that he returned to MIT the next fall to earn his PhD, where he worked in the Synthetic Biology Center under professor of bioengineering and electrical engineering and computer science Ron Weiss. During that time, he collaborated with postdoc Tasuku Kitada to create genetic “switches” that could control protein expression in cells.

Becraft and Kitada realized their research could be the foundation of a company around 2017 and started spending time in the Martin Trust Center for MIT Entrepreneurship. They also received support from MIT Sandbox and eventually worked with the Technology Licensing Office to establish Strand’s early intellectual property.

“We started by asking, where is the highest unmet need that also allows us to prove out the thesis of this technology? And where will this approach have therapeutic relevance that is a quantum leap forward from what anyone else is doing?” Becraft says. “The first place we looked was oncology.”

People have been working on cancer immunotherapy, which turns a patient’s immune system against cancer cells, for decades. Scientists in the field have developed drugs that produce some remarkable results in patients with aggressive, late-stage cancers. But most next-generation cancer immunotherapies are based on recombinant (lab-made) proteins that are difficult to deliver to specific targets in the body and don’t remain active for long enough to consistently create a durable response.

More recently, companies like Moderna, whose founders also include MIT alumni , have pioneered the use of mRNAs to create proteins in cells. But to date, those mRNA molecules have not been able to change behavior based on the type of cells they enter, and don’t last for very long in the body.

“If you’re trying to engage the immune system with a tumor cell, the mRNA needs to be expressing from the tumor cell itself, and it needs to be expressing over a long period of time,” Becraft says. “Those challenges are hard to overcome with the first generation of mRNA technologies.”

Strand has developed what it calls the world’s first mRNA programming language that allows the company to specify the tissues its mRNAs express proteins in.

“We built a database that says, ‘Here are all of the different cells that the mRNA could be delivered to, and here are all of their microRNA signatures,’ and then we use computational tools and machine learning to differentiate the cells,” Becraft explains. “For instance, I need to make sure that the messenger RNA turns off when it's in the liver cell, and I need to make sure that it turns on when it's in a tumor cell or a T-cell.”

Strand also uses techniques like mRNA self-replication to create more durable protein expression and immune responses.

“The first versions of mRNA therapeutics, like the Covid-19 vaccines, just recapitulate how our body’s natural mRNAs work,” Becraft explains. “Natural mRNAs last for a few days, maybe less, and they express a single protein. They have no context-dependent actions. That means wherever the mRNA is delivered, it’s only going to express a molecule for a short period of time. That’s perfect for a vaccine, but it’s much more limiting when you want to create a protein that’s actually engaging in a biological process, like activating an immune response against a tumor that could take many days or weeks.”

Technology with broad potential

Strand’s first clinical trial is targeting solid tumors like melanoma and triple-negative breast cancer. The company is also actively developing mRNA therapies that could be used to treat blood cancers.

“We’ll be expanding into new areas as we continue to de-risk the translation of the science and create new technologies,” Becraft says.

Strand plans to partner with large pharmaceutical companies as well as investors to continue developing drugs. Further down the line, the founders believe future versions of its mRNA therapies could be used to treat a broad range of diseases.

“Our thesis is: amplified expression in specific, programmed target cells for long periods of time,” Becraft says. “That approach can be utilized for [immunotherapies like] CAR T-cell therapy, both in oncology and autoimmune conditions. There are also many diseases that require cell-type specific delivery and expression of proteins in treatment, everything from kidney disease to types of liver disease. We can envision our technology being used for all of that.”

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2. University of California Berkeley

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4. University of Maryland’s Joint Quantum Institute (JQI)

5. University of Southern California’s Center for Quantum Information Science and Technology (CQIST)

6. California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

7. Stanford University

8. Harvard University

9. Carnegie Mellon University

10. University of Colorado Boulder

11. The University of Waterloo

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17. Austrian Academy of Sciences

18. University of Science and Technology of China (USTC)

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20. The University of Sydney

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Chemistry (Quantum Information) MSc | PhD

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Computer Science (Quantum Information) MMath | PhD

Electrical and Computer Engineering (Quantum Information) MASc | PhD

Pure Math (Quantum Information) MMath | PhD