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In a special series of the ADA Journals' podcast Diabetes Core Update , host Dr. Neil Skolnik interviews special guests and authors of this clinical compendium issue. Listen now at Special Podcast Series: Focus on Diabetes or view the interviews on YouTube at A Practice Guide to Diabetes-Related Eye Care .

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Thomas W. Gardner; Summary and Conclusion. ADA Clinical Compendia 1 July 2022; 2022 (3): 20. https://doi.org/10.2337/db20223-20

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Diabetes is a multifactorial disease process, and its long-term management requires the active involvement of people with diabetes and their families, as well as a large multidisciplinary care team to ensure optimal health, quality of life, and productivity. Keeping up with new medications, emerging technology, and evolving treatment recommendations can be challenging, and the language and care processes commonly used by practitioners in one discipline may be less familiar to other diabetes care professionals.

In the realm of diabetes-related eye care, our ability to prevent the progression of diabetes-related retinal disease and thereby preserve vision has never been greater. However, far too many people with diabetes still are not receiving appropriate screening to identify eye disease early and ensure its timely treatment.

It is our hope that this compendium has provided information and guidance to improve communication and encourage collaboration between eye care professionals and other diabetes health care professionals and allow them to more effectively cooperate to reduce barriers to care and improve both the ocular and systemic health of their shared patients.

Editorial and project management services were provided by Debbie Kendall of Kendall Editorial in Richmond, VA.

Dualities of Interest

B.A.C. is a consultant for Genentech and Regeneron. S.A.R. is a speaker for Allergan, Inc., and VSP Vision Care. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this compendium were reported.

Author Contributions

All authors researched and wrote their respective sections. Lead author T.W.G. reviewed all content and is the guarantor of this work.

The opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of VSP Vision Care, Regeneron, or the American Diabetes Association. The content was developed by the authors and does not represent the policy or position of the American Diabetes Association, any of its boards or committees, or any of its journals or their editors or editorial boards.

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Essay on Diabetes for Students and Children

500+ words essay on diabetes.

Diabetes is a very common disease in the world. But people may never realize, how did they get diabetes and what will happen to them and what will they go through. It may not be your problem but you have to show respect and care for the one who has diabetes. It can help them and also benefited you to know more about it and have a better understanding of it. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder which is identified by the high blood sugar level. Increased blood glucose level damages the vital organs as well as other organs of the human’s body causing other potential health ailments.

essay on diabetes

Types of Diabetes

Diabetes  Mellitus can be described in two types:

Description of two types of Diabetes Mellitus are as follows

1) Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is classified by a deficiency of insulin in the blood. The deficiency is caused by the loss of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This type of diabetes is found more commonly in children. An abnormally high or low blood sugar level is a characteristic of this type of Diabetes.

Most patients of type 1 diabetes require regular administration of insulin. Type 1 diabetes is also hereditary from your parents. You are most likely to have type 1 diabetes if any of your parents had it. Frequent urination, thirst, weight loss, and constant hunger are common symptoms of this.

2) Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by the inefficiency of body tissues to effectively respond to insulin because of this it may be combined by insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes in people.

People with type 2 diabetes mellitus take medicines to improve the body’s responsiveness to insulin or to reduce the glucose produced by the liver. This type of diabetes mellitus is generally attributed to lifestyle factors like – obesity, low physical activity, irregular and unhealthy diet, excess consumption of sugar in the form of sweets, drinks, etc.

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Causes of Diabetes

By the process of digestion, food that we eat is broken down into useful compounds. One of these compounds is glucose, usually referred to as blood sugar. The blood performs the job of carrying glucose to the cells of the body. But mere carrying the glucose to the cells by blood isn’t enough for the cells to absorb glucose.

This is the job of the Insulin hormone. Pancreas supply insulin in the human body. Insulin acts as a bridge for glucose to transit from blood to the body cells. The problem arises when the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin or the body cells for some reason do not receive the glucose. Both the cases result in the excess of glucose in the blood, which is referred to as Diabetes or Diabetes Mellitus.

Symptoms of Diabetes

Most common symptoms of diabetes are fatigue, irritation, stress, tiredness, frequent urination and headache including loss of strength and stamina, weight loss, increase in appetite, etc.

Levels of Diabetes

There are two types of blood sugar levels – fasting blood sugar level and postprandial blood sugar level. The fasting sugar level is the sugar level that we measure after fasting for at least eight hours generally after an overnight fast. Blood sugar level below 100 mg/dL before eating food is considered normal. Postprandial glucose level or PP level is the sugar level which we measure after two hours of eating.

The PP blood sugar level should be below 140 mg/dL, two hours after the meals. Though the maximum limit in both the cases is defined, the permissible levels may vary among individuals. The range of the sugar level varies with people. Different people have different sugar level such as some people may have normal fasting sugar level of 60 mg/dL while some may have a normal value of 90 mg/dL.

Effects of Diabetes

Diabetes causes severe health consequences and it also affects vital body organs. Excessive glucose in blood damages kidneys, blood vessels, skin resulting in various cardiovascular and skin diseases and other ailments. Diabetes damages the kidneys, resulting in the accumulation of impurities in the body.

It also damages the heart’s blood vessels increasing the possibility of a heart attack. Apart from damaging vital organs, diabetes may also cause various skin infections and the infection in other parts of the body. The prime cause of all type of infections is the decreased immunity of body cells due to their inability to absorb glucose.

Diabetes is a serious life-threatening disease and must be constantly monitored and effectively subdued with proper medication and by adapting to a healthy lifestyle. By following a healthy lifestyle, regular checkups, and proper medication we can observe a healthy and long life.

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  • World J Diabetes
  • v.6(6); 2015 Jun 25

Diabetes mellitus: The epidemic of the century

Correspondence to: Akram T Kharroubi, PhD, Associate Professor of Biochemistry and Endocrinology, Dean of Faculty of Health Professions, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Professions, Al-Quds University, P.O. Box 51000, Abed Elhamaid Shoman Street, Beit Hanina-Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91000, Palestine. [email protected]

Telephone: +972-2-2791243 Fax: +972-2-2791243

The epidemic nature of diabetes mellitus in different regions is reviewed. The Middle East and North Africa region has the highest prevalence of diabetes in adults (10.9%) whereas, the Western Pacific region has the highest number of adults diagnosed with diabetes and has countries with the highest prevalence of diabetes (37.5%). Different classes of diabetes mellitus, type 1, type 2, gestational diabetes and other types of diabetes mellitus are compared in terms of diagnostic criteria, etiology and genetics. The molecular genetics of diabetes received extensive attention in recent years by many prominent investigators and research groups in the biomedical field. A large array of mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes that play a role in the various steps and pathways involved in glucose metabolism and the development, control and function of pancreatic cells at various levels are reviewed. The major advances in the molecular understanding of diabetes in relation to the different types of diabetes in comparison to the previous understanding in this field are briefly reviewed here. Despite the accumulation of extensive data at the molecular and cellular levels, the mechanism of diabetes development and complications are still not fully understood. Definitely, more extensive research is needed in this field that will eventually reflect on the ultimate objective to improve diagnoses, therapy and minimize the chance of chronic complications development.

Core tip: Diabetes mellitus is rising to an alarming epidemic level. Early diagnosis of diabetes and prediabetes is essential using recommended hemoglobin A1c criteria for different types except for gestational diabetes. Screening for diabetes especially in underdeveloped countries is essential to reduce late diagnosis. Diabetes development involves the interaction between genetic and non-genetic factors. Biomedical research continues to provide new insights in our understanding of the mechanism of diabetes development that is reviewed here. Recent studies may provide tools for the use of several genes as targets for risk assessment, therapeutic strategies and prediction of complications.

DEFINITION OF DIABETES MELLITUS

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Metabolic abnormalities in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins result from the importance of insulin as an anabolic hormone. Low levels of insulin to achieve adequate response and/or insulin resistance of target tissues, mainly skeletal muscles, adipose tissue, and to a lesser extent, liver, at the level of insulin receptors, signal transduction system, and/or effector enzymes or genes are responsible for these metabolic abnormalities. The severity of symptoms is due to the type and duration of diabetes. Some of the diabetes patients are asymptomatic especially those with type 2 diabetes during the early years of the disease, others with marked hyperglycemia and especially in children with absolute insulin deficiency may suffer from polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, and blurred vision. Uncontrolled diabetes may lead to stupor, coma and if not treated death, due to ketoacidosis or rare from nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome[ 1 - 3 ].

CLASSIFICATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS

Although classification of diabetes is important and has implications for the treatment strategies, this is not an easy task and many patients do not easily fit into a single class especially younger adults[ 1 , 4 - 6 ] and 10% of those initially classified may require revision[ 7 ]. The classical classification of diabetes as proposed by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) in 1997 as type 1, type 2, other types, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is still the most accepted classification and adopted by ADA[ 1 ]. Wilkin[ 8 ] proposed the accelerator hypothesis that argues “type 1 and type 2 diabetes are the same disorder of insulin resistance set against different genetic backgrounds”[ 9 ]. The difference between the two types relies on the tempo, the faster tempo reflecting the more susceptible genotype and earlier presentation in which obesity, and therefore, insulin resistance, is the center of the hypothesis. Other predictors of type 1 diabetes include increased height growth velocity[ 10 , 11 ] and impaired glucose sensitivity of β cells[ 12 ]. The implications of increased free radicals, oxidative stress, and many metabolic stressors in the development, pathogenesis and complications of diabetes mellitus[ 13 - 18 ] are very strong and well documented despite the inconsistency of the clinical trials using antioxidants in the treatment regimens of diabetes[ 19 - 21 ]. The female hormone 17-β estradiol acting through the estrogen receptor-α (ER-α) is essential for the development and preservation of pancreatic β cell function since it was clearly demonstrated that induced oxidative stress leads to β-cell destruction in ER-α knockout mouse. The ER-α receptor activity protects pancreatic islets against glucolipotoxicity and therefore prevents β-cell dysfunction[ 22 ].

TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS

Autoimmune type 1 diabetes.

This type of diabetes constitutes 5%-10% of subjects diagnosed with diabetes[ 23 ] and is due to destruction of β cells of the pancreas[ 24 , 25 ]. Type 1 diabetes accounts for 80%-90% of diabetes in children and adolescents[ 2 , 26 ]. According to International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the number of youth (0-14 years) diagnosed with type 1 diabetes worldwide in 2013 was 497100 (Table ​ (Table1) 1 ) and the number of newly diagnosed cases per year was 78900[ 27 ]. These figures do not represent the total number of type 1 diabetes patients because of the high prevalence of type 1 diabetes in adolescence and adults above 14 years of age. One reported estimate of type 1 diabetes in the United States in 2010 was 3 million[ 28 , 29 ]. The number of youth in the United States younger than 20 years with type 1 diabetes was estimated to be 166984 in the year 2009[ 30 ]. The prevalence of type 1 diabetes in the world is not known but in the United States in youth younger than 20 years was 1.93 per 1000 in 2009 (0.35-2.55 in different ethnic groups) with 2.6%-2.7% relative annual increase[ 26 , 31 ]. Type 1 diabetes is mainly due to an autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic β cells through T-cell mediated inflammatory response (insulitis) as well as a humoral (B cell) response[ 25 ]. The presence of autoantibodies against the pancreatic islet cells is the hallmark of type 1 diabetes, even though the role of these antibodies in the pathogenesis of the disease is not clear. These autoantibodies include islet cell autoantibodies, and autoantibodies to insulin (IAA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD, GAD65), protein tyrosine phosphatase (IA2 and IA2β) and zinc transporter protein (ZnT8A)[ 32 ]. These pancreatic autoantibodies are characteristics of type 1 diabetes and could be detected in the serum of these patients months or years before the onset of the disease[ 33 ]. Autoimmune type 1 diabetes has strong HLA associations, with linkage to DR and DQ genes. HLA-DR/DQ alleles can be either predisposing or protective[ 1 ]. This autoimmune type 1 diabetes is characterized by the absence of insulin secretion and is more dominant in children and adolescents.

Number of subjects with type 1 diabetes in children (0-14 years), with diabetes in adults (20-79 years) and with hyperglycemia (type 2 or gestational diabetes) in pregnancy (20-49 years)

Data extracted from International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 6th ed, 2013.

In addition to the importance of genetic predisposition in type 1 diabetes, several environmental factors have been implicated in the etiology of the disease[ 9 , 33 ]. Viral factors include congenital rubella[ 34 , 35 ], viral infection with enterovirus, rotavirus, herpes virus, cytomegalovirus, endogenous retrovirus[ 36 , 37 ] and Ljungan virus. Other factors include low vitamin D levels[ 38 ], prenatal exposure to pollutants, improved hygiene and living conditions decreased childhood infections in countries with high socioeconomic status leading to increased autoimmune diseases (hygiene hypothesis), early infant nutrition such as using cow’s milk formula instead of breast feeding[ 39 ] in addition to insulin resistance in early childhood due to obesity or increased height growth velocity. The role of environmental factors remains controversial[ 40 ]. Recent evidence supported the causative effect of viral infections in diabetes[ 41 - 43 ].

Type 1 diabetes often develops suddenly and can produce symptoms such as polydipsia, polyuria, enuresis, lack of energy, extreme tiredness, polyphagia, sudden weight loss, slow-healing wounds, recurrent infections and blurred vision[ 27 ] with severe dehydration and diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents. The symptoms are more severe in children compared to adults. These autoimmune type 1 diabetes patients are also prone to other autoimmune disorders such as Graves’ disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Addison’s disease, vitiligo, celiac sprue, autoimmune hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, and pernicious anemia[ 1 ]. The complete dependence on insulin of type 1 diabetes patients may be interrupted by a honeymoon phase which lasts weeks to months or in some cases 2-3 years. In some children, the requirement for insulin therapy may drop to a point where insulin therapy could be withdrawn temporarily without detectable hyperglycemia[ 44 ].

Idiopathic type 1 diabetes

A rare form of type 1 diabetes of unknown origin (idiopathic), less severe than autoimmune type 1 diabetes and is not due to autoimmunity has been reported. Most patients with this type are of African or Asian descent and suffer from varying degrees of insulin deficiency and episodic ketoacidosis[ 45 ].

Fulminant type 1 diabetes

This is a distinct form of type 1 diabetes, first described in the year 2000, and has some common features with idiopathic type 1 diabetes being non-immune mediated[ 46 , 47 ]. It is characterized by ketoacidosis soon after the onset of hyperglycemia, high glucose levels (≥ 288 mg/dL) with undetectable levels of serum C-peptide, an indicator of endogenous insulin secretion[ 48 ]. It has been described mainly in East Asian countries and accounted for approximately 20% of acute-onset type 1 diabetes patients in Japan (5000-7000 cases) with an extremely rapid and almost complete beta-cell destruction resulting in nearly no residual insulin secretion[ 48 , 49 ]. Both genetic and environmental factors, especially viral infection, have been implicated in the disease. Anti-viral immune response may trigger the destruction of pancreatic beta cells through the accelerated immune reaction with no detectable autoantibodies against pancreatic beta cells[ 48 , 50 ]. Association of fulminant type 1 diabetes with pregnancy has also been reported[ 51 ].

TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

The global prevalence of diabetes in adults (20-79 years old) according to a report published in 2013 by the IDF was 8.3% (382 million people), with 14 million more men than women (198 million men vs 184 million women), the majority between the ages 40 and 59 years and the number is expected to rise beyond 592 million by 2035 with a 10.1% global prevalence. With 175 million cases still undiagnosed, the number of people currently suffering from diabetes exceeds half a billion. An additional 21 million women are diagnosed with hyperglycemia during pregnancy. The Middle East and North Africa region has the highest prevalence of diabetes (10.9%), however, Western Pacific region has the highest number of adults diagnosed with diabetes (138.2 millions) and has also countries with the highest prevalence (Figure ​ (Figure1 1 )[ 27 ]. Low- and middle-income countries encompass 80% of the cases, “where the epidemic is gathering pace at alarming rates”[ 27 ]. Despite the fact that adult diabetes patients are mainly type 2 patients, it is not clear whether the reported 382 million adults diagnosed with diabetes also include type 1 diabetes patients.

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Object name is WJD-6-850-g001.jpg

Comparative prevalence of diabetes in adults (20-79 years) in countries with high prevalence (≥ 10%). Data extracted from International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 6th ed, 2013.

More than 90%-95% of diabetes patients belong to this type and most of these patients are adults. The number of youth (less than 20 years) with type 2 diabetes in the United States in the year 2009 was 0.46 in 1000 and accounted for approximately 20% of type 2 diabetes in youth[ 26 ]. The increased incidence of type 2 diabetes in youth is mainly due to the change in the lifestyle of the children in terms of more sedentary life and less healthy food. Obesity is the major reason behind insulin resistance which is mainly responsible for type 2 diabetes[ 52 - 54 ]. The ADA recommends screening of overweight children and adolescence to detect type 2 diabetes[ 55 , 56 ]. The prevalence of obesity in children in on the rise[ 6 ] which is probably the main reason for the increased incidence of type 2 diabetes in the young (30.3% overall increase in type 2 diabetes in children and adolescence between 2001 and 2009)[ 26 ].

Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes patients increases the demand for insulin in insulin-target tissues. In addition to insulin resistance, the increased demand for insulin could not be met by the pancreatic β cells due to defects in the function of these cells[ 18 ]. On the contrary, insulin secretion decreases with the increased demand for insulin by time due to the gradual destruction of β cells[ 57 ] that could transform some of type 2 diabetes patients from being independent to become dependent on insulin. Most type 2 diabetes patients are not dependent on insulin where insulin secretion continues and insulin depletion rarely occurs. Dependence on insulin is one of the major differences from type 1 diabetes. Other differences include the absence of ketoacidosis in most patients of type 2 diabetes and autoimmune destruction of β cells does not occur. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes have genetic predisposition, however, it is stronger in type 2 but the genes are more characterized in type 1 (the TCF7L2 gene is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes)[ 58 ]. Due to the mild symptoms of type 2 diabetes in the beginning, its diagnosis is usually delayed for years especially in countries where regular checkup without symptoms is not part of the culture. This delay in diagnosis could increase the incidence of long-term complications in type 2 diabetes patients since hyperglycemia is not treated during this undiagnosed period.

In addition to diabetes, insulin resistance has many manifestations that include obesity, nephropathy, essential hypertension, dyslipidemia (hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL, decreased LDL particle diameter, enhanced postprandial lipemia and remnant lipoprotein accumulation), ovarian hyperandrogenism and premature adrenarche, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and systemic inflammation[ 6 , 54 ]. The presence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescence who are not obese[ 59 - 61 ], the occasional severe dehydration and the presence of ketoacidosis in some pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes[ 55 ] had led to the misclassification of type 2 to type 1 diabetes.

Some patients with many features of type 2 diabetes have some type 1 characteristics including the presence of islet cell autoantibodies or autoantibodies to GAD65 are classified as a distinct type of diabetes called latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA)[ 62 ]. People diagnosed with LADA do not require insulin treatment. In a recent study, Hawa et al[ 63 ] reported 7.1% of European patients with type 2 diabetes with a mean age of 62 years, tested positive for GAD autoantibodies and the prevalence of LADA was higher in patients diagnosed with diabetes at a younger age. This classification of LADA as a distinct type of diabetes is still controversial[ 6 , 64 - 66 ].

Insulin resistance and signaling

Defects in the insulin-dependent substrate proteins IRS-1 and IRS-2 mediated signaling pathway are implicated in the development of metabolic disorders, mainly diabetes. This pathway mediates the cellular response to insulin and involves a large array of insulin-stimulated protein kinases including the serine/threonine kinase AKT and protein kinase C (PKC) that phosphorylate a large number of Ser/Thr residues in the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins involved in the metabolic response to insulin[ 67 ]. In addition, other non-insulin dependent kinases including the AMP-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 that are activated under various conditions can phosphorylate the two insulin responsive substrates[ 67 - 71 ]. Disruption in the AKT and PKC kinases is central to the development of diabetes[ 72 ] and is associated with all major features of the disease including hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance[ 73 ]. Replacing the wild type IRS-1 with a mutant version of the protein having alanine instead of tyrosine in three locations using genetic knock-in approach provided evidence to the central role of IRS-1 phosphorylation in the development of insulin resistance[ 74 ]. Using a similar approach to generate IRS-1 mutant with a single mutation involving a specific tyrosine residue, confirmed the role of IRS-1 phosphorylation in the development of insulin resistance pathogenesis[ 75 ]. The large cumulative evidence indicates a complex array of factors including environmental factors[ 76 ] and a wide range of cellular disturbances in glucose and lipid metabolism in various tissues[ 77 ] contribute to the development of insulin resistance. This condition generates complex cellular metabolic changes in a variety of tissues, mainly liver and muscles, that include the inability of the liver to transport and dispose glucose, control glucose production via gluconeogenesis, impaired storage of glucose as glycogen, de novo lipogenesis and hypertriglyceridemia[ 77 ]. Among the factors implicated in the development of insulin resistance, obesity is the most predominant risk factor leading to insulin insensitivity and diabetes which involves several mechanisms that participate in the pathogenesis of the disease[ 78 ]. Obesity-induced insulin resistance is directly linked to increased nutrient flux and energy accumulation in tissues that directly affect cell responsiveness to insulin[ 77 ]. However, it seems that other insulin-independent mechanisms are involved in the overall metabolic disturbances of glucose homeostasis and diabetes including activities in extra-hepatic tissues in addition to the central role of liver.

OTHER TYPES OF DIABETES MELLITUS

Monogenic diabetes.

Characterization of the genetic etiology of diabetes enables more appropriate treatment, better prognosis, and counseling[ 79 ]. Monogenic diabetes is due to a genetic defect in single genes in pancreatic β cells which results in disruption of β cell function or a reduction in the number of β cells. Conventionally, monogenic diabetes is classified according to the age of onset as neonatal diabetes before the age of six months or Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) before the age of 25 years. However, certain familial defects are manifested in neonatal diabetes, MODY or adult onset diabetes[ 2 , 9 , 80 ]. Others believe that classification of diabetes as MODY and neonatal diabetes is obsolete and monogenic diabetes is currently used relating specific genetic etiologies with their specific treatment implications[ 79 ]. Beta cell differentiation depends on the expression of the homeodomain transcription factor PDX1 where mutation in the gene results in early onset diabetes (MODY) and its expression decreases before the onset of diabetes[ 81 ]. The angiopoietin-like protein 8 (ANGPTL8) may represent a potential “betatrophin” that acts to promote the proliferation of beta cells, however, studies using mice lacking the ANGPTL8 active gene or overexpressed protein indicated that it did not seem to play a role in beta cells proliferation[ 82 ].

Mitochondrial diabetes is due to a point mutation in the mitochondrial DNA associated with deafness and maternal transmission of the mutant DNA can result in maternally-inherited diabetes[ 1 , 83 ].

Mutations that result in mutant insulin or the inability to convert proinsulin to insulin result in glucose intolerance in some of these cases. Genetic defects in the insulin receptor or in the signal transduction pathway of insulin have been demonstrated to result in hyperinsulinemia and modest hyperglycemia to severe diabetes[ 1 ].

Disease of the exocrine pancreas

Damage of the β cells of the pancreas due to diffused injury of the pancreas can cause diabetes. This damage could be due to pancreatic carcinoma, pancreatitis, infection, pancreatectomy, and trauma[ 1 ]. Atrophy of the exocrine pancreas leads to progressive loss of the β cells[ 84 ]. Accumulation of fat in the pancreas or pancreatic steatosis could lead to diabetes due to decreased insulin secretion but may require a long time before the damage to β cells occurs[ 85 ]. In most cases, extensive damage of the pancreas is required before diabetes occurs and the exocrine function of the pancreas is decreased in these patients[ 86 ]. Cirrhosis in cystic fibrosis may contribute to insulin resistance and diabetes[ 2 ].

Hormones and drugs

Diabetes has been found in patients with endocrine diseases that secrete excess hormones like growth hormone, glucocorticoids, glucagon and epinephrine in certain endocrinopathies like acromegaly, Cushing’s syndrome, glucagonoma, and pheochromocytoma, respectively[ 1 ]. Some of these hormones are used as drugs such as glucocorticoids to suppress the immune system and in chemotherapy and growth hormone to treat children with stunted growth.

Genetic syndromes

Diabetes has been detected in patients with various genetic syndromes such as Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome and Wolfram syndrome[ 1 ].

PREDIABETES

Individuals with prediabetes do not meet the criteria of having diabetes but are at high risk to develop type 2 diabetes in the future. According to the ADA Expert Committee, individuals are defined to have prediabetes if they have either impaired fasting plasma glucose (IFG) levels between 100-125 mg/dL (5.6-6.9 mmol/L) or impaired glucose tolerance test (IGT) with 2-h plasma glucose levels in the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) of 140-199 mg/dL (7.8-11.0 mmol/L). The World Health Organization (WHO) still adopts the range for IFG from 110-125 mg/dL (6.1-6.9 mmol/L). Prediabetes has been shown to correlate with increased cardiovascular mortality[ 87 , 88 ] and cancer[ 89 ]. The definition of prediabetes with the indicated cut off values is misleading since lower levels of glucose in the normal range are still correlated with cardiovascular disease in a continuous glycemic risk perspective[ 90 ]. In accordance with the recommendation of the ADA in 2009 to use hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) to diagnose diabetes, ADA also recommended the use of an HbA1c (5.7%-6.4%) to diagnose prediabetes[ 91 ]. The number of people with IGT according to IDF was 316 million in 2013 (global prevalence 6.9% in adults) and is expected to rise to 471 million in 2030[ 27 ]. According to a report in 2014 by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 86 million Americans (1 out of 3) have prediabetes[ 92 ]. Four of the top ten countries with the highest prevalence of prediabetes are in the Middle East Arab States of the Gulf (Kuwait, Qatar, UAE and Bahrin with prevalence of 17.9%, 17.1%, 16.6% and 16.3%, respectively)[ 27 ]. The number of people diagnosed with prediabetes is different according to the method and criteria used to diagnose prediabetes. The number of people with prediabetes defined by IFG 100-125 mg/dL is 4-5 folds higher than those diagnosed using the WHO criteria of 110-125 mg/dL[ 93 ]. Diabetes and prediabetes diagnosed using an HbA1c criteria give different estimates compared to methods using FPG or OGTT. Higher percentages of prediabetes were diagnosed using HbA1c compared to FPG[ 94 - 96 ]. Prediabetes is associated with metabolic syndrome and obesity (especially abdominal or visceral obesity), dyslipidemia with high triglycerides and/or low HDL cholesterol, and hypertension[ 97 ]. Not all individuals with prediabetes develop diabetes in the future, exercise with a reduction of weight 5%-10% reduces the risk of developing diabetes considerably (40%-70%)[ 98 ]. Individuals with an HbA1c of 6.0%-6.5% have twice the risk of developing diabetes (25%-50%) in five years compared to those with an HbA1c of 5.5%-6.0%[ 99 ].

DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR DIABETES MELLITUS

Diabetes mellitus is diagnosed using either the estimation of plasma glucose (FPG or OGTT) or HbA1c. Estimation of the cut off values for glucose and HbA1c is based on the association of FPG or HbA1c with retinopathy. Fasting plasma glucose of ≥ 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L), plasma glucose after 2-h OGTT ≥ 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L), HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) or a random plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) along with symptoms of hyperglycemia is diagnostic of diabetes mellitus. In addition to monitor the treatment of diabetes, HbA1c has been recommended to diagnose diabetes by the International Expert Committee in 2009[ 100 ] and endorsed by ADA[ 101 ], the Endocrine Society, the WHO[ 102 ] and many scientists and related organizations all over the world. The advantages and disadvantages of the different tests used to diagnose diabetes have been reviewed by Sacks et al[ 103 ]. The advantages of using HbA1c over FPG to diagnose diabetes include greater convenience and preanalytical stability, lower CV (3.6%) compared to FPG (5.7%) and 2h OGTT (16.6%), stronger correlation with microvascular complications especially retinopathy, and a marker for glycemic control and glycation of proteins which is the direct link between diagnosis of diabetes and its complications[ 104 - 109 ]. It is recommended to repeat the HbA1c test in asymptomatic patients within two weeks to reaffirm a single apparently diagnostic result[ 110 ].

A cut off value for HbA1c of ≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) has been endorsed by many countries and different ethnic groups, yet ethnicity seems to affect the cut off values to diagnose diabetes[ 111 , 112 ]. Cut-off values of 5.5% (37 mmol/mol)[ 113 ] and 6.5% (48 mmol/mol)[ 114 ] have been reported in a Japanese study, 6.0% (42 mmol/mol) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 6.2% (44 mmol/mol) in a Pima Indian study, 6.3% (45 mmol/mol) in an Egyptian study as reported by Davidson[ 105 ]; and three cut-off values for Chinese[ 112 ]. The Australians recommended the use of two cut-off values: ≤ 5.5% to “rule-out” and ≥ 7.0% to “rule-in” diabetes[ 115 ]. Variations in the prevalence of diabetes[ 94 , 116 - 119 ] and prediabetes[ 120 ] due to ethnicity have been documented. Most studies diagnosed less subjects with diabetes using HbA1c compared to FPG or OGTT[ 121 - 123 ]. Yet, other studies reported more subjects diagnosed with diabetes using HbA1c[ 96 , 124 - 126 ].

GESTATIONAL DIABETES

Hyperglycemia in pregnancy whether in the form of type 2 diabetes diagnosed before or during pregnancy or in the form gestational diabetes has an increased risk of adverse maternal, fetal and neonatal outcome. Mothers with gestational diabetes and babies born to such mothers have increased risk of developing diabetes later in life. Hyperglycemia in pregnancy is responsible for the increased risk for macrosomia (birth weight ≥ 4.5 kg), large for gestational age births, preeclampsia, preterm birth and cesarean delivery due to large babies[ 127 ]. Risk factors for gestational diabetes include obesity, personal history of gestational diabetes, family history of diabetes, maternal age, polycystic ovary syndrome, sedentary life, and exposure to toxic factors[ 3 ].

Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes before or during pregnancy is based on criteria mentioned before. Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) or 2-h plasma glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) after a 75 g oral glucose load. However, gestational diabetes has been diagnosed at 24-28 wk of gestation in women not previously diagnosed with diabetes using two approaches: the first approach is based on the “one-step” International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) consensus[ 128 ] and recently adopted by WHO[ 129 ]. Gestational diabetes is diagnosed using this method by FPG ≥ 92 mg/dL (5.1 mmol/L), 1-h plasma glucose after a 75 g glucose load ≥ 180 mg/dL (10.0 mmol/L) or 2-h plasma glucose after a 75 g glucose load ≥ 153 mg/dL (8.5 mmol/L). This criteria is derived from the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study[ 127 ] even though the HAPO study showed a continuous relationship between hyperglycemia and adverse short-term pregnancy outcome with no threshold reported[ 130 ]. The second approach is used in the United States and is based on the “two-step” NIH consensus[ 131 ]. In the first step 1-h plasma glucose after a 50 g glucose load under nonfasting state ≥ 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) is followed by a second step under fasting conditions after a 100 g glucose load for those who screened abnormal in the first step. The diagnosis of gestational diabetes is made when at least two of the four plasma glucose levels are met. The four plasma glucose levels according to Carpenter/Coustan criteria are: FPG ≥ 95 mg/dL (5.3 mmol/L); 1-h ≥ 180 mg/dL (10.0 mmol/L); 2-h ≥ 155 mg/dL (8.6 mmol/L); and 3-h ≥ 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L)[ 1 ].

The use IADPSC criteria in comparison with the Carpenter/Coustan criteria was associated with a 3.5-fold increase in GDM prevalence as well as significant improvements in pregnancy outcomes, and was cost-effective[ 132 ]. In another retrospective cohort study of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes, Ethridge et al[ 133 ] have shown that newborns of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes by IADPSG approach have greater measures of fetal overgrowth compared with Carpenter-Coustan “two-step” approach neonates. A strategy of using fasting plasma glucose as a screening test and to determine the need for OGTT is valid[ 134 , 135 ]. According to Sacks[ 136 ], correlation of glucose concentrations and the risk of subsequent complications will eventually lead to universal guidelines.

The use of ADA/WHO cut off value of HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) to diagnose gestational diabetes is not recommended by the “one step” IADPSC criteria or the “two-step” NIH criteria. Further investigation is required in light of recent reports on HbA1c in combination with OGTT and its usefulness to predict adverse effect of gestational diabetes or obviate the use OGTT in all women with gestational diabetes[ 137 - 141 ].

DIABETES AND GENETICS

Diabetes is a complex disease that involves a wide range of genetic and environmental factors. Over the past several years, many studies have focused on the elucidation of the wide spectrum of genes that played a role in the molecular mechanism of diabetes development[ 142 - 144 ]. However, despite the vast flow of genetic information including the identification of many gene mutations and a large array of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in many genes involved in the metabolic pathways that affect blood glucose levels, the exact genetic mechanism of diabetes remains elusive[ 145 , 146 ]. Evidently, a major complication is the fact that a single gene mutation or polymorphism will not impose the same effect among different individuals within a population or different populations. This variation is directly or indirectly affected by the overall genetic background at the individual, family or population levels that are potentially further complicated by interaction with highly variable environmental modifier factors[ 147 , 148 ].

Molecular genetics and type 2 diabetes

One of the major focuses of biomedical research is to delineate the collective and broad genetic variants in the human genome that are involved in the development of diabetes. This major effort will potentially provide the necessary information to understand the molecular genetics of the different forms of diabetes including type 1, type 2 and monogenic neonatal diabetes among individuals of all populations and ethnic groups. Despite the fact that linkage and association studies allowed the identification and characterization of many candidate genes that are associated with type 2 diabetes[ 144 , 149 , 150 ], however, not all of these genes showed consistent and reproducible association with the disease[ 151 ]. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) in various populations identified 70 loci associated with type 2 diabetes and revealed positive linkage of many mutations and SNPs that influence the expression and physiological impact of the related proteins and risk to develop type 2 diabetes. One study involved several thousand type 2 diabetes patients and control subjects from the United Kingdom allowed the identification of several diabetes putative loci positioned in and around the CDKAL1 , CDKN2A/B , HHEX/IDE and SLC30A8 genes in addition to the contribution of a large number of other genetic variants that are involved in the development of the disease[ 152 ]. Two similar studies from the Finns and Swedish populations and the United States resulted in the identification of similar single nucleotide variants[ 153 ] that are linked to the risk of acquiring type 2 diabetes[ 154 , 155 ]. The study in the United States population included in addition to type 2 diabetes, the association of the identified SNPs with the level of triglycerides in the tested subjects[ 155 ]. These SNPs are located near several candidate genes including IGFBP2 and CDKAL1 and other genes in addition to several other variants that are located near or in genes firmly associated with the risk of acquiring type 2 diabetes. Other GWAS analysis studies were performed in the Chinese, Malays, and Asian-Indian populations which are distinct from the European and United States populations in addition to meta-analysis of data from other populations in the region revealed relevant findings among patients with European ancestry[ 156 ]. The results of the combined analysis showed significant association of SNPs in the CDKAL1 , CDKN2A/B , HHEX , KCNQ1 and SLC30A8 genes after adjustment with gender and body mass index. More recently, meta-analysis of GWAS data involving African American type 2 diabetes patients identified similar loci to the previous studies with the addition of two novel loci, HLA-B and INS-IGF[ 157 ]. These results provide strong evidence of common genetic determinants including common specific genes that are linked to diabetes. A small list of specific genetic markers seem strongly associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes including the TCF7L2 [ 158 ] and CAPN10 [ 159 , 160 ] genes which also play a significant role in the risk and pathogenesis of the disease[ 158 , 159 ]. The association of TCF7L2 gene variants with type 2 diabetes and its mechanism of action received special attention by several investigators[ 161 , 162 ]. Over expression of the protein was shown to decrease the sensitivity of beta islet cells to secrete insulin[ 163 , 164 ] and was more precisely involved in the regulation of secretary granule fusion that constitute a late event in insulin secretion pathway[ 165 ]. The role of TCF7L2 in insulin secretion was partially clarified[ 166 ] that involves modifying the effect of incretins on insulin secretion by lowering the sensitivity of beta cells to incretins. Several other genes have been found to be significantly associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes including a specific SNP in a hematopoietically-expressed homeobox ( HHEX ) gene[ 167 ]. The islet zinc transporter protein (SLC30A8)[ 168 ] showed positive correlation with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes where variant mutations in this gene seem protective against the disease which provides a potential tool for therapy[ 169 ]. More recently, a low frequency variant of the HNF1A identified by whole exome sequencing was associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes among the Latino population and potentially may serve as a screening tool[ 170 ]. Genetic variants and specific combined polymorphisms in the interleukin and related genes including interlukin-6 ( IL-6 ), tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-10 genes were found to be associated with greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes[ 171 ], in addition to genetic variants in the genes for IL12B , IL23R and IL23A genes[ 172 ]. In a study involving the hormone sensitive lipase responsible for lipolysis in adipose tissues, a deletion null mutation, which resulted in the absence of the protein from adipocytes, was reported to be associated with diabetes[ 173 ]. Nine specific rare variants in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ( PPARG ) gene that resulted in loss of the function of the protein in adipocytes differentiation, were significantly associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes[ 174 ]. In addition, certain SNPs in the alpha 2A adrenergic receptor ( ADRA2A ) gene, involved in the sympathetic nervous system control of insulin secretion and lipolysis, were found to be associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes[ 175 ]. Link analysis between the melatonin MT2 receptor ( MTNR1B ) gene, a G-protein coupled receptor, identified 14 mutant variants from 40 known variants revealed by exome sequencing, to be positively linked with type 2 diabetes[ 176 ]. The authors suggested that mutations in the MT2 gene could provide a tool with other related genes in modifying therapy for type 2 diabetes patients based on their specific genetic background to formulate personalized therapies which potentially may ensures the optimum response. Interestingly, mutations in the clock[ 177 , 178 ] and Bmal1 [ 179 ] transcription factor genes which are involved in beta cells biological clock affecting growth, survival and synaptic vesicle assembly in these cells, resulted in reduced insulin secretion and diabetes. Evidently, prominent metabolic functions involve the production of specific reactive metabolites, leading to oxidative stress, which affect lipids, proteins and other biological compounds leading to serious damage in various tissues and organs. Mutations and SNPs in the antioxidant genes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, that decrease their activity are implicated in the risk and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes[ 180 ]. The metabolic syndrome was shown to be associated with the development of type 2 diabetes in a population that is described as highly endogenous especially in individuals over 45 years of age[ 181 ]. Since consanguinity marriages is high in this population, screening for this syndrome among families could provide an informative marker on the risk of developing type 2 diabetes[ 181 ].

Molecular genetics of type 1 diabetes

Even though type 1 diabetes is basically described as an autoimmune disease that results in the destruction of pancreatic beta cells, however, single gene mutations and SNPs have been found to be associated with the susceptibility to this type of diabetes. Initially, two gene mutations were linked to the development of type 1 diabetes including the autoimmune regulator ( AIRE ) gene which affect the immune tolerance to self antigens leading to autoimmunity[ 182 ] and the FOXP3 gene which results in defective regulatory T cells[ 183 ]. In addition, a mutation in the histone deacetylase SIRTI gene predominantly expressed in beta cells involved in the regulation of insulin secretion[ 184 ] and played a role in modulating the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin[ 185 ] was detected in type 1 diabetes patients[ 186 ]. Recently, additional mutations and SNPs in the CTLA-4 +49A/G and HLA-DQB1 and INS gene VNTR alleles were found to be associated with type 1 diabetes, which have the advantage of differentiating between Latent autoimmune type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes[ 187 ]. The HLA-DQB1, in combination with HLA-DR alleles and a polymorphism in PTPN22 gene seem to be associated with the age onset of late type 1 diabetes[ 188 , 189 ]. Two specific polymorphisms in the promoter region of a transmembrane protein (DC-SIGN) gene expressed in macrophages and played an important role of T- cell activation and inflammation were found to be protective against type 1 diabetes[ 190 ]. An innovative non-parametric SNP enrichment tool using summary GWAS DATA allowed the identification of association between several transcription factors and type 1 diabetes and are located in a type 1 diabetes susceptibility region[ 191 ]. Nine SNP variants in several genes associated with type 1 diabetes, not including the major histocompatibility gene region, were identified using extensive GWAS analysis[ 192 ]. Furthermore, several novel SNPs in a region in chromosome 16 located in the CLEC16A gene were shown to be associated with type 1 diabetes and seem to function through the reduced expression of DEX1 in B lymphoblastoid cells[ 193 ]. Since more than 40 regions in the human genome were identified to be associated with the susceptibility to type 1 diabetes[ 194 - 196 ], a weighted risk model was developed utilizing selected genes SNPs could be used for testing infants for these genetic markers that could provide insights in the susceptibility to type 1 diabetes development or safe prevention of the disease among young children[ 197 ].

Molecular genetics of monogenic diabetes

A large array of genes were identified to be involved in the development of monogenic diabetes[ 80 ] which represent about 2%-5% of diabetes patients. Monogenic diabetes results primarily from gene defects that lead to a decrease in beta cell number or function. Monogenic diabetes genes were identified using linkage studies or code for proteins that directly affected glucose homeostasis. The majority of genes responsible for monogenetic diabetes code for either transcription factors that participate in the control of nuclear gene expression or proteins that are located on the cell membrane, cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum, proteins involved in insulin synthesis and secretion, exocrine pancreatic proteins and autoimmune diabetes proteins[ 80 ]. The collective function of these proteins is their participation in glucose metabolism at different levels. Evidently, the hierarchy of a specific gene in the overall glucose metabolism pathway determines the onset of diabetes in the patient and whether it is neonataly expressed or have late onset expression (adulthood). Consequently, molecular defects in the structure and function of these genes lead to the disturbance of plasma glucose level, the primary pathological sign of diabetes. The molecular mechanism of permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus (PNDP) in addition to MODY explains the observed phenotype of monogenetic diabetes that involves loss of function of the expressed mutant protein. The first gene implicated in monogenic diabetes was the glucokinase ( GCK ) gene[ 198 ] which functions as a pancreatic sensor for blood glucose where more than 70 mutations in the gene were identified that affected its activity[ 199 ]. A recent study on GCK gene mutations causing neonatal and childhood diabetes showed that the majority of mutations resulted in the loss of the enzyme function primarily due to protein instability[ 148 , 150 ]. Two hepatocytes nuclear factor genes that code for the HNF4A and HNF1A transcription factors were closely associated with MODY1 and MODY2[ 148 , 149 ]. Definitely, a whole list of other genes involved in monogenic diabetes are either overlooked or included in the genetic determinants of type 1 and type 2 diabetes which will be identified and clarified through more careful future studies.

MOLECULAR GENETICS OF DIABETES COMPLICATIONS

In addition to the genetic determinants of diabetes, several gene mutations and polymorphisms have been associated with the clinical complications of diabetes. The cumulative data on diabetes patients with a variety of micro- and macrovascular complications support the presence of strong genetic factors involved in the development of various complications[ 200 ]. A list of genes have been reported that are associated with diabetes complications including ACE and AKR1B1 in nephropathy, VEGF and AKRB1 in retinopathy and ADIPOQ and GLUL in cardiovascular diseases[ 200 ]. A study on Chinese patients revealed a single SNP in the promoter region of the smooth muscle actin ( ACTA2 ) gene correlates with the degree of coronary artery stenosis in type 2 diabetes patients[ 201 ]. Furthermore, the alpha kinase 1 gene ( ALPK1 ) identified as a susceptibility gene for chronic kidney disease by GWAS[ 202 ], was demonstrated in type 2 diabetes patients[ 203 ]. Three additional genes have been strongly correlated with this risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR) including the vascular endothelial growth receptor, aldose reductase and the receptor for advanced glycation products genes[ 204 ] where specific polymorphisms in these genes seem to increase the risk of DR development in diabetes patients[ 204 ]. A significant differential proteome (involving 56 out of 252 proteins) is evident that characterizes vitreous samples obtained from diabetes patients with the complication in comparison to diabetes patients without the complication and control individuals[ 205 ]. Interestingly, a large portion of these proteins (30 proteins) belong to the kallikrein-kinin, coagulation and complement systems including complement C3, complement factor 1, prothrombin, alpha-1-antitrypsin and antithrombin III that are elevated in diabetic patients with retinopathy[ 205 ]. In addition, 2 single nucleotides polymorphisms in the human related B7-I gene seem to mediate podocyte injury in diabetic nephropathy[ 206 ]. Furthermore, increased concentration of the ligand of B7-1 correlates with the progression of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in diabetes patients[ 206 ]. These results indicate that B7-I inhibition may serve as a potential target for diabetes nephropathy prevention and/or treatment. Recently, it was shown that direct correlation is evident between circulating levels of tumor necrosis factors 1 and 2 and increased risk of ESRD in American Indian patients[ 207 ]. The link between diabetes and proper bone development and health is evident. Studies using animal models with major significant reduction in insulin receptor (IR) in osteoprogenitor cells resulted in thin and rod-like weak bones with high risk of fractures[ 208 ]. Similar findings were observed in animal models with bone-specific IR knockdown animals which points to the central role of IR in the proper development of bones[ 208 ]. Type 2 diabetes is also associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in adipose tissues. Using knockout animal models of specific mitochondrial genes led to significant reduction in key electron transport complexes expression and eventually adipocytes death[ 209 ]. These animals exhibited Insulin resistance in addition to other complications that can potentially lead to cardiovascular disease[ 209 ].

Diabetes mellitus is the epidemic of the century and without effective diagnostic methods at an early stage, diabetes will continue to rise. This review focuses on the types of diabetes and the effective diagnostic methods and criteria to be used for diagnosis of diabetes and prediabetes. Evidently, diabetes is a complex disease with a large pool of genes that are involved in its development. The precise identification of the genetic bases of diabetes potentially provides an essential tool to improve diagnoses, therapy (more towards individualized patient targeted therapy) and better effective genetic counseling. Furthermore, our advanced knowledge of the association between medical genetics and the chronic complications of diabetes, will provide an additional advantage to delay or eradicate these complications that impose an immense pressure on patient’s quality of life and the significantly rising cost of health-care services.

Conflict-of-interest: The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest associated with this manuscript.

Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Peer-review started: November 23, 2014

First decision: February 7, 2015

Article in press: April 14, 2015

P- Reviewer: Hegardt FG, Surani S, Traub M S- Editor: Gong XM L- Editor: A E- Editor: Wang CH

Essay on Diabetes

Introduction

Diabetes is a healthcare condition that has continued to affect so many people, both young and old. Understanding more about Diabetes will help people live a healthy lifestyle by avoiding all the possible things that might cause it. In this assignment, I will assess why Diabetes is a significant health issue to individuals and the world. I will discuss the background of Diabetes, its definitions, and the types of Diabetes. Besides, I will discuss what is needed to promote individual and group health for people who have Diabetes. By the end of the assignment, one will have better knowledge about Diabetes since I will also discuss the causes and preventive measures that can be undertaken to prevent the disease. Towards the end of the assignment, I will describe three achievable health promotion goals, hence helping fight against Diabetes. I will also describe some of the interventions and roles that different people, groups, and organizations play to reduce the high cases of Diabetes in the world.

During the medieval ages, being diagnosed with Diabetes was like a death sentence. The pioneers of diabetes treatment were Thomas Willis, Sushruta, and Arataeus (Mandal, 2021). The three were Greek physicians who encouraged people to exercise on horsebacks to prevent excess urination. They also described other therapies like overfeeding and taking wine to reduce starvation and excessive loss of fluids (Mandal, 2021). On the other hand, the ancient Indians would test for Diabetes by taking ants near a person’s urine. If the human urine attracted the ants, then the person would be diagnosed with urine (Mandal, 2021). Diabetes is a disease that is the leading cause of high blood sugar levels. People who have Diabetes have bodies that cannot make enough insulin, or their bodies cannot use the insulin they have effectively (Healthline, 2021). Insulin is the hormone that moves sugars from the blood to the body cells. There are several types of Diabetes, including type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, prediabetes, and Diabetes insipidus (Healthine, 2021). All these types affect our bodies differently, and they all have different effects, hence different coping strategies.

The rationale for Choosing Diabetes

Diabetes is among the most severe health issues in the world. This is the reason why I chose to discuss it to create awareness about it. The bad thing with Diabetes is that one can get it and not know that they have it. By the time they realize that they have Diabetes, the condition is worse, and the person is highly affected. According to Genesis Medical Associates (2015), one out of three adults have higher blood sugar levels; a condition referred to as prediabetes. If the persons do not change their lifestyles, the sugar levels increase, leading to other types of Diabetes (Genesis Medical Associates, 2015). Learning about Diabetes will allow people to support each other in the fight against Diabetes. This includes eating healthy meals and maintaining a healthy lifestyle through exercising (Dowshen, 2021). Another reason why I chose to discuss Diabetes is to learn more about the causes and how to manage the disease. Since most people do not know about the condition, it is crucial to educate them so that in case they feel any symptoms, and they can get the treatment as early as possible (Dowshen, 2021). It is easy to deal with Diabetes as long as the signs are detected early enough and the patient follows the given guidelines on healthy living.

Epidemiology

Diabetes is a significant health concern since it affects so many people in the world. Diabetes can affect any person. However, some ethnic groups are affected more than others. The Alaska Natives and the American Indians are more affected by Diabetes as compared to all other ethnic groups. In terms of age, more than sixty-five years are more prone to getting diabetes than young people. According to Shaikh (2021), % of the people who are more than 65 years have diabetes. However, the young people are also affected but at a meager percentage compared to the older people.

The risk factors for Type 1 diabetes are hereditary, hence easily transferred from parents to children. Type 1 diabetes primarily affects young children and teenagers. Also, white Americans are at a higher risk of getting the disease than African Americans and Latino Americans (Shaikh, 2021). Type 2 diabetes affects middle and old age persons. Also, other risk factors for type 2 diabetes include genes, being overweight, a history of gestational pregnancy, and giving birth to a baby that is more than 9lbs (Shaikh, 2021).

It is important to note that diabetes is more prone in rural areas where people do not have access to health services and education. In the United Kingdom, 28% of the people with diabetes have issues obtaining medication due to a lack of health services and knowledge on how to go about diabetes treatment (Whicher et al., 2019 p.243). Besides, most of the people who are in the rural do not go for annual health checkups; hence their conditions get worse daily.

Assessment and assessment tools for Diabetes

Different tools are used during the assessment of diabetes. Assessing diabetes is very important as it helps differentiate between different types of diabetes and the extent of the condition. The Diabetes Prevention Screening Tool helps identify the persons at risk of getting diabetes (Diabetes Education Services, 2021). Such people are encouraged to join the CDC prevention program. There is also the Risk Test for Pre Diabetes patients to understand the risks they face as pre-diabetics (Diabetes Education Services, 2021).

The Diabetes Risk calculator is a tool that is used to detect undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes. The social Support Assessment Tool helps diabetic patients to have a support system (Diabetes Initiative, 2020). Patients who have Diabetes need a lot of support from family and friends. The support shown will help them adhere to the doctor’s instructions, hence improving the chances of being better. Another assessment is the Mental Health Progress Report. The report is filled up during the patient’s follow-up visits. The assessment involves questions determining if the patient is affected by the condition mentally (Diabetes Initiative, 2020). It helps the doctors to guide the patient on how they can cope mentally with Diabetes.

Health Promotion Goals that you will like to Achieve

One of the goals that I would like to achieve is to reduce the high number of people diagnosed with Diabetes. I will encourage people to ensure they exercise at least thirty minutes a day to become physically fit. To make this goal achievable, I will create small groups that will act as support systems. This will help push people towards healthy living, preventing them from being diagnosed with the condition (Cecelia Health, 2021). My goal is realistic since it is easy to adopt a good eating habit and exercise at least thirty minutes daily. Still, it becomes easier when these activities are done in groups so that members feel motivated. To ensure that the goal is achieved, I will set a time frame of three months. Each member must have dropped at least 10 pounds within three months and managed to exercise at least 30 minutes daily, consistently.

The second goal is to enhance a better diabetes management program. Most people who have diabetes do not know what they should avoid, while others ignore the advice given to them by the doctors. In this case, I will form a group of people of different ages who are diabetic. The group formed will be a support system that will help each other cope with Diabetes. I will encourage the group members to remain healthy by eating the right food and exercising daily (McDermott, 2020). For those that are older, they can do simple exercises like jogging and walking a few kilometers daily. After five months, I will assess each patient’s changes in sugar levels and the general healthcare status (McDermott, 2020). I expect the sugar levels to be expected or close to normal for most patients within this period. Besides, the patients will have adapted to the new lifestyle since they got used to it.

Interventions for your health promotion goals

As indicated above, the first goal is to reduce the high numbers of people diagnosed with diabetes. The first health intervention is by ensuring that people are engaging in vigorous activities and exercises. Before one retires to bed, they must ensure that they have done a bit of practice to increase the metabolic activities of their bodies (Harvard T.H CHAN, 2021). Exercising helps maintain a moderate weight; hence, the high obesity and overweight people will reduce significantly. Besides, exercise helps increase insulin sensitivity in the body. As a result, the body cells can consume the sugars that are in the bloodstream.

For this intervention to work, both individuals and groups work together. A person must know that they have a personal responsibility to ensure that they maintain healthy body weight. Besides, organizations can play a significant role by ensuring that they create team-building activities (Harvard T.H CHAN, 2021). Organizations can set a day or two per month whereby all the employees and employers are involved in various team-building activities. This will help to ensure that at least all members keep fit, even if some of the members might not be keeping fit at a personal level. Since young people are also at a very high risk of getting diabetes, schools should develop a schedule to see all the students engage in exercise activities (John Muir Health, 2021). For example, the school can decide to have a physical exercise lesson after every two days.

Another intervention that will see few people being diagnosed with diabetes is maintaining a healthy eating lifestyle. Most people, especially teenagers, eat food that is full of calories. First, one should ensure they increase the fiber intake (Science Daily, 2018). Fiber is essential as it helps to slow down the digestion of carbs and sugars. Foods that contain more fibers include legumes, vegetables, and whole grains. Too many carbs place a person at a very high risk of getting diabetes. Another healthy eating habit is taking plenty of water to stay hydrated at all times (John Muir Health, 2021). When one takes a lot of water, it also helps the kidney eliminate excess sugars through the urine (Science Daily, 2018). A well-hydrated person is at a lower risk of getting diabetes. However, one should avoid sugar-sweetened drinks as they raise the level of glucose in the blood.

Both individuals and organizations have a role to play when it comes to maintaining a healthy eating lifestyle. Families should ensure that they prepare meals that are balanced diet. As an individual, one has a choice to eat whatever they want. Following this, one should avoid taking foods with high carb content instead of increasing the intake of high fiber meals. Organizations should also participate in this intervention by preparing healthy meals for their employees (Science Daily, 2018). Communities should be encouraged to grow more fibers and take the origin foods rather than rely on ready-made foods with high calories. Also, schools can be involved by ensuring that they have a reasonable timetable for all the meals, and the fiber intake for each student should be higher than the carb intake.

The second goal is enhancing better management for people who are living with diabetes. Individuals have a tremendous responsibility to ensure that they follow the given guidelines to stabilize sugar levels efficiently. As a diabetic patient, one should know the type of diabetes they are suffering from and the measures they are supposed to take to become better (NIH, 2021). The first step that a diabetic person should take is to ensure that they are not stressed. Stress triggers sugar levels, hence raising them. To reduce stress triggers, one can listen to their favorite music, take a walk, breathing in and out, or doing their favorite activities (Diabetes UK, 2021). Also, a person needs to have a support system to reach out in case they feel stressed.

The second step that one can take to deal with diabetes is ensuring that they eat well. After being assessed by the doctor, a health care team should help the sick person come up with a meal plan (Diabetes UK, 2021). The meal plan should contain fewer calories, fewer sugars and salt, and high saturated fats. Also, a diabetic person should eat foods that have high fiber, like rice and bread. Instead of drinking sweetened juices, a diabetic person should ensure that they take plenty of clean drinking water. This helps to keep the body hydrated at all times.

Both individuals and groups have a significant role in ensuring that diabetic persons are taken care of. They have the necessary things needed for them to reduce sugar levels. Health facilities should make sure that they do follow-ups so that if a patient has forgotten to go for checkups, they can go upon being reminded. Besides, other organizations like NGOs should develop fiber for needy people who might not afford such things.

Evaluation of your Health Promotion Care

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle through exercise is not hard to achieve as long as the people involved know the benefits of exercising. Exercising is an effective strategy that will help prevent diabetes and prevent other diseases like heart attack and stroke (Diabetes UK, 2021). However, people should be allowed to choose the kind of exercise that they want to do. Instead of going for a run, one can engage in other activities like playing football, netball, or swimming (Harvard T.H CHAN, 2021). Since people are not the same, one should not be forced to go for a morning jog, yet they like swimming. If this is done, the exercises will be more effective since people will be doing them willingly. I would recommend that the government makes it paramount for organizations to have different days from engaging in other activities like swimming, running, jogging, etc. Also, schools should ensure that there are various exercises for all the students to have one or two activities that they can engage in easily.

The second promotion of care was encouraging people to eat healthy meals. From the above discussion, it is evident that people need to engage in healthy lifestyles. Whether a person has diabetes or not, engaging in a healthy lifestyle is very important (Science Daily, 2018. Following this, one should ensure that they avoid high calories and have high fibers. This healthcare plan can be effective only if the government and other non-governmental organizations are willing to provide the proper meals for the people in need. Some diabetic people do not have access to medical care; hence they cannot do follow-ups about their conditions. As a result, the health care plan will become hard to achieve if the doctors and health care workers do not follow up on their patients to ensure they have taken the right medicines and that the sugar levels are not increasing (John Muir Health, 2021. For this, I would recommend that treatment of diabetes becomes free of charge in all public healthcare institutions. This will make it easy for the poor diabetic people to go for checkups since they know they will not be asked for any money to get the services they need. During the Diabetes Awareness week in the country, the government led by the health care sector should ensure that people are educated about diabetes. This will help people learn more about it and engage in activities that will help reduce diseases.

Tannahill Health Promotion Model

The Tannahill Health Promotion Model helps in the prevention of diabetes and protection of people who have diabetes. As discussed above, diabetes can be prevented through eating the right foods and ensuring that one is physically fit. The Tannahill Health promotion strategy also suggests a good communication flow between the patient and the health care providers (Queens University Belfast, 2021). In this case, the healthcare providers should do the follow up’s for their patients. The third aspect of the Tannahill Health promotion program is that the citizens should be given health protection through the legislature, social measures, and financial measures (Queens University Belfast, 2021). This includes helping needy people eat healthy meals and ensuring that organizations and companies give their employees the proper meals. Besides, Companies, organizations, and schools should set aside specific days where each person is engaged in other activities like swimming, ring, and playing their favorite games.

Diabetes is indeed one of the most severe diseases in the world. Diabetes affects both the young and the old and people of all ages. Although people at the age of 65 and older are more prone to being diagnosed with diabetes, other factors also determine if a person is prone to getting diabetes (Healthline, 2021). For example, a child can get diabetes from their parents; hence they get hereditary diabetes. Women who have experienced gestational diabetes are also at a very high risk of contracting the disease again (Shaikh, 2021). People who are not physically fit are also prone to getting diabetes. Following this, it is evident that although some people are more prone to getting diabetes, several other factors play a significant role.

Although diabetes is a severe condition worldwide, it can be controlled and the high rates reduced. This can be achieved through two maintaining it; exercising and eating suitable meals. Since some people cannot afford the healthy diet recommended for diabetic people, the government and other non-governmental organizations can provide such meals to the people (Whicher et al., 2019 p.243. Also, ensuring that the medication services are accessible at the public hospitals will encourage most people to go for follow-ups. Exercising is easy since there are so many activities that help burn calories (Shaikh, 2021). That is why it is essential to let the person choose activities they are good at and concentrate on them. Generally, although diabetes is a serious condition, it is easy to prevent and manage it if all resources are available.

Cecelia Health, 2021.  How to Set and Achieve SMART Goals — in Life and Diabetes – Cecelia Health . [online] Cecelia Health. Available at: <https://www.ceceliahealth.com/how-to-set-and-achieve-smart-goals-in-life-and-diabetes/> [Accessed 1 June 2021].

Diabetes Education Services, 2021.  Screening Tools for Diabetes – Diabetes Education Services . [online] Diabetes Education Services. Available at: <https://diabetesed.net/screening-tools-for-diabetes/> [Accessed 1 June 2021].

Diabetes Initiative, 2020.  Tools: Assessment Instruments . [online] Diabetesinitiative.org. Available at: <http://www.diabetesinitiative.org/resources/type/assessmentInstruments.html> [Accessed 1 June 2021].

Diabetes UK, 2021.  10 Tips for Healthy Eating with Diabetes . [online] Diabetes UK. Available at: <https://www.diabetes.org.uk/guide-to-diabetes/enjoy-food/eating-with-diabetes/10-ways-to-eat-well-with-diabetes> [Accessed 1 June 2021].

Dowshen, S., 2021.  Diabetes Control: Why It’s Important (for Teens) – Nemours KidsHealth . [online] Kidshealth.org. Available at: <https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/diabetes-control.html> [Accessed 1 June 2021].

Genesis Medical Associates, 2015.  The Importance Of Understanding And Preventing Diabetes – Genesis Medical Associates, Inc . [online] Genesismedical.org. Available at: <https://www.genesismedical.org/blog/the-importance-of-understanding-and-preventing-diabetes> [Accessed 1 June 2021].

Harvard T.H CHAN, 2021.  Simple Steps to Preventing Diabetes . [online] The Nutrition Source. Available at: <https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/disease-prevention/diabetes-prevention/preventing-diabetes-full-story/> [Accessed 1 June 2021].

Healthline, 2021.  Everything You Need to Know About Diabetes . [online] Healthline. Available at: <https://www.healthline.com/health/diabetes#:~:text=Diabetes%20mellitus%2C%20commonly%                                                                                 20known%20as,the%20insulin%20it%20does%20make.> [Accessed 1 June 2021].

John Muir Health, 2021.  Preventing Diabetes . [online] Johnmuirhealth.com. Available at: <https://www.johnmuirhealth.com/health-education/conditions-treatments/diabetes-articles/preventing-diabetes.html> [Accessed 1 June 2021].

Mandal, A., 2021.  History of Diabetes . [online] News Medical. Available at: <https://www.news-medical.net/health/History-of-Diabetes.aspx#:~:text=The%20term%20diabetes%20was%20probably,sweet%20taste%20of%20the%20urine.> [Accessed 1 June 2021].

McDermott, A., 2020.  7 Long-Term Goals for Better Diabetes Management . [online] Healthline. Available at: <https://www.healthline.com/health/type-2-diabetes/living-better-with-type-2-diabetes/long-term-goals-everyone-with-type-2-diabetes-should-make> [Accessed 1 June 2021].

NIH, 2021.  4 Steps to Manage Your Diabetes for Life | NIDDK . [online] National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Available at: <https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/managing-diabetes/4-steps> [Accessed 1 June 2021].

Queens University Belfast, 2021.  Health Promotion.  [online] Queens University Belfast. Available at  https://www.qub.ac.uk/elearning/public/HealthyEating/HealthPromotion/  [Accessed 1 June 2021]

Science Daily, 2018.  Physical exercise reduces the risk of developing diabetes, study shows . [online] ScienceDaily. Available at: <https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180220102420.htm> [Accessed 1 June 2021].

Shaikh, J., 2021.  What Population Is Most Affected by Diabetes? . [online] MedicineNet. Available at: <https://www.medicinenet.com/what_population_is_most_affected_by_diabetes/article.htm> [Accessed 1 June 2021].

Whicher, C., O’Neill, S., and Holt, R., 2019. Diabetes in the UK: 2019.  Diabetic Medicine , [online] 37(2), pp.242-247. Available at: <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/dme.14225> [Accessed 1 June 2021].

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Diabetes Essay

Diabetes Diabetes is a lifelong disease that can affect both children and adults. This disease is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. It claims about 178,000 lives each year. Type one diabetes, also known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, usually occurs in people less than thirty years of age, but it also may appear at any age. Diabetes is a very serious disease with many life threatening consequences, but if it is taken care of properly, diabetics can live a normal life. Diabetes is a disease that causes an abnormally high level of sugar, or glucose, to build up in the blood. Glucose comes from food we consume and also from our liver and muscles. Blood delivers glucose to all the …show more content…

But if it’s not taken care of, uncontrolled diabetes can damage a persons’ vision, cause nerve damage and infections to the feet. Also, it can cause poor blood circulation and kidney disease. Many of these problems can be prevented by having a low fat, low alcohol diet, maintaining a reasonable body mass, and working out thirty minutes five days a week. Performing these activities can also help reduce the risk of getting diabetes. There are many risk factors that one should take into consideration. Having high blood pressure, being inactive and overweight are both very high risk factors. If a family member has diabetes or if a person is African, American Indian, Asian, Pacific Islander, Hispanic or Latino descent, they also have a greater risk of the disease. Diet is the most important part of diabetes management. Without a proper diet, the amount of drugs and insulin needed to control blood sugar levels may be inadequate. Diet control helps reduce high blood sugar and reduce the risk of complications like heart attacks and high blood pressure. It also helps achieve ideal body weight and reduces the problems associated with obesity. The most important aspect of dietary management of diabetes is carbohydrates. Complex carbohydrates found in breads, cereals, potatoes, vegetables and other foods raise the blood sugar approximately the same amount as simple sugars. Carbohydrates and the glucose they generate are an energy source. Insulin produced

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Diabetes Essay examples

Diabetes, Diabetes Mellitus, is a chronic illness this means that it has no cure and the symptoms persist over a long period of time. This illness is a result of an imbalance of hormones, insulin, produced in the pancreas. Insulin plays an important role in how the body uses food. Insulin enables the cells in the bloodstream to absorb and use glucose for fuel. If the pancreas produces too little or no insulin or if the insulin doesn’t work properly the person may become diabetic. Therefore, diabetics are not able to properly convert food into fuels needed by the body to function, which can seriously lead to physical consequences.

Informative Essay on Diabetes

"Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease but a group of disorders with glucose intolerance in common" (McCance 674). Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar) and results from defective insulin production, secretion, and utilization. There are many forms of diabetes. "Diabetes increases the risk of heart and blood vessel disease, amputation, infections, kidney damage, eye problems (including blindness), and nerve malfunction" (Husain). I will

Essay On Type 1 Diabetes

There are many types of diabetes. The two I will be discussing are type 1 and type 2. Type 1 generally affects young people and requires treatment with insulin. Five to ten percent of Americans with diabetes have this type. People with type 1 diabetes do not produce insulin and need regular shots of it to keep their blood glucose levels normal. People who are at risk for type 1 are those who have a family history of the disease,

A Diabetic Diet Analysis

A diabetic diet doesn't have to be bland or boring. Too often people think that a diagnosis of diabetes means cutting out favorite dinner foods. This is a common misconception. A healthy diet with diabetes means balancing carbohydrates with protein, fat and fiber. Carbohydrates can quickly raise blood sugar levels, which can be dangerous for diabetics. Protein, fat and fiber slow down digestion and carbohydrate absorption, keeping blood sugar levels stable. With these food tips in mind, people with diabetes can enjoy their favorite dinners once again.

Early Diabetes Research Paper

The hallmark of diabetes is poorly controlled blood sugar (glucose). Normally, the blood glucose level hovers throughout the day in a fairly tightly controlled range. Insulin, is a hormone that is secreted by the pancreas, helps to lower levels of glucose while other hormones and eating carbohydrates boost them. The balance between them helps keep

Changes in a Life After Diagnosis of Diabetes

First of all, what is Diabetes? ”Diabetes is a disease in which the body fails to produce or properly use insulin.” (Davis 3) In other words, when we ate food, the food travels to the stomach. Food is made of three essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats. During normal digestion carbohydrates are break down in sugar as named glucose. The glucose travels from the stomach to the bloodstream to be entered to the muscle and the fat cells. However, glucose needs the help of the hormone insulin which it is produce for the pancreas with this help the glucose enter to the cell. Glucose serve as fuel provided energy to the body. This is how the body controls the concentration of sugar in the bloodstream. But, if the sugars enter to the bloodstream and the insulin is not enough then the sugars build up in the bloodstream and the (need citation)

Diabetic Diet Research Paper

A diabetic diet is an eating plan or diet recommended for people with diabetes mellitus to assist them in controlling their blood sugar. A diabetes diet is medically known as Medical Nutrition Therapy. It is rich in nutrients, low in fat and calories and high in vegetables, fruits and whole grains. In such a diet, individuals are encouraged to eat moderate amounts of food and stick to regular mealtimes. The importance of eating dietary fibre is emphasised in such diets and it is even said that carbohydrates eaten with dietary fibre results in a lower glycaemic status (level of sugar in the

Normal Blood Sugar

As such, the level of sugar in the blood is critical for diabetes, and it is the main goal of most treatments diabetics to return the normal range blood sugar using drugs and lifestyle changes / diet.

How Do Sugar Affect The Body

There can be other problems that diabetes cause. If the person doesn’t follow what the doctor tells the person to they then can have heart attacks and other serious problems. It is important for the person to keep their blood glucose normal, so serious issues don’t occur.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

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Another important aspect to diabetes management is activity and exercise, it is essential to glycemic control that diabetics participate in regular exercise routines. The healthier the body the less likely the patient is to develop complications secondary to diabetes. Lifestyle also plays a huge role, diabetics that smoke and drink alcohol are also at a higher risk for complications.

Informative Speech On Diabetes

Diabetes causes your blood glucose(sugar) to be too high. Blood glucose is your core source of energy and it comes from the food that you eat. Insulin, which is a hormone made by your pancreas, helps the glucose from food get into your cells to be used for energy. Diabetes is when your body doesn’t make enough insulin or not make it at all, and when that happens glucose(sugar) stays in your blood and won’t reach your cells. Having too much

Essay about Diabetes Explained

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Dietary management of type 1 diabetes consists of limiting the amount of carbohydrates consumed to prevent a rapid or prolonged rise in blood glucose levels. A diet that consists of unrefined carbohydrates is recommended due to the impact of these sources to cause a slower rise in blood glucose than refined carbohydrates (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2010). Unrefined foods are foods that are found in nature or that have been minimally processed [“in methods”] such as cooking, examples include fruits and vegetables. Refined refers to foods that have been processed to remove the coarse parts of the original food such as sugar.

Diabetes : Diabetes Mellitus ( Dm ) Essay

Diabetes mellitus commonly known as diabetes is a metabolic disease in which there are high blood glucose levels (blood sugar levels) over a period of time. In addition, it is the failure of either the pancreas not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced. There are two chronic types of Diabetes Mellitus; one is known as Type one Diabetes Mellitus (DM) which is the body’s inability to produce insulin (a hormone) that needed to help glucose get into your cells in order to release energy. The second type is known as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM), is the body 's inability to make and use glucose. It is common among Americans and without insulin glucose is left in the blood. According to the American Diabetes association, it was estimated in the year 2012 that approximately 29.1 million Americans suffered from diabetes (9.3% of the population), while a staggering 1.2 million were accounted for both adults and children who have type 1 diabetes. Other types of diabetes which are potentially reversible include prediabetes and gestational diabetes.

Symptoms And Treatment Of Diabetes

“1.4 million Americans are diagnosed with diabetes every year.” (American Diabetes Association) Diabetes is a disease that affects blood sugar levels in the body and the body’s ability to use or produce insulin. Insulin is the hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates glucose levels in the body. Hyperglycemia or high blood sugar is the result of the raised blood sugar levels. There are different types of diabetes, but the

A Brief Note On Diabetes And High Level Of Blood Sugar

Diabetes is chronic long term group of health condition with high level of blood sugar which can lead to serious health consequences. Basically diabetes is a disorder of glucose metabolism. Insulin is a hormone that plays major role in glucose metabolism. Food contains carbohydrates which metabolize into glucose and with help of insulin glucose enters into cells. There are two main types of diabetes. When an individual’s body is unable to make enough insulin or body is unable to use its own insulin leads to high glucose level which is called diabetes type 2 or adult onset diabetes. Diabetes Type 1 is juvenile onset diabetes caused by destruction of beta cell in pancreas ultimately there is no more production of insulin. High level of blood

Related Topics

  • Blood sugar
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Carbohydrate

From Research to Reflection: A Step-by-Step Guide to Writing an Essay on Diabetes

conclusion on diabetes essay

Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by high blood glucose levels, which can lead to various complications if left untreated. One of the most significant complications of diabetes is its impact on cardiovascular health.

The link between diabetes and cardiovascular disease is well-established. People with diabetes are two to four times more likely to develop cardiovascular disease than those without the disease.

The reasons for this are complex, but they include that diabetes can damage blood vessels and nerves throughout the body, including those that supply the heart and brain. This can lead to a range of cardiovascular problems, such as heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral artery disease .

We can guarantee you that most people are not even aware of this much information on diabetes. This is why writing an essay on diabetes makes sense.

What’s more, while writing an essay on diabetes, you make yourself aware of this disease and work towards reflecting on it.

Influence Of Diabetes On The Society

Diabetes can have a significant impact on society in a number of ways.

Here are some examples:

  • Healthcare costs: Diabetes is a chronic disease that requires ongoing medical care, including regular check-ups, medications, and in some cases, hospitalization. The cost of treating diabetes can be substantial, both for individuals and for society as a whole. In 2017, the total cost of diabetes in the US was estimated to be $327 billion, including direct medical costs and lost productivity.
  • Public health: Diabetes is a major public health issue , with an estimated 463 million adults worldwide living with the disease. Diabetes can lead to various health complications, including heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and blindness. As a result, diabetes is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide.
  • Lifestyle changes: Diabetes is closely linked to lifestyle factors such as diet and physical activity. As a result, efforts to prevent or manage diabetes often involve promoting healthy lifestyle habits such as regular exercise and a balanced diet. These lifestyle changes can have a broader impact on society by promoting overall health and well-being.
  • Stigma: Diabetes can be stigmatized, with some people blaming individuals with diabetes for their disease. This can lead to discrimination and social isolation, which can have a negative impact on mental health and well-being.
  • Education and awareness: Diabetes education and awareness campaigns can play an important role in reducing the impact of diabetes on society. By promoting an understanding of the disease and its risk factors and encouraging early diagnosis and treatment, these campaigns can help to improve health outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.

Diabetes can significantly impact society, both in terms of healthcare costs and public health outcomes. By promoting education and awareness and encouraging healthy lifestyle habits, we can work to reduce the impact of diabetes on individuals and society as a whole.

Why Such A Subject?

While there are many subjects to write essays on, why write an essay on such a difficult subject? Well, when an educational institution asks you to write an essay, they look at your writing skills and try to figure out your personality along with it.

If you are writing about something that can bring change in society, it can impress them. Writing an essay on diabetes will allow you to stand out from all the other students who have submitted essays on almost the same topic.

Below are a few reasons why writing an essay on diabetes is a good idea.

  • To Raise Awareness: Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects millions of people worldwide, yet many people are still unaware of its causes, symptoms, and complications. Writing an essay on diabetes can help raise awareness about the disease, its impact on individuals and communities, and the importance of prevention and management.
  • To Educate: Diabetes is a complex disease that requires careful management and monitoring. Writing an essay on diabetes can help educate individuals about the different types of diabetes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, and treatment options.
  • To Promote Research: There is ongoing research on diabetes, including new treatments and management strategies. Writing an essay on diabetes can help promote research by highlighting the importance of funding and supporting research efforts.
  • To Advocate For Change: Writing an essay on diabetes can help advocate for policy changes that improve access to diabetes care, support for those with diabetes, and prevention efforts.
  • To Demonstrate Understanding: Writing an essay on diabetes can be an opportunity to demonstrate an understanding of the disease and its impact on individuals and communities. It can also showcase critical thinking skills and research abilities.

Writing an essay on diabetes can help raise awareness, educate, promote research, advocate for change, and demonstrate an understanding of the disease. It can be an important way to promote public health and improve the lives of individuals with diabetes.

A Step-by-Step Guide To Writing An Essay On Diabetes

Writing an essay on diabetes requires thorough research and reflection. You can’t just proceed with a diabetes essay like any normal essay topic. When writing an essay on diabetes, you can’t get wrong with your facts and information. One mistake in your information can affect your whole efforts.

When you are doing research for your essay, ensure that you are picking information from credible resources.

Follow the steps below to write a high-quality essay.

Step 1: Choose A Specific Topic

The topic of diabetes is vast, so it is essential to narrow it down to a specific area you can thoroughly explore in your essay. Consider the audience, the essay’s purpose, and the assignment’s scope. For instance, you could focus on the causes of diabetes, the different types of diabetes, the impact of diabetes on a particular population, or the latest treatment options for diabetes.

Step 2: Conduct Research

Once you have a specific topic, conduct thorough research to gather relevant information from credible sources such as academic journals, government publications, and reputable websites. Take notes on key points, statistics, and quotes that you can use to support your arguments.

Step 3: Develop A Thesis Statement

Based on your research, develop a clear and concise thesis statement that summarizes the main argument of your essay. Your thesis statement should be debatable and provide a roadmap for the rest of your essay.

Step 4: Create An Outline

Use your research and thesis statement to create an outline for your essay. Organize your ideas into logical sections and subsections, and ensure each point supports your thesis statement.

Step 5: Write The Essay

Using your outline as a guide, write your essay. Start with an introduction that provides background information and a clear thesis statement. Use the body paragraphs to present your arguments and support them with evidence from your research. End with a conclusion that restates your thesis and summarizes your main points.

Step 6: Edit And Proofread

After you have written your essay, edit and proofread it carefully to ensure it is clear, concise, and error-free. Check for spelling and grammatical errors, and ensure your ideas flow logically.

Step 7: Reflect On Your Essay

Finally, take some time to reflect on your essay. Consider the strengths and weaknesses of your argument, and think about what you could have done differently. This reflection can help you improve your writing skills and prepare for future assignments.

By following this step-by-step guide, you can write a well-researched and thoughtful essay on diabetes. Remember to choose a specific topic, conduct thorough research, develop a clear thesis statement, create an outline, write the essay, edit and proofread, and reflect on your work.

However, if you find it difficult to write an essay on diabetes, but the opportunity is too good to miss, ask a professional to ‘ write my essay for me ’.

Things To Consider!

Define your purpose.

Before you start writing, it’s important to clarify why you’re writing about diabetes.

Are you trying to educate readers about the disease? Discuss a specific aspect of diabetes research or treatment. Argue for a particular approach to diabetes prevention or management.

Defining your purpose can help guide your writing and ensure that you stay focused on your main goals.

Know Your Audience

Who will be reading your essay? Are they experts in diabetes, or are they general readers who may not be familiar with the disease? Understanding your audience can help you tailor your writing style and language to make your essay as accessible and engaging as possible.

Research Thoroughly

Diabetes is a complex and multi-faceted disease, so it’s important to do your research to ensure you comprehensively understand the topic. Find reputable sources, such as peer-reviewed journals, government websites, or expert organizations like the American Diabetes Association.

Consider Multiple Perspectives

There are many different viewpoints on diabetes, from healthcare providers to patients to public health advocates. When writing your essay, consider different perspectives and present a balanced view of the topic.

Use Clear, Concise Language

Diabetes is a technical topic with many medical terms and concepts that may be unfamiliar to some readers. To make your essay as accessible as possible, try to use clear, concise language that is easy to understand. Use layman’s terms when appropriate, and define any technical terms you use.

Use Examples And Anecdotes

Diabetes can be a dry and technical topic, so using examples and anecdotes can help to bring your writing to life and make it more engaging for readers. Consider including real-life stories of people with diabetes or describing specific research studies or medical interventions in detail.

Edit And Proofread Carefully

Finally, edit and proofread your essay carefully before submitting it. Look for spelling and grammar errors and any unclear or confusing language. Consider having someone else read your essay to get a fresh perspective and catch any mistakes you may have missed.

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Diabetes Essay Sample

Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects the body’s ability to break down sugars and starches, control blood glucose levels, and use insulin. It can lead to blindness, nerve damage, kidney failure, lower-limb amputation, or death. In this essay, we will discuss the causes of diabetes as well as common treatments for those who have been diagnosed with it.

Here is a sample essay on diabetes written by experts, students can consider it as a standard essay to write such a similar essay that is assigned to them by their professors or teachers.

Essay Example on Diabetes

  • Thesis Statement of Diabetes Essay
  • Introduction of Diabetes Essay
  • Cause of Diabetes in Human Body
  • Harmful Consequences of Diabetes to a person
  • How to Cope up With Diabetes
Thesis Statement of Diabetes Essay The deficiency of Insulin Hormone in the human body causes diabetes that can cause some fatal problems in the person. Introduction of Diabetes Essay B-cells of the pancreas create or secrete a hormone known as insulin but due to the failure of these cells sometimes the pancreas fails to secrete the insulin hormone. This insulin is very important to keep the blood sugar level in control by converting the glucose molecules in our body into glycogen which is stored in the liver. Whenever the quantity of sugar falls in the blood these glycogen molecules get broken down into the sugar to optimize the blood sugar level again. This way we can say that insulin regulates the quantitative of sugar in our blood. But when insulin formation does not occur in the pancreases excessive accumulation of the sugar in the blood occurs that causes diabetes. It can cause damage to our brain cells that are neurons which is fatal because the neuron is not able to repair like other body cells of the human body. Here we are going to discuss how insulin formation discrepancy could be coping up by the patients of diabetes and why people having diabetes are asked to keep chocolates or sweet things in their bag always. Main Body of Diabetes Essay Here we are going to discuss every aspect that is associated with the diabetes-like its cause, precautions, and harmful results of not curing it on time. In-depth detail of every dimension is given in the following part of the essay. Cause of Diabetes in Human Body The major cause like aforesaid is the failure of our pancreas to form insulin in the body that raises the sugar level in the blood. The cause of diabetes is the failure of the body to use insulin. In this case, our body is completely resistant to insulin use even when the pancreas is forming the insulin hormone in proper quantity. Such circumstances put the human who is going through this stage at extreme risk of life. Though initial days of the persons go well as they move towards the older age gradually symptoms start appearing in them like excessive weight gain or very lean body etc. So these are the major cause of diabetes in human beings. Hire USA Experts for Diabetes Essay Order Now Harmful Consequences of Diabetes to a person The biggest harmful consequence of diabetes to a person who is suffering through it is that diabetes cannot be treated completely. People have to go through regular injections of insulin to keep their blood sugar levels normal in the body. In case a person does not go through the regular session of insulin uptake he or she may experience the following experience out of his or her high blood sugar level. An increase in the rate of blood pressure causing thereby hypertension. Damage of the neuron cells of the brain that could not be healed like other cells of the body. Excessive reduction in body weight and sometimes huge weight is also gained by the person going through sugar. It depends upon person to person. Sometimes the patient has to suffer through other body diseases like fast breath and giddiness due to sugar. There are people who get faint at times due to having instant fluctuations in the blood sugar level in their bodies. How to Cope up With Diabetes In case you have been caught these diseases make sure that you are keeping every care of yourself to cope up with these diseases. Go through the minimum or no use of sugar in your diet. Stop taking any substance that contains a quantity of starch like potato and rice which are the high source of starch. Also, make it sure to have proper regular exercise to keep you fit physically. You might be asked by your doctor to keep sweet candies of chocolates in your bag round the clock whenever you go out of your home. This is because it is not necessary that if you are going to the high blood sugar level, you cannot face the low glucose level in your body. Sometimes it so happens that people suffer through the extreme deficiency of glucose level in the body due to fluctuation of blood sugar level in a diabetic person. Such a situation can cause the person to faint on the floor. That is why chocolate or candies can provide instant sugar levels in these types of situations to people. Conclusion Diabetes is a fatal disease that threatens health lifelong it is very important to go for a regular check-up of sugar levels in the body. If diagnosed on time we can take proper precautions to save ourselves from this disease. In conclusion, diabetes is a complex disorder that needs to be closely monitored and managed. The best way to manage it is through an individualized treatment plan with your physician. There are many resources available on the internet but please speak with your doctor before making any changes to diet or medication routines as they may not have been studied extensively enough for long-term safety. Buy Customized Essay on Diabetes At Cheapest Price Order Now

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This essay has provided some valuable information on the causes and risks of diabetes as well as how it can be prevented by modifying current lifestyle habits.

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How to Write Type 2 Diabetes Essay

Writing a type 2 diabetes essay requires one to master a few steps including how to introduce the paper, integrate evidence in the body, and present the conclusion.

How do you write a type 2 diabetes essay? 

Follow the steps below to complete the best essay for your project on diabetes mellitus.

Step 1: Draft a captivating title

Instructors usually give students essay topics.

However, others can decide to let students pick their own topics about the subject. When you have this freedom, do not ruin it. Make the opportunity count.

How do you do that?

Write a title that communicates something to the reader.

Bad title:  Type 2 Diabetes

Good title:  Exploring the relationship between type II diabetes and risk for cardiovascular disease

The second title makes the reader establish an expectation: is there a link between diabetes and cardiovascular disease or not?

Step 2: Read your essay prompt at least twice

There is nothing as irritating as reading an off-topic essay. Your teacher will award you a zero for disregarding essay prompts.

If the paper is about type II diabetes, it is important to stick to that and focus on nothing else.

However, type 2 diabetes is a broad topic that may need to be broken down further.

For instance, your essay could focus on specific areas such as:

  • Causes of diabetes
  • Effects on individuals and healthcare systems.
  • Treatment and management

Based on your essay prompt, the paper should be narrowed down enough to communicate a very specific idea.

Step 3: Keep the introduction less than 150 words long

Remember that if your type 2 diabetes introduction is too long, it will most likely ruin the focus of your paper.

The narrower your topic is, the more likely you are to write a short, concise introduction.

Anything longer than 150 words in the introduction could also highlight too many points and confuse the reader about the thesis of your essay.

Assuming your topic for the diabetes essay is “The impact of lifestyle change on reducing type 2 diabetes,” the introduction should focus on describing lifestyle behaviors and some changes people can undertake.

Step 4: Write the thesis

Using our example above, your essay should have a clear thesis. It is the foundation from which all your arguments emerge.

Lifestyle/behavior change is effective in managing type 2 diabetes because it helps to achieve healthy body weight and facilitates insulin regulation to achieve optimal blood glucose control.

Once you have a clear thesis such as the one above, you will have a clear direction to take and avoid wandering to unnecessary areas.

Step 5: Brainstorm 3-4 points for the argument

Usually, the body of an essay contains a couple of paragraphs. Depending on the length of your diabetes essay, you might have to include fewer or more points.

A 2-page type 2 diabetes essay might need only 3 key points to discuss.

Meanwhile, if the essay is longer than 1,500 words, the number of paragraphs could be more.

Step 6: Use proper formatting in the body

Type II diabetes is a widely studied subject. Therefore, you should expect to find a lot of literature online and in books.

Citation is important in all academic writing.

Whether it is MLA, APA, Harvard, Chicago, or any other referencing style, always ensure you follow the citation guidelines.

A poorly referenced paper is almost similar to a plagiarized paper, but you do not want to send a plagiarized essay to your professor.

Use online citation tools or read resources about your preferred citation style from your university library. 

Other than in-text citations, the body of your essay could have sub-titles. 

  • Use proper formatting for different levels of sub-headings.
  • Seek help from an expert if you’re unable to format the body paragraphs correctly.

Step 7: Writing the conclusion

To write your type 2 diabetes essay conclusion, restate your thesis from the introduction without doing it verbatim (word for word). Proceed to summarize what you have discussed in the body paragraphs.

The last part, which is also the most interesting is to include at least one personal perspective. This could be in the form of recommending future research, discouraging the use of a particular intervention for diabetes, offering a new technique that could improve management of the disease, and much more.

Remember to avoid adding any new ideas in the conclusion.

Do not include citations in the conclusion for your type 2 diabetes essay.

Step 8: Add your references

Many students still forget to include a list of references at the end of their essays. Ensure that you list all the references cited in your body paragraphs at the end of your type 2 diabetes essay.

To do this, move to a new page after writing your conclusion and paste your sources there.

See your university guidelines on how to format your reference lists.

Diabetes Essay Topics

Students studying medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and other related courses will find these topics helpful for their diabetes essays or research papers.

  • Strategies to improve diabetes awareness among school children.
  • Does improving diet lead to better insulin regulation?
  • What is the prevalence of diabetes among Native Americans?
  • The contribution of the fast-food industry to the occurrence of type 2 diabetes.
  • Impacts on type 2 diabetes on the healthcare system.
  • The relationship between obesity and onset of type 2 diabetes. 
  • Significance of early screening on the management of type 2 diabetes.
  • Is there a link between diabetes and dementia in adults?
  • The effectiveness of insulin therapy for physically disabled elderly.
  • Wound care management in patients with diabetes mellitus. 

Depending on your level of study, your diabetes topic will vary in complexity and word count.

conclusion on diabetes essay

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Diabetes evidence-based practice diabetes is a disease.

Diabetes Evidence-Based Practice Diabetes Diabetes is a disease which stays with the patient life-long except in some cases where the diabetes is gestational which occurs during pregnancy and often goes back to normal after the delivery. Typically there are two types of diabetes which are type 1 and type 2 diabetes but less common are gestational diabetes and other types which contain features of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (Cowle et al., 2006). The management of diabetes mostly depends on the patient himself/herself because in diabetes it is all about self-care. But of course the guidance comes from the nurses and doctors and they need to educate the patients in order to control their condition. In order to prevent (in cases where there are chances of diabetes occurrence) or control (in cases where the person already has diabetes) diabetes it is very essential to take care of patient's weight, blood….

Aekplakorn W. et al. (2007). Prevalence and management of diabetes and associated risk factors by regions of Thailand: Third National Health Examination Survey 2004. Diabetes Care;30:2007-12. doi:10.2337/dcO6-2319 PMiD:17468342

American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) (2007). Diabetes Mellitus Clinical Practice Guidelines Task Force. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the management of diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract.;13(suppl I); 1-68.

American Diabetes Association. (2010). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 33 SuppI 1;S62'69,

Bogdan-Lovis EA, Sousa A (2006). The contextual influence of professional culture: certified nurse-midwives' knowledge of and reliance on evidence-based practice. Soc Sci Med.;62:2681-2693.

Diabetes Mellitus Is a Disease

As blood flows, it starts attracting the fluid from the tissues and therefore more fluid is entering the kidneys when filtering the blood, causing an increase in urination. And because the body is losing so much fluid, dry mouth and an increase in thirst are initiated (Martini, Nath, & Bartholomew, 2011). Other symptoms include fatigue, blurred vision, and sudden loss of weight (American Diabetes Association, 2013). These symptoms are a sign that the body's cells are not getting the glucose that they need to function properly and give the body the energy to conduct its daily functions. Once an individual is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, a series of treatment options are available. Type 2 diabetes does not entail the permanent lack of production of insulin, but it does reduce the amount of insulin receptors that are functional, therefore insulin injections are used as a form of treatment (American Diabetes….

References:

American Diabetes Association. (2013). Diabetes basics. Retrieved from  http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/?loc=GlobalNavDB 

Martini, F.H., Nath, J.L., & Bartholomew, E.F., (2011). Fundamentals of anatomy & physiology. (9th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pearson.

Diabetes Care in the Elderly Curriculum Development

Diabetes Care in the Elderly Curriculum Development Project Curriculum Development Project: Diabetes in the Skilled Nursing Home esidents Curriculum Development Project: Diabetes in the Skilled Nursing Home esidents The increased prevalence of diabetes in developed nations has been blamed in part on the obesity epidemic, but a portion of that increase is also due to longer life-spans (reviewed by Vischer et al., 2009). While this may be a mixed blessing from the perspective of health policy makers, the increased prevalence of diabetes among the elderly contributes to the emergence of a variety of debilitating comorbid conditions and a significant decline in quality of life. What makes matters worse is that diabetes sometimes goes untreated or undiagnosed in the elderly (reviewed by Vischer et al., 2009). When 2,307 skilled nursing home residents were assessed for the presence of this disease, 77 were found to be undiagnosed (Dybicz, Thompson, Molotsky, and Stuart, 2011). While this represents a….

CDC (U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (2011). National Diabetes Fact Sheet, 2011. CDC.gov. Retrieved 3 Aug. 2012 from http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/DDTSTRS/FactSheet.aspx.

Cotter, Valerie T. And Strumpf, Neville E. (Eds.). (2002). Advanced Practice Nursing with Older Adults: Clinical Guidelines. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Dybicz, Sharon B., Thompson, Stephen, Molotsky, Sandra, and Stuart, Bruce. (2011). Prevalence of diabetes and the burden of comorbid conditions among elderly nursing home residents. American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy, 9(12), 212-223.

Lisko, Susan A. And O'Dell, Valerie. (2010). Integration of theory and practice: Experiential learning theory and nursing education. Nursing Education Perspectives, 31(2), 106-108.

Diabetes The Future of a Chronic Disease

Diabetes: The future of a chronic disease The number of cases of type II diabetes has seen a dramatic increase in recent years, both in the United States and worldwide. The primary reasons for this increase are generally attributed to increased consumption of high-sugar, high-starch, and highly caloric food and a lack of exercise. The International Diabetes Foundation estimates that "one in 10 of the world's population will have diabetes by 2035" (Greenberg 2013). Diabetes is "the sixth leading cause of death in the United States" alone (Diabetes disparities among racial and ethnic minorities, 2001, AHQ). Addressing this national and global epidemic is essential given the common, conventional wisdom in public health that "people will make the healthy choice when the healthy choice is the easy choice" (Greenberg 2013). In the developed, developing, and even the minimally developed world, it is increasingly easy to eat foods associated with triggering the disorder….

Diabetes: Times topics. (2013). The New York Times. Retrieved from:

 http://www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/diabetes/ 

Diabetes disparities among racial and ethnic minorities. (2001). AHRQ. Retrieved from:

 http://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/factsheets/diabetes/diabdisp/index.html

Diabetes as Presented Online From Two Different

Diabetes as Presented Online From Two Different Websites Diabetes is a common condition which is a form of affliction that pervasive in the U.S. Diabetes is a condition where a person's blood glucose levels are higher than normal as a result of the fact that the pancreas is unable to make enough insulin or can't use insulin as well as it should -- thus, causing insulin to be built up in one's blood. Type II diabetes is a condition which is preventable and which adults and children don't have to suffer from, as long as they engage in the proper lifestyle and dietary precautions. At this time, a plethora of websites do exist which seek to explore and educate the general public about issues which are connected to diabetes and ways that individuals and families can protect themselves from having this happen. This is of particular concern because diabetes can cause….

Cdc.gov. (2013). Basics About Diabetes. Retrieved from CDC.gov:  http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/consumer/learn.htm 

Stoppler, M. (2012). Diabetes Mellitus. Retrieved from Medicinenet.com:  http://www.medicinenet.com/diabetes_mellitus/article.htm

Diabetes Why Study Diabetes There

Researchers used this information, and designed it in such a way that it fit in with the lifestyle that this population was accustomed to (Acton, Shields, Rith-Najarian, Tolbert, Kelly, Moore, Valdez, Skipper, & Gohdes, 2001). This allowed the researchers not only to study the population more closely, but also to achieve a major degree of success that might not have been possible in a standard intervention program. The study found that many of those who completed the intervention program had lowered blood pressure, lowered weight, and lowered blood sugar levels (Acton, Shields, Rith-Najarian, Tolbert, Kelly, Moore, Valdez, Skipper, & Gohdes, 2001). While this was encouraging, the researchers were also careful to note that the only way the Native American population will actually decrease in their levels of diabetes is to continue the changes made during the intervention program over the course of their lives. Another study detailing the importance of intervention….

Bibliography

Acton, Kelly J., Shields, Ray, Rith-Najarian, Stephen, Tolbert, Bernadine, Kelly, Jane, Moore, Kelly, Valdez, Lorraine, Skipper, Betty, and Gohdes, Dorothy. 2001 Jan. Applying the Diabetes Quality Improvement Project Indicators in the Indian Health Service Primary Care Setting. Diabetes Care, v24 i1 p22.

Costacou, Tina, Levin, Sarah, and Mayer-Davis, Elizabeth J. 2000 July. Dietary patterns among members of the Catawba Indian nation. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, v100 i7 p833.

Gilliland, Susan S., Azen, Stanley P., Perez, Georgia E., and Carter, Janette S. 2002 Jan. Strong in body and spirit: Lifestyle intervention for native American adults with diabetes in New Mexico. Diabetes Care, v25 i1 p78-83.

Gilliland, Susan S., Carter, Janette S., Skipper, Betty, and Acton, Kelly J. 2002 Dec. [hba.sub.1c] levels among American Indian/Alaska Native adults. Diabetes Care, v25 i12 p2178-2184.

Diabetes Self-Care This Research Study

Individuals are asked to work toward those goals and values they hold while experience their thoughts and positive feelings." (Gregg et al., 2007) ACT is stated to have "shown positive outcomes for a wide variety of conditions including for chronic medical conditions, even when presented in very brief form." (Gregg, et al., 2007) Gregg et al. additionally states: "Diabetes researchers have called for the development of interventions designed to reduce diabetes-related distress in order to increase adherence with medical regimens (Melkus et al., 2003).Given this, there may be practical advantages to acceptance, mindfulness, and values-based action as a method of dealing with the psychological challenges of this chronic disease. Diabetes carries a substantial risk of disability and death, and it is reasonable for a person to respond to such threats with fear, worry, sadness, and avoidance. It can be invalidating and disempowering not to address these difficult thoughts and….

Williams, K.E. And Bond, M.J. (2002) the Roles of Self-Efficacy, Outcome Expectancies and Social Support in the Self-Care Behaviors of Diabetics. Psychology, Health & Medicine Vol. 7 No. 2, 2002. BrunnerRoutledge: Taylor & Francis Healthsciences.

Wdowik, Melissa J. et al. (2001) Expanded Health Belief Model Predicts Diabetes Self-Management in College Students. Society for Nutrition Education January/February 2001.

Utz, Sharon W. et al. (2006) Working Hard With it: Self-Management of Type 2 Diabetes by Rural African-Americans. Family Community Health. Vol. 29, No. 3 pp. 195-205 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. 2006.

Davies, Karen (2006) What is Effective Intervention? - Using Theories of Health Promotion. British Journal of Nursing, 2006, Vol. 13 No. 3

Diabetes and Special Education in School

Diabetes and Special Education in School Characteristics and Definition of Diabetes The Centers for Disease Control 2005 survey reports that 21 million individuals or 7% of the total U.S. population have Diabetes. Furthermore, it is reported that one in every four to six-hundred students under the age of 20 years will have diabetes. (Belson, 2010) Diabetes is a "chronic metabolic disorder that results from failure of the pancreas to produce insulin (Type 1) or from insulin resistance with inadequate insulin secretion to sustain normal metabolism (Type 2)." (American Diabetes Association 2003; Centers for Disease Control, 2002 in: Getch, Bhukanwala, and euharth-Pritchett, 2007, p.1) Characteristics of Diabetes Children with diabetes have two problems that teachers must understand: (1) Hypoglycemia; and (2) Hyperglycemia. (Children With Diabetes.com, 2010) Hypoglycemia is low blood sugar and hyperglycemia is high blood sugar. Children with low blood sugar are known to have erratic behavior or alternatively act tired and to be hungry and….

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (2002). National diabetes statistics fact sheet: General information, and nahona? estimates OR diabetes in the United States, 2000 in: Getch, Yvette; Bhukhanwala, Forma; and Neuharth-Pritchett, Stacey (2007) Strategies for Helping Children with Diabetes in Elementary and Middle Schools. Teaching Exceptional Children. Jan/Feb 2007. Retrieved from:  http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7749/is_200701/ai_n32208659/pg_4/?tag=content;col1 

National Institutes oi Health. (2003). Helping the student with diabetes succeed: A guide for school personnel. Washington, DC: Author.

National Institutes of Health. (2004). Diabetes overview. Retrieved May 14, 2004, fromhttp://diabetes. niddk.nih. gov/dm / pubs/overview/index.htm other

Diabetes and Learning Diabetes Is a Chronic

Diabetes and Learning Diabetes is a chronic disease, which induces learning disabilities and cognitive disorders. Proactive care and Symptomatic management are critical aspects of diabetes control. Successful intervention involves a collaborative effort on the part of the school staff, parents and health care providers. Diabetes is a serious health concern for the United States with more than 18.2 million people affected by the disease. The prevalence of Diabetes among children is alarming, as every year more than 13000 are being diagnosed with type-1 diabetes and even more unusual is the increasing incidence of type-2 diabetes[American Diabetes Association]. Studies have indicated that cognitive skills may be severely impaired if diabetes is not properly treated. Left unattended extreme cases of hypoglycemia may even result in severe complications such as seizures or coma. Understanding the effect of diabetes in the learning process is important in our efforts to provide optimal learning ability for the affected….

Joanne F. Rovet, Robert M. Ehrlich and Maria Hoppe, "Specific Intellectual Deficits in Children With Early Onset Diabetes Mellitus," Child Development 1988, 225-234

Joanne F. Rovet, Robert M. Ehrlich, Debora Czuchta and Michelle Akler, "Psychoeducational Characteristics of Children And Adolescents with Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus," Journal of Learning Disabilities, Vol 26, Jan 1990-page 7-22

Thies, Kathleen M, "Identifying the Educational Implications of Chronic Illness in School Children," Journal of School Health, Dec 1999, Vol 69 Issue 10, pg 392

Davidson Mayor B, "Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnosis and Treatment," Churchill Livignstone Inc., Third Edition

Diabetes Type II in Adults

Yet they gained tremendous benefits from the diabetes prevention program. It reduced the risks at 71% by choosing a moderate lifestyle. Good health could allow 20 more years to those over 65. It showed that lifestyle intervention dramatically decreased the risks of diabetes. Regular exercise was an important component of the management of Type II diabetes. It kept the weight down. The lack of exercise brought the weight up. Overweight and de-conditioning, in turn, made it harder to exercise. The type of exercises depended on the health condition or issues of the patient. Those who are somehow healthy could start walking but not too fast to talk with someone walking with them. The walk could be five to 10 minutes on flat ground increasing to 45 minutes on hilly ground at a faster pace. Those who found it hard to walk, such as those with arthritis in the hips….

Funey, J. (2005). Type II diabetes can lower blood sugar, strengthen vessels in the pine tree bark. 3 pages. Market Wire. Retrieved on April 16, 2008 at  http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_pww1/is_200511/ai_n15749219 

Gaby, a.R. (2007). Cinnamon for Type 2 Diabetes. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients: The Townsend Letter Group

Martin, B. (2005). Healthy people 2010. 2 pages. Chart: Illinois Nurses Association

Nathan, D. (2004). Novel drugs for type II diabetics. Harvard Health Letter: President and Fellows of Harvard College

Diabetes Type 2 Type 2

One must remember that poor coping skills would render the patient more susceptible to diabetes related complications, and also have an adverse impact on self-care. It is in order to counter this that individuals and their families are advised to undergo regular screening procedures, so that psychological and related problems could be handled at the very outset, instead of allowing them to fester, thereby putting the patient at greater risk. Anxiety, eating disorders, and depression can be some of the more serious complications created by untreated psychological traumas related to diabetes and its diagnosis. ("Psychological aspects of diabetes," 2003) Community resources can be very helpful indeed for a patient who may feel depressed and anxious; when he meets others who are like him, it would automatically help in alleviating some of these psychological symptoms that aggravate his disease. ("Community esources for patients with diabetes," 2007) Conclusion: To conclude, it must be….

American Diabetes Association. (2007a) "Type 2 Diabetes" Retrieved 4 November, 2007 at  http://www.diabetes.org/type-2-diabetes.jsp 

American Diabetes Association. (2007b) "Diabetes, heart disease and stroke, taking care of your heart" Retrieved 4 November, 2007 at  http://www.diabetes.org/type-1-diabetes/well-being/taking-care-heart.jsp 

Ezrin, Calvin; Kowalski, Robert E. (1999) "The type 2 diabetes diet book" McGraw-Hill

Professional.

Diabetes Is a Disease in Which the

Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not generate or properly use insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced in the body that is needed to convert sugar, starches and other food into energy needed for daily life (Wan). Prevalence Diabetes is among the five leading causes of death by diseases in most countries. However, what exactly cause diabetes is still unknown, but both genetics and environmental elements such as overweight and lack of exercise are recognized as diabetes-induced factors (Minaker). According to Piette et al., the global prevalence of diabetes mellitus is expected to double from 171 million to 366 million over the next 20 years and "developing countries will likely experience 80% of this burden" (Piette, et al., 2010, p. 56). Signs and Symptoms The signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes may include unexplained weight loss, constant hunger, weight gain, flu-like symptoms including weakness, fatigue, blurred vision, slow healing of….

Causes and symptoms of pre-diabetes (2007) available at  http://www.diabitieslife.com/diabetes/diabetes-care/type-1/causes-and-symptoms  -of-pre-diabetes.htm, Accessed December 6, 2010

Cohen, A.S.; Ayello, E.A.; (2005) Diabetes has taken a toll on your patients, Nursing, Vol. 35, Issue 5, pp. 44-47

George, J.T.; Valdovinos, A.P.; Russell, I.; Dromgoole, P.; Lomax, S.; Torgerson, D.J.; Wells, T.; Thow, J.C. (2008) Clinical effectiveness of a brief educational intervention in Type 1 diabetes: Results from the BITES (Brief Intervention in Type 1 Diabetes, Education for Self-efficacy) trial, Diabetic Medicine, Vol. 25, Issue 12, pp. 447-1453

Lee, D.S.; Remington, P.; Madagame, J.; Blustein, J.; (2000) A cost analysis of community screening for diabetes in the central Wisconsin Medicare population (results from the MetaStar pilot project in Wausau), WMJ, Vol. 99, pp. 39 -- 43.

Diabetes the Diabetic Epidemic the

There was therefore no coercion, evasion or unethical procedure in the study. The authors also make it clear that adequate information was provided to all those agreed to participate. There was obviously an open and transparent sharing of informstion about the project. After discussing the homework, the theme of the session was introduced and patients were invited to share their beliefs, emotions and experiences with regard to the theme. Subsequently, participants wrote their own individual action plans to attain a goal and discussed these with the group (Thoolen et al. 2008, p. 56). This is also evidenced by the positive evaluation that the patient's gave the course and their trainers. eferences Diabetes. etrieved from http://www.emedicinehealth.com/diabetes/article_em.htm Canning, C. (2009, January). Diabetes -- a Global Health Concern. The Middle East 38. etrieved March 7, 2010, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5030241539 Dabelko, H.I., & Decoster, V.A. (2007). Diabetes and Adult Day Health Services. Health and Social Work, 32(4), 279+. Galvin,….

Diabetes. Retrieved from  http://www.emedicinehealth.com/diabetes/article_em.htm 

Canning, C. (2009, January). Diabetes -- a Global Health Concern. The Middle East 38. Retrieved March 7, 2010, from Questia database:  http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5030241539 

Dabelko, H.I., & Decoster, V.A. (2007). Diabetes and Adult Day Health Services. Health and Social Work, 32(4), 279+.

Galvin, J.R. (2006, March). Diabetes. Ebony, 61, 157.

Diabetes An Example of a

In Vallejo, however, because of the Hispanic ethnic background of much of the population, there is a profound, healthy, and deeply culturally ingrained appreciation for the sport of baseball. Thus, to foster this interest, expanding the Little League and offering financial support to existing community organizations is one of the physical activity components of the action plan designed for the area ("Children and eight: Taking Action in the Vallejo Community," 2004). In terms of community reform in Vallejo, however, so that even parents and children not involved in sports could become active, sidewalks and areas of safe play were targeted for repair and construction, and new grocery stores within low income areas that provided fresh produce were another logistical community priority, so that parents could have access to healthy food after taking their children to practice, and that children would not snack on unhealthy foods after coming home from community….

Works Cited

"All about diabetes." ADA: American Diabetes Association Website. 2007.

Available at:  http://www.diabetes.org/about-diabetes.jsp . Accessed April 13, 2007.

"Children and Weight: Taking Action in the Benicia Community." May 29, 2003.

Available at: http://www.cwcsc.com/00assets_master/docs/takingactionpdfs/TakingactioninBenicia5.03.pdf. Accessed April 13, 2007.

Diabetes Diagnosis in Elderly Patients

Classically, the initial symptoms in young and middle age people with Type 2 diabetes are a high level of thirst and appetite and "frequent urination"; and those exact same symptoms may occur with elderly people who are near to getting diabetes. However, the difference is that the above-mentioned typical symptoms "may be replaced or accompanied by episodes of confusion, incontinence, and dryness of the eyes and mouth," Kagan continues. Another bit of confusion for doctors seeking signs of diabetes is the fact that the elderly, when their blood sugar levels are high, they are "…less likely to spill sugar into their urine, and as a result, "many elderly-onset diabetics go undiagnosed" (203). There are estimates that as many as 2.4 million people (many elderly) have diabetes but are unaware they have it, Kagan explains. From a technical point-of-view, the commonly used method of diagnosis, which is "repeated fasting glucose levels," can….

Clinical Trials. (2006). A Study to Investigate the Benefits of the Early Detection and Intensive

Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. U.S. National institutes of Health. Retrieved June 21, 2011,

From  http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00318032 .

Draheim, Marcia, and Burke, Sandra Drozdz. (2009). Diabetes and aging in the workplace: an understanding of diabetes and its relationship to aging can help EAPs better assist employees with the disease and encourage healthy behaviors among those who are susceptible to it. The Journal of Employee Assistance, 39(2), 7-10.

image

Diabetes Evidence-Based Practice Diabetes Diabetes is a disease which stays with the patient life-long except in some cases where the diabetes is gestational which occurs during pregnancy and often goes back…

Research Paper

As blood flows, it starts attracting the fluid from the tissues and therefore more fluid is entering the kidneys when filtering the blood, causing an increase in urination.…

Diabetes Care in the Elderly Curriculum Development Project Curriculum Development Project: Diabetes in the Skilled Nursing Home esidents Curriculum Development Project: Diabetes in the Skilled Nursing Home esidents The increased prevalence of diabetes…

Diabetes: The future of a chronic disease The number of cases of type II diabetes has seen a dramatic increase in recent years, both in the United States and worldwide.…

Education - Computers

Diabetes as Presented Online From Two Different Websites Diabetes is a common condition which is a form of affliction that pervasive in the U.S. Diabetes is a condition where a…

Native Americans

Researchers used this information, and designed it in such a way that it fit in with the lifestyle that this population was accustomed to (Acton, Shields, Rith-Najarian, Tolbert, Kelly,…

Business - Management

Individuals are asked to work toward those goals and values they hold while experience their thoughts and positive feelings." (Gregg et al., 2007) ACT is stated to have…

Diabetes and Special Education in School Characteristics and Definition of Diabetes The Centers for Disease Control 2005 survey reports that 21 million individuals or 7% of the total U.S. population have…

Diabetes and Learning Diabetes is a chronic disease, which induces learning disabilities and cognitive disorders. Proactive care and Symptomatic management are critical aspects of diabetes control. Successful intervention involves a…

Business - Miscellaneous

Yet they gained tremendous benefits from the diabetes prevention program. It reduced the risks at 71% by choosing a moderate lifestyle. Good health could allow 20 more years…

One must remember that poor coping skills would render the patient more susceptible to diabetes related complications, and also have an adverse impact on self-care. It is in…

Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not generate or properly use insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced in the body that is needed to convert sugar,…

Health - Nursing

There was therefore no coercion, evasion or unethical procedure in the study. The authors also make it clear that adequate information was provided to all those agreed to…

In Vallejo, however, because of the Hispanic ethnic background of much of the population, there is a profound, healthy, and deeply culturally ingrained appreciation for the sport of baseball.…

Classically, the initial symptoms in young and middle age people with Type 2 diabetes are a high level of thirst and appetite and "frequent urination"; and those exact…

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Essay on Diabetes

Students are often asked to write an essay on Diabetes in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Diabetes

What is diabetes.

Diabetes is a chronic disease where the body can’t control blood sugar levels. This happens because the body either doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t use it properly.

Types of Diabetes

There are two main types: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 is when the body doesn’t produce insulin. Type 2 is when the body doesn’t use insulin well.

Managing Diabetes

Diabetes can be managed through a healthy diet, regular exercise, and medication. Regular check-ups are also important to monitor blood sugar levels.

The Impact of Diabetes

If not managed, diabetes can lead to serious health problems like heart disease, kidney disease, and vision loss.

Also check:

  • Speech on Diabetes

250 Words Essay on Diabetes

Introduction.

Diabetes, a chronic metabolic disorder, is characterized by an increased level of glucose in the blood. It arises due to the body’s inability to produce or effectively utilize insulin, a hormone responsible for glucose regulation.

Etiology of Diabetes

Diabetes is classified into two major types: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune disorder, is a result of the body’s immune system attacking insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. On the other hand, Type 2 diabetes, the more prevalent form, is primarily associated with insulin resistance and often linked to obesity and sedentary lifestyle.

Impact and Management

Diabetes can lead to severe complications like heart disease, kidney failure, and blindness if left unmanaged. Management involves lifestyle modifications, including a healthy diet, regular physical activity, and medication or insulin therapy as needed.

Prevention and Future Research

Prevention strategies for Type 2 diabetes involve promoting healthier lifestyles and early detection. For Type 1 diabetes, research is still ongoing to understand its triggers. Advances in technology and medicine, such as artificial pancreas systems and islet cell transplantation, show promise for future diabetes management.

Diabetes, a global health crisis, requires comprehensive understanding and management strategies. With ongoing research and advancements, the future holds potential for improved diabetes care and prevention.

500 Words Essay on Diabetes

Introduction to diabetes.

Diabetes is a chronic health condition that affects millions of people worldwide. It is characterized by an elevated level of glucose in the blood, which can lead to a variety of health complications if not properly managed. The disease occurs when the body fails to produce enough insulin or is unable to effectively use the insulin it produces, resulting in glucose build-up.

There are primarily two types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. This type is less common and usually develops early in life. Type 2 diabetes, on the other hand, is more prevalent and typically develops in adulthood. It occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t produce enough to maintain a normal glucose level.

Risk Factors and Symptoms

Several factors increase the risk of developing diabetes, including genetics, obesity, lack of physical activity, and poor diet. Additionally, certain ethnic groups are at a higher risk.

Diabetes often presents with symptoms such as frequent urination, excessive thirst, unexplained weight loss, constant hunger, blurry vision, and fatigue. However, many people with Type 2 diabetes remain undiagnosed as the symptoms can be subtle and develop slowly.

Management and Treatment

While there is currently no cure for diabetes, it can be effectively managed with a combination of lifestyle changes and medication. Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and maintaining a healthy weight are crucial for managing both types of diabetes.

For Type 1 diabetes, insulin injections or use of an insulin pump are necessary. Type 2 diabetes can often be managed with lifestyle changes and oral medication, but insulin may be required as the disease progresses.

Complications and Prevention

If left uncontrolled, diabetes can lead to serious health complications, including heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, and nerve damage. Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels, along with routine medical check-ups, are essential to avoid these complications.

Prevention strategies for Type 2 diabetes include regular physical activity, a healthy diet, maintaining a normal body weight, and avoiding tobacco use. Early detection through regular health screenings is also critical, as early treatment can prevent or delay the onset of complications.

Diabetes is a significant global health concern that requires concerted efforts for effective management and prevention. Understanding the disease, its risk factors, and the importance of early detection can go a long way in reducing the impact of this chronic condition. Through lifestyle changes and medical intervention, individuals with diabetes can lead healthy and fulfilling lives.

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Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Diabetes — Diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2

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Diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2

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Published: Dec 18, 2018

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  • A fasting plasma glucose test measures your blood glucose after you have gone at least 8 hours without eating.
  • An oral glucose tolerance test measures your blood sugar after you have gone at least eight hours without eating and two hours after you drink a glucose-containing beverage
  • A random plasma glucose test, your doctor checks your blood sugar without regard to when you ate your last meal. This test, along with an assessment of symptoms Positive test results should be confirmed by repeating the fasting plasma glucose test or the oral glucose tolerance test on a different day. This blood test -- along with other information and test results - can help determine if a person has type 1 diabetes and not another type.

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The Treatment and Management of Diabetes Essay

Introduction, diabetes control and complication trial, diabetes prevention program, look ahead trial.

For centuries, medical scientists have been developing various interventions in a bid to treat and manage diabetes among the population. Nutrition and lifestyle interventions are part of interventions that have proved to be effective in the treatment and management of diabetes. According to Delahanty (2010), nutrition and lifestyle interventions are current therapies for diabetes because they “have been a critical component in three of the four largest clinical trials that focused on diabetes in the past two decades” (p. 360).

The three major clinical trials involving diabetes are Diabetes Control and Complications Trial 1983-1993 (DCCT), Diabetes Prevention Program 1996-2001 (DPP), and Action for Health in Diabetes 2001-2012 (Look AHEAD Trial). These clinical trials confirmed that nutrition and lifestyle interventions play a central role in the treatment and management of diabetes; type I and type II diabetes mellitus. Therefore, this essay examines the findings of the three clinical trials that are relevant in the treatment and management of diabetes, as nursing practice.

The DCCT trial entailed diabetic patients with type I diabetes who volunteered for the study. The clinical trial randomly assigned participants who volunteered for the study to conventional and intensive therapies. Conventional therapy is aimed at helping diabetic patients to measure their glucose levels in blood and urine while attending their clinics after every three months. Comparatively, the intensive therapy required the diabetic patients to measure their glucose levels in the blood and urine regularly while attending their clinics monthly. Both patients under conventional and intensive therapies received similar dietary counseling.

When planning a diet for diabetic patients, “insulin doses were first matched with a consistent diet, and the dieticians taught participants how to adjust insulin for variations in food intake and activity level” (Delahanty, 2010, p. 362). During the progress of the clinical trial, it was evident that intensive therapy with nutrition has a significant impact on the treatment and management of diabetes.

The findings of the DCCT show that there is a marked difference between conventional and intensive therapy. Delahanty (2010) states that “intensive therapy achieved a stable HbA1c by approximately 7.2% versus 9.1% with conventional treatment” (p. 362). Such reduction in HbA1c has significant benefits because it reduced the risk of developing retinopathy by 76% and progression of diabetes by 54%. Moreover, the reduction in HbA1c decreased the risk of developing microalbuminuria by about 30-60%. In this view, the DCCT proved that medical nutrition therapy is important in maintaining blood glucose levels, achieving HbA1c targets, and minimizing weight gain.

DPP intervention focused on patients with diabetes type II. The clinical trial aimed at determining whether 150 minutes of physical activity would help diabetic patients reduce their weights by 7%, and thus prevent or delay the occurrence of type II diabetes (Delahanty, 2010). To achieve this, DPP randomly assigned 3000 patients to three groups, namely, metformin, placebo, and lifestyle intervention groups.

Patients in the three groups underwent regular assessment after every three months, where they received their respective counseling about treatments. As case managers, the dietitians “scheduled quarterly outcome assessment visits within the appropriate time windows, reported and documented adverse events, reviewed their participants’ progress with lifestyle goals at weekly team meetings” (Delahanty, 2010, p.366). Throughout the clinical trial, dietitians assessed the impact of physical activity on the prevention, treatment, and management of diabetes type II.

The findings of DPP intervention indicate that modification of diet and physical activity are critical in preventing the development of type II diabetes among the predisposed population, or in delaying its progression among the diabetic population. According to Delahanty (2010), “the lifestyle intervention decreased the development of diabetes by 58% compared to placebo,” while metformin decreased its development by 31% (p. 366).

Moreover, the findings indicate that lifestyle intervention is very effective among older patients and the ones with low body mass index when compared to metformin intervention. Overall, lifestyle intervention of physical activity led to weight reduction, which ultimately reduced the risk of diabetes by 71% among older patients.

Look AHEAD trial focused on the impact of intensive lifestyle intervention on patients with diabetes type II. The objective of the Look AHEAD was to “determine the long-term effects of a lifestyle intervention compared to conventional ‘diabetes support and education’ treatment” (Delahanty, 2010, p. 367). The Look AHEAD intervention entailed modification of diet and incorporation of physical exercise in the management of diabetes among patients.

The evidence obtained indicates that the Look AHEAD intervention is the most effective intervention when compared to the DCCT and DPP interventions. The Look AHEAD intervention has a two-fold effect in the treatment and management of diabetes because it reduced HbA1c levels and enhances weight loss. The findings of the study are relevant in nursing, because, nurses can utilize them in aiding diabetic patients to make informed decisions regarding the nature of the diet and physical activity, which are appropriate in the management of diabetes.

The DCCT, the DPP, and the Look AHEAD are three interventions, which have proved that nutrition and physical activity are central in the treatment and management of diabetes among the population. The DCCT intervention aims at aiding a diabetic patient to understand how to manage body weight and blood glucose levels. Moreover, the aim of DPP and Look AHEAD interventions is to help a diabetic patient manage own body weight and maintain normal glucose levels in the blood. Overall, the three interventions show that dietitians have a noble role in offering lifestyle and nutritional interventions, which prevent the development and progression of diabetes in the population.

Delahanty, L. M. (2010). Research charting a course for evidence-based clinical diabetic practice in diabetes. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 23 (4), 360-370.

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Essay on Diabetes in English for Children and Students

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Essay on Diabetes: Diabetes is a metabolic disease, in which the human body fails to utilize the sugar (glucose) content in blood, thus resulting in high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period of time. Sugar present in our blood is a carried by a hormone called Insulin, to the cells and stored or used as a source of energy. Diabetes occurs when the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or the insulin is unable to effectively transfer the produced glucose to the body tissues.

Diabetes is a serious health concern and requires regular medical care. Most common symptoms of diabetes include – frequent urination, unusual weight loss, increased appetite and a desire to consume sweets.

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Long and Short Essay on Diabetes in English

Below we have provided long and short essay on diabetes of varying length on various aspects of diabetes. After going through the essay you will be able to speak or write on various issues like – causes, symptoms, types, levels and effects of diabetes.

It will also focus on diet that should be taken by a diabetic person and its effects on other vital organs of human body.

Also, you will know about the global spread of diabetes and its preventive measures as well as the significance of the World Diabetes Day.

You can choose any Diabetes essay of your choice from the essays given below and use the information in competitions, debates, class tests etc.

Short Essay on Diabetes –200 words

A Silent Threat to Humanity

Diabetes is a metabolic disease which is caused due to the excess of sugar (glucose) in human blood. It is also called as Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Our body produces a hormone – Insulin, which is primarily responsible for carrying glucose present in our blood to the cells to be stored and used as energy source. Problem occurs when either the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin, or the insulin produced is somehow unable to effectively transfer the glucose from blood to the cells.

A persistent increased blood sugar level is a potential threat to the vital organs and other parts of human body. Initial symptoms of diabetes are frequent urination, dizziness, weight loss, increased hunger etc. Diabetes may cause severe complications like – consciousness loss, kidney failure, brain stroke, foot ulcers and damage to the eyes.

Diabetes Mellitus has become the most common disease and around 425 million people globally are suffering from diabetes; out of which 82 million belong to the south-east Asian region. India, which is also a part of south-east Asia, has over seven crores cases of diabetes recorded annually.

With lifestyle changes and less physical exercise, more and more people are getting affected by diabetes. It is estimated that given to the present state of affairs, total number of diabetes patients in south-east Asia alone, will rise to 151 million.

Essay on Diabetes – 300 Words

Effects of Diabetes and Diabetes Day

Diabetes or Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disease caused due to the excess of blood sugar level in human body. An excessive quantity of sugar in blood, damages other vital organs like – kidney, heart and brain. Though, it is caused by the under production of insulin hormone by the pancreas, it is also a life style disease, caused due to unhealthy dietary habits and lack of physical exercise.

Effects of Diabetes on Health

Diabetes has wide range of effects on human body and health. It is the condition in which the glucose present in the human blood is somehow fails to be utilized as the source of energy. It could be either due to under production of insulin hormone, which carries sugar from blood to the cells, or it could be due to the unresponsiveness of cells to receive the sugar.

Whatever the reason may be, it results in excess blood sugar (glucose) content. Diabetes may potentially affect the vital organs like heart, kidney, brain and eyes. It may cause cardiovascular diseases, heart attack, kidney failure, hearing loss, bacterial and fungal skin infections and brain stroke.

World Diabetes Day and its Significance

Globally, around 425 million people are suffering from diabetes and the number is about to increase significantly in coming years if the preventive measures are not taken. Therefore, to raise awareness of people about diabetes, International Diabetes Federation (IDF) observes World Diabetes Day every year on 14 th November.

World Diabetes Day was first launched in 1991, as a counter measure to the increasing number of diabetes patients around the world.

Diabetes Mellitus is a global threat, with billions affected globally by it, it becomes imperative to raise public awareness about the causes, symptoms and effects of diabetes in order to effectively reduce the number of patients globally. Global events like World Diabetes Day play a significant role in freeing the world from Diabetes Mellitus.

Essay on Diabetes – 400 Words

Diabetes Mellitus and Kidney Problems

Diabetes Mellitus is a condition when human body is unable to effectively utilize the sugar (glucose) present in its blood ultimately leading to high blood glucose level. Blood is a vital body fluid that reaches all the body parts, and an abnormally high glucose level in blood could potentially damage the vital body organs and other body parts.

Causes and Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes is identified by high sugar (glucose) content in human blood. Glucose is a source of energy for the body and is normally present in blood which supplies glucose to other parts of body. The body parts that receive glucose do so with help of a hormone called Insulin. As long as the pancreas normally produces insulin, the blood glucose level is maintained. But, an abnormality in insulin production or its inefficiency to effectively transfer the glucose to the body tissues, leads to excess of glucose in blood. This metabolic condition is identified as Diabetes or Diabetes Mellitus.

Common symptoms of diabetes mellitus include tiredness, loss of stamina, sweating, persistent hunger, loss of weight and frequent urination. Any such symptoms must not be neglected and proper medical advice must be sought.

How Diabetes is Related to the Health of Kidney

Diabetes is one of the most common causes of kidney failure. Kidneys are the vital body organ which cleans the blood. A high content of glucose in blood damages the blood vessels of kidney, resulting in a medical condition called Diabetic Nephropathy.

With damaged blood vessels, your kidneys will not be able to effectively clean the blood, resulting in waste accumulation in your blood and body as well. This cycle continues, further damaging the kidneys and also other body parts. If the damage continues, it might result in serious complications including kidney failure.

The damage to the kidneys begins long before the other symptoms of diabetes actually appear. Patients suffering from diabetes should get their kidneys examined from time to time. Retention of urine in the bladder caused due to diabetes might also result in pressure on kidneys, further damaging them.

It is recorded that around 30 to 40% of diabetes patients will eventually face kidney failure. The number is disturbing given the billions of diabetes patients worldwide. Apart from raising people’s awareness on diabetes, there is also a need to make the tests of kidneys affordable for a common man. Diabetes patients must be regularly tested for the health of their kidneys and other vital organs.

Essay on Diabetes – 500 Words

Diabetes Mellitus and Heart Attack

Diabetes is a metabolic condition in which the blood retains more glucose, than it should under normal conditions. A high blood glucose level may damage the vital organs of human body like kidney, eyes, ear, heart and brain. Diabetes is caused due to under production of insulin hormone by the pancreas, which acts as a bridge for blood sugar (glucose), to move from blood to the other cells of the body.

Signs of Diabetes Mellitus

Some of the typical symptoms of Diabetes include anxiety, tiredness, blurred vision, headache, irritation, weakness, loss of stamina and faster heartbeat. These are only initial symptoms of diabetes and indicate the forthcoming severe consequences. Every sign of diabetes speaks volumes about the effects of the disease. For example, tiredness, dizziness is caused due to the inability of one’s body cells to successfully convert blood glucose into energy. Increased blood sugar levels in the blood damages the vital organs including heart.

Person suffering from diabetes is more likely to have cardiovascular complications including heart attack. Diabetes leads to high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels, escalating the possibility of a heart attack.

High glucose content in the blood damages the blood vessels of heart. Damaged blood vessels are unable to pump the required blood at the required rate, ultimately causing heart attack and other heart diseases. People suffering from diabetes are more likely to have cardiovascular disorders from a very early age, than the people who are not suffering from diabetes.

There are also certain factors which might increase one’s chance of heart attack, like smoking, drinking liquor, obesity, high cholesterol level and unhealthy lifestyle. The given factors, if present with diabetes, substantially increase the chances of a heart attack.

Prevention is Better than Cure

The best way for a diabetic person to stop a heart attack from occurring is by keeping a check on his/her blood sugar level. A diabetic person should always take necessary precautions to keep his/her blood sugar level under control. The precautions include – routine checkup of sugar level and heart, avoiding unhealthy and oily food, quit smoking, adapting to healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, and early morning walks etc.

The blood vessels of a diabetic patient are already weaker as compared to that of a normal human being. If a diabetic patient consumes unhealthy or junk food, he/she increases his/her cholesterol level, which together with the damaged blood vessels makes a heart attack most likely possibility. Activities like exercising and walking keep one’s cholesterol level under control, hence decreasing the chances of a heart attack.

A diabetic person must also take precautionary measures to keep his/her high blood pressure under control. Such patients are more likely to get a heart attack when compared to any normal patient of high blood pressure.

Diabetes is a silent killer; when unchecked, it slowly damages the vital organs resulting in their malfunction and severe health complications. Necessary precautionary measures should be taken, especially by a diabetic person to keep his/her heart and other vital organs in a healthy condition. Diabetes damages the heart’s blood vessels increasing the possibility of a heart attack.

Long Essay on Diabetes – 600 Words

This one is a complete essay providing information about “Meaning, Types, Causes, Symptoms, Effects and Levels of Diabetes.”

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder which is identified by the high blood sugar (glucose) level. An increased blood glucose level damages the vital organs as well as other organs of the human’s body causing other potential health ailments.

Types of Diabetes

Diabetes Mellitus could be further classified into the following two types –

1) Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is classified by deficiency of insulin in blood. The deficiency is caused by the loss of insulin producing beta cells in pancreas. This type of diabetes is found more common in children. It is characterized by an abnormally high or low blood sugar levels.

The patients of type 1 diabetes require regular administration of insulin. The type 1 diabetes is hereditary i.e. you are most likely to have type 1 diabetes if any of your parents had it. Symptoms of Type 1 diabetes include frequent urination, thirst, weight loss and constant hunger.

2) Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is characterized by the inefficiency of body tissues to effectively respond to insulin, which may be combined by insulin deficiency. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes.

People with type 2 diabetes mellitus take medicines to improve the body’s responsiveness to insulin or to reduce the glucose produced by the liver. This type of diabetes mellitus is generally attributed to lifestyle factors like – obesity, low physical activity, irregular and unhealthy diet, excess consumption of sugar in form of sweets, drinks etc.

Causes of Diabetes

The food that we eat is broken down into useful compounds through the process of digestion. One of these compounds is glucose, usually referred to as blood sugar. Glucose is food for the cells of human body i.e. body cells rely on the availability of glucose for further using it as a source of energy. The job of carrying glucose to the cells of the body is done by the blood.

But mere carrying the glucose to the cells by blood isn’t enough for the cells to absorb glucose, a job which is done by hormone insulin, supplied by the pancreas. Insulin acts as a bridge for glucose to transit from blood to the body cells. Problem arises when the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin or the body cells for some reason doesn’t respond to receive the glucose; both the cases result in the excess of glucose in blood, which is referred as Diabetes or Diabetes Mellitus.

Symptoms of Diabetes

Most common symptoms of diabetes are fatigue, irritation, stress, tiredness, frequent urination and headache including loss of strength and stamina, weight loss, increase in appetite etc.

Levels of Diabetes

There are two types of blood sugar levels – fasting blood sugar level (blood sugar test before food) and postprandial blood sugar level (blood sugar test two hours after having meal). Sugar level measured after fasting for at least eight hours generally after an overnight fast is called fasting sugar level. Blood sugar level below 100 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter) before eating food is considered normal.

Sugar level measured after two hours of eating is called postprandial glucose level or PP level. The PP blood sugar level should be below 140 mg/dL, two hours after the meals.

Though, the maximum limit in both the cases is defined, the permissible levels may vary among individuals. Some people may have normal fasting sugar level of 60 mg/dL while some may have the normal value of 90 mg/dL.

Effects of Diabetes

Diabetes may have severe health consequences and it affects vital body organs. Excessive glucose in blood damages kidneys, blood vessels, skin resulting in various cardiovascular and skin diseases and other ailments. Diabetes damages the kidneys, resulting in accumulation of impurities in body. It also damages the heart’s blood vessels increasing the possibility of a heart attack.

Apart from damaging vital organs, diabetes may cause various skin infections and the infection in other parts of the body. The prime cause of all type of infections is the decreased immunity of body cells due to their inability to absorb glucose.

Diabetes is a serious life threatening disease and must be constantly monitored and effectively subdued with proper medication and by adapting to a healthy life style. By following a healthy lifestyle, regular checkups and proper medication one can observe a healthy and long life.

Essay on Diabetes FAQs

Can eating too much sugar cause diabetes.

No, eating too much sugar doesn't directly cause diabetes, but it can increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes over time.

What are the 3 main symptoms of diabetes?

The 3 main symptoms of diabetes are frequent urination, excessive thirst, and unexplained weight loss.

Who gets diabetes and why?

Anyone can get diabetes, but it's more common in those with a family history, poor diet, or lack of physical activity.

How can I prevent diabetes naturally?

You can prevent diabetes naturally by maintaining a healthy weight, eating a balanced diet, and staying physically active.

What is the main prevention of diabetes?

The main prevention of diabetes involves lifestyle changes, like eating well and exercising regularly.

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In The Following Essay I Will Be Talking About Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Is On The Increase And Is Now A Very Prominent Public Health Issue.

In the following essay I will be talking about type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is on the increase and is now a very prominent public health issue. In the following essay I will be talking about type 2 diabetes. Diabetes is on the increase and is now a very prominent public health issue. I have a great interest in the metabolic disease as both my maternal and paternal grandparents suffered from it. Type 2 diabetes is very prevalent within my family and if the disease is hereditary both my parents and I may be at risk of it. Diabetes is more like a way of life to many Asian people as they feel they are more than likely to get it. I hope to prove diabetes is down to an individual lifestyle and dietary choices. Diabetes affects 2.8 million people in the UK. It is thought that a further one million people have the condition but are not aware of it. There are two different types of diabetes 'Type 1' and 'Type 2'. With type 1 diabetes the signs and symptoms are usually very obvious and develop very quickly, typically over a few weeks. The symptoms are quickly relieved once the diabetes is treated and under control. With type 2 diabetes the signs and symptoms may not be so obvious, as the condition develops slowly over a period of years and may only be picked up in a routine medical check up. Symptoms are quickly relieved once diabetes is treated and under control. Type 2 diabetes can occur at any age. People from African Caribbean and South Asian communities are advised to get tested for diabetes if they are over 25 and have any of the risk factors. White people are advised to get tested for diabetes after the age of 40. Type 2 diabetes is caused by a complicated interplay of genes, environment, insulin abnormalities, increased glucose production in the liver, increased fat breakdo Continue reading >>

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An Informative Essay On Diabetes Essay

An Informative Essay On Diabetes Essay

Custom Student Mr. Teacher ENG 1001-04 25 April 2016 Modern life provides better living conditions, but also brings no less depressing. Diseases in humans more, there are very dangerous diseases, but medicine is still the solution, one has to mention diabetes. In the past few decades, diabetes is one of the ten major causes of death in most countries around the world. According to the world Diabetes Federation, diabetes(also called diabetes mellitus) has claimed the lives of 4.6 million people each year. Do you want to understand clearly about how to know diabetic symptoms and how to prevent it? There are some useful information for you. First of all, increased urination at night, hunger, thirst, rapid weight loss, limbs inflammation, blurred vision, and fatigue are the first warning signs of the diabetess presence. Although diabetes is classified as a dangerous disease, many patients are indifferent to, or even belittle the disease. A testament to this problem: two thirds of people with diabetes do not know they have diabetes. Morever; Vietnam is not a country with the largest percentage of the worlds diabetes, however diabetes in Vietnam, the worlds fastest growing. This reality shows that diabetic patients in our country tends to younger, usually between the ages of 30-65, especially 9-10 years of age only. Today, with modern medicine, though diabetes is not still completely cured, if patients are detected early and treated properly, which can greatly reduce the unfortunate complications for patients and help them to live with this cruel disease. Therefore, when the body has diabetes symptoms, you should see your doctor and check your blood sugar to be timely support. Secondly, what will we do to prevent the symptoms of diabetes?. Currently, diabetic treatments were Continue reading >>

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How To Conclude The Essay On Diabetes?

How To Conclude The Essay On Diabetes?

I am doing an assignment on diabetes .so please give the relevant information on how to conclude it. Are you sure that you want to delete this answer? Best Answer: write that a disease preventable by every one but not attempted by anyone Source(s): I Cured My Diabetes - Source(s): 30 Days Diabetes Cure : In a conclusion you usually answer several questions after you restate your thesis statement without repeating what is already stated. First, "summarize the main point of the article." One mistake that students often make is to include too much detail in their conclusions. Instead of summarizing the most important information in the main points, they essentially repeat long sections of their paper." Papers should end with a statement that mentally brings the reader to a stop. This statement should be relatively short; three sentences is a good limit. Concluding statements might include: re-emphasizing why this is an important topic a brief statement about the need for future research However, avoid clich statements that start with "so the next time," such as: "So the next time you're watching a Disney film, hopefully you'll think more about gender roles. "Writing a strong conclusion is an important skill that many students lack. Students need to summarize the main points concisely, avoid repetition, avoid the introduction of new information, and use signpost language. They also need to end the paper with an effective concluding statement. Remember, a conclusion is like a goodbye at the end of a first date, as this is the last chance you have to convince your date that he or she should go out with you again just as this is the last chance you have to convince your professor that you should get an A. (How was that?)" So youve done the research and youve written the paper Continue reading >>

Hot Essays: Essay On Diabetes Treatment

Hot Essays: Essay On Diabetes Treatment

Learning how to cope with diabetes is as important as the treatment for it. Many studies have shown that a persons emotional state bears a direct impact on the physical well being of the individual. Certain attitudes towards the disease may lead to improper care or not seeking treatment at all. Denial is one such problem, and is common when first diagnosed with diabetes and in fact most doctors consider it part of the process of diagnosis. The problem with denial is when it lingers and keeps the patient from learning and doing what they need to in order to stay healthy. If the patient believes that diabetes isnt a serious matter they may not check their blood glucose regularly resulting in not taking the proper amounts of medication. They may ignore meal plans set up by the dietitian, eating the wrong types or amounts of food. The diabetic may think that since they feel good then there isnt any reason to take their medication. Each of these can lead to serious health problems and the solution is in recognizing that this is a serious disease with the possibility of life threatening complications. Our Service Can Write a Custom Essay on Diabetes for You! Depression is another danger in people diagnosed with diabetes. While most people with diabetes do not have depression, they are at greater risk of developing it than those without diabetes. When facing the many complications such as nerve damage, retinal damage and heart problems they can become overwhelmed. Depression can cause diabetics to feel that they are a burden to those around them because of all the extra effort in their daily routine. Loss of Pleasure, loss of energy and trouble concentrating are also all attributable to depression. Depression can lead to suicidal thoughts, thinking that why bother or Its goin Continue reading >>

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Type 1 Diabetes :: Papers

Type 1 Diabetes :: Papers

Length: 1194 words (3.4 double-spaced pages) What is diabetes type I Health implications of diabetes type I Physical Activity What is physical activity? Why do we need physical activity in our lives? Physical Activity and Diabetes (Epidemiology) Conclusion Bibliography Introduction For our seminar topic "physical activity and disease" we chose diabetes as the focus of our research. Since diabetes is such a complex disease with many different forms, we decided to focus on diabetes type I. This is known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). This type of diabetes includes people who are dependant on injections of insulin on a daily basis in order to satisfy the bodies insulin needs, they cannot survive without these injections. OVERVIEW OF DIABETES TYPE I What is diabetes type I? In order to understand the disease we firstly need to know about insulin. Insulin is a hormone. The role of insulin is to convert the food we eat into various useful substances, discarding everything that is wasteful. It is the job of insulin to see that the useful substances are put to best use for our well-being. The useful substances are used for building cells, are made ready for immediate expenditure as energy and also stored for later energy expenditure. The cause of diabetes is an absolute or lack of the hormone insulin. As a result of this lack of insulin the processes that involve converting the foods we eat into various useful substances does not occur. Insulin comes from the beta cells which are located in the pancreas. In the case of diabetes type I almost all of the beta cells have been destroyed. Therefore daily injections of insulin become essential to life. Health implications of diabetes type I One of the products that is of vital importance in our bodies is glucose, a s Continue reading >>

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Research Essay About Diabetes, A Challenging And Chronic Disease

Research Essay About Diabetes, A Challenging And Chronic Disease

Research essay about diabetes, a challenging and chronic disease I wrote about diabetes for my biology research paper. I need someone to proof read for me. It is in APA style. Thank you! =) In America, the fact that fast food restaurants are located at every corner many people becomes obesity leading to huge risk factors. The various issues of unhealthy living lead to multiple life threatening diseases, such as diabetes. When people hear the news that they have been diagnosed with diabetes, it makes them feel frightened. In 2011, statistics show that in United States 25.8 million of children and adults has diabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2012). American Indians and Alaska natives have a higher percentage of adults with diabetes than other ethnicities (Collazo-Clavell et all. 2009). Diabetes is a serious life-long illness caused by high level of glucose in the blood. This condition is when the body cannot produce insulin that is located in the pancreas. Insulin is a hormone that moderates the blood level. Diabetes affects the process of how the body uses blood sugar (Collazo-Clavell et all. 2009). Glucose is significant since it is "the main source of fuel" (Collazo-Clavell et all. 2009). There is no cure for diabetes but there are ways to lower the risks. Although diabetes is a disorder, it can also lead to other factors such as heart attack, kidney failure, or death. A person with diabetes has to maintain a healthy lifestyle including eating the right food, exercising, controlling their blood sugar level, and be optimistic. Diabetes occurs in several forms but the major ones are Type I and II diabetes and gestational diabetes. Type I diabetes is also known as "Juvenile Diabetes" because it typically occurs in children and young adults. The symptoms for Type I Continue reading >>

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Conclusions - Diabetes And The Environment

Conclusions - Diabetes And The Environment

Type 1 Diabetes Incidence and Chemical Production, U.S. Type 1 diabetes incidence has increased in conjunction with chemical production in the U.S. over the past decades. Incidence rates were low before World War 2 (the range is shown in the bars above 1920), when the widespread use of chemicals began. While correlation does not prove causation, these trends could be related. You can click on the image to make it larger. Chemical data from Neel and Sargis 2011 , type 1 incidence data from various studies, included in this PubMed collection . Type 1 Diabetes Incidence is Increasing in Children, But Why? When I began this research, I had three basic questions. Here they are, along with the answers I found. Are more children really getting type 1 diabetes?Yes. Type 1 diabetes incidence is increasing in children, especially the youngest children, in countries around the world ( Diamond Project Group 2006) (see the incidence page for details) The article, Environmental Trigger(s) of Type 1 Diabetes: Why So Difficult to Identify?describes a number of the ongoing studies of type 1 diabetes, and some of their major findings. The author proposes that the various existing cohort studies work together to provide data that is available to analyze across all of the different studies ( Rnningen 2015). This article was published in a special issue of the journal BioMed Research International on environmental triggers of type 1 diabetes ( Rnningen et al. 2015), which includes the comprehensive article, Can exposure to environmental chemicals increase the risk of diabetes type 1 development? ( Bodin et al. 2015). Do Chemicals Play a Role in Type 1 Diabetes Development? Continue reading >>

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Conclusion For Diabetes Free Essays

Conclusion For Diabetes Free Essays

The Coast of DiabetesAudience: Group of classmatesGeneral Purpose: To informSpecific Purpose: To provide the audience with information about Diabetes and increase their knowledge.Introduction:-- Attention-getter: -- Qualifications/credibility: I was diagnosed with diabetes when I was 11 months old. For the past 5 years I was making research on how to keep diabetes under control and avoid complications. -- Audience motivation/relevance: During my presentation I will give you... Diabetes, Diabetes mellitus, Diabetic retinopathy 514 Words | 3 Pages Diabetes Name:Institution:DiabetesAn intervention generally describes a combination of strategies and set of activities that are aimed at improving the health status of an individual or an entire priority population. Interventions with multiple strategies are the bet equips to sensitizing a target population and in so doing improvement of the status of that select group. With regard to the diabetes intervention, the select group is the geographical setup of Hawaii and specifically the... Assessment, Data, Diabetes 897 Words | 5 Pages Informative Speech Outline: DiabetesName: Man ShuDate: May 27, 2013Lab Section # 4 and Lab Instructor's name: Specific Purpose: To inform my audience of three types of diabetes, the way to determine whether you have diabetes, pre-diabetes or neither, and the effective way to control diabetes.Central Idea: We can possibly stop this disease from growing so rapidly by understanding what diabetes is and finding out if we could be at riskPattern of Organization: TopicalAttention: If... Diabetes, Diabetes mellitus, Diabetes mellitus type 1 680 Words | 2 Pages Diabetes I am going to discuss the chronic disease diabetes and the risk factors associated with this chronic disease. I will also discuss who is c Continue reading >>

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Diabetes Mellitus :: Essays Research Papers Fc

Diabetes Mellitus :: Essays Research Papers Fc

Ambient Air Pollution and Diabetes Mellitus Essay - I. Introduction and Purpose Diabetes mellitus, or simply diabetes, is a disorder in which the body is incapable of fully utilizing converted energy taken from food. There are three types of diabetes: type 1 or insulin-dependent, type 2 or adult on-set, and gestational diabetes (Webmd.com, 2014). According to the American Diabetes Association, in 2011 there were approximately 25.8 million cases of diabetes in the United States, 7 million of which were undiagnosed, and an estimated 79 million cases of prediabetes (American Diabetes Association, 2014).... [tags: Ambient Air Pollution and Diabetes Mellitus] - Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 In Children INTRODUCTION: Diabetes is not a single disease it is a multifactorial group of syndromes all characterized by an increase in the level of blood glucose that occurs due to lack of presence of insulin. Mainly, the less release of insulin leads to excess deposition of glycogen which is a peptide hormone synthesized by the pancreas and plays a role in raising the level of glucose in blood. (Mycek, 2007). Diabetes is usually divided into two types, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus also known as type 1 diabetes mellitus and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus also known as type 2 diabetes mellitus or Adult onset diabetes.... [tags: Health, Type 2 Diabetes] - Diabetes mellitus is a collection of common metabolic disorders. The scenario of passing large amount of urine is described by the Greek and Roman physicians as diabetes whereas the term mellitus refers to sweet taste (Barrett, Barman, Boitano, & Brooks, 2012). The name of the disease reveals one of the important clinical manifestation, that is, passing sweet-tasted urine, and in the other word, the presence of sugar in the u Continue reading >>

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Diabetes Mellitus: Causes And Effect

Diabetes Mellitus: Causes And Effect

Disclaimer: This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UK Essays. Diabetes Mellitus is considered one of the major health threats diseases that affect people nowadays. It affects both genders male and female within different age group. However, it is mainly occurs as a result of insulin secretion disorder. Every person is different, so Diabetes Mellitus treatment will be tailored to needs. There are lists of common drugs prescribed in Bahrain clinics which are along with a proper diet and exercise help in controls high glucose level in the blood and also help in reduce complication of Diabetes Mellitus such as kidney damage, eye blindness, nerve problems, loss of limbs, and sexual function problems. Proper control of diabetes Mellitus also reduces the risk of a stroke and heart attacks. Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic medical condition, mean in controlled it is restore life time. There are two major type of Diabetes Mellitus known as type 1(IDDM) or Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus and type 2 (NIDM). This topic was selected to obtain more details regarding this disease to help people in elevate their knowledge and awareness about Diabetes Mellitus prevention to reduce its complication. This paper on Diabetes Mellitus in both genders will include general information of the disease, symptoms, causes and risk factors of Diabetes Mellitus. Finally, the effects, treatment and prevention of the disease will also be considered in this paper. Types of Diabetes Mellitus There are two main kinds of Diabetes Mellitus are type 1(IDDN), type 2 (NIDM), and Gestatio Continue reading >>

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Essay Conclusion On Diabetes | Vk

Essay Conclusion On Diabetes | Vk

[writing|Custom papers] essay conclusion on diabetes, Paper writing services Then you can give your opinions about the book. We have been developed some years ago to provide you with quality help with writing a thesis paper on any discipline: Psychology, Management, Philosophy, Economics, International Business, Marketing, History, Literature, English, Art, Computer Science, Religion, Political Science, Sociology, Accounting, Anthropology, Finance, Ecology, IT, Communications, Sports, Geography, Mathematics, Geology, Biology, Astronomy, Physics, Chemistry and others. You have to consider what position you can back up with reasoning and evidence. I highly recommend this service for all your writing needs. You may write about your past work experiences, and what you gained from it. The fifth feature bibliography. Some of us headed for the tuck-shop while the rest headed for their parents. You can call our customer support team is professionals of their mistakes in essay and term paper writing companies. When you are aware of the cream. essay on nelson mandela in afrikaans, Custom writing helps, cheap research paper, order cheap essay, custom essay writing affordable term papers, reviews Buy essays online here and be calm for the result., uk best essays review Essay for esl students Some students define key terms in the introduction. Writing the college application essay Ask yourself what would you really want to test them writing the college application essay for anything you might want to. For the good of all students out there, I decided to write this elaborate review on some of the top essay writing services on the market and tell you how good they really are. Theres no academic level we cant cover. Buy Essays Online Get Fine Results Buy essays for college at a servic Continue reading >>

Diabetes Essay | Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 | Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Essay | Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 | Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes is a disease in which the pancreas cant produce insulin. Diabetes is also a serious lifelong disease Can lead to heart attack, kidney failure, blindness, and even death Diabetes has been around for thousands of years and can date back to Egypt 1500Bc where it is said that a disease caused people to urinate frequently and it is the oldest one on record Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death Insulin is a hormone used to convert sugar, starches and other foods into energy. Scientists dont know what causes diabetes although both genetics and environmental factors such as obesity and lack of exercise play roles in Diabetes 23.6 Million Children and adults In the USA have diabetes 7% of the entire population. An estimated 17.9 million have been diagnosed with Diabetes 5.7 Million people or are unaware that they have this disease To determine whether you have Diabetes, the doctors give you Fasting Plasma Glucose Test or an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test FPG glucose levels between 100 and 125 mg/dl signals pre-diabetes a person with glucose levels of 126 mg/dl or higher have diabetes In OGTT glucose levels are measured after 2 hours of drinking a glucose rich Beverage OGTT levels are between 140 and199mg/dl the person has pre diabetes If OGTT levels are at 200 mg/dl the person has Diabetes Major Types of Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes -5-10% diagnosed Children and Young Adults diagnosed Also known as juvenile Diabetes Conditions associated with Diabetes 1 are Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemia, Ketoacidosis and Celiac disease. Symptoms of type 1 look like the flu, strep throat, or an eating disorder Can be dangerous because you can slip in to a coma and die before your diabetes is discovered Immune system plays a key role- make antibody to destroy viruses and they sometimes m Continue reading >>

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Here Is The Diabetes Research Paper Example You Need

Here Is The Diabetes Research Paper Example You Need

A Basic Research Paper Sample About Diabetes Diabetes (Diabetes mellitus) is a group of diseases that negatively affect the bodys ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin. This results in elevated levels of glucose in the blood because the body cannot metabolize carbohydrates correctly. Over 380 million people are affected by this disease worldwide and the World Health Organization has predicted in 1999 that diabetes will become the seventh cause of death worldwide by 2030. There are three types of diabetes: Type 1, Type 2 and Gestational. In this paper, we will discuss the causes of this disease and potential cures. Type 1 diabetes means that the immune system is compromised and the cells fail to produce insulin in sufficient amounts. There are no eloquent studies that prove the causes of type 1 diabetes and there are currently no known methods of prevention. Type 2 diabetes means that the cells produce a low quantity of insulin or the body cant use the insulin correctly. This is the most common type of diabetes, thus affecting 90% of persons diagnosed with diabetes. It is caused by both genetic factors and the manner of living. Gestational diabetes appears in pregnant women who suddenly develop high blood sugar. In two thirds of the cases, it will reappear during subsequent pregnancies. There is a great chance that type 1 or type 2 diabetes will occur after a pregnancy affected by gestational diabetes. Genetic factors are the main cause of diabetes. It is caused by at least two mutant genes in the chromosome 6, the chromosome that affects the response of the body to various antigens. Viral infection may also influence the occurrence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Studies have shown that infection with viruses such as rubella, Coxsackievirus, mumps, hepati Continue reading >>

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Diabetes And Exercise-conclusion

Diabetes And Exercise-conclusion

Written by Bina Naik |Medically Reviewed by Dr. Reeja Tharu Dr. Shroff, Dr. Sumana on Mar 15, 2016 Exercise reduces the severity of the disease and the long term complications of diabetes. In effect, a well-planned and-regular exercise regimen can be very beneficial if made a part and parcel of everyday life, more so if one has diabetes. Exercise has the advantages of controlling the blood sugar levels without taking additional medications. Overall regular exercise cannot only help in better control of blood sugar but also helps with control of weight and blood pressure as it lowers the bad cholesterol and raises the level of good cholesterol in the blood. Exercise can reduces the risk of heart disease and nerve damage, the risks of which are higher with diabetes. Sedentary people have shriveled hearts and most of us who do not exercise have an atrophied body. - Bruce B. Dan, 1984 Help in Early identification of Diabetic Retinopathy Start screening for diabetic retinopathy and other eye problems in your Clinic or Hospital We offer an online seamless solution that can benefit the patients. Please fill the form and submit it to us and a representative will call you and Discuss your requirements Continue reading >>

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Study About A Patient With Type 1 Diabetes

Study About A Patient With Type 1 Diabetes

Study about a patient with type 1 diabetes Disclaimer: This essay has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers. You can view samples of our professional work here . Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UK Essays. Health behaviour describes those actions or lifestyles that people would conform to when they are enjoying good health so as to keep healthy and also to prevent diseases from attacking them. On the other hand what is known of illness behaviour is what people try to do when they start noticing the symptoms of a certain disease in them or in other people. The sick role behaviour will occur later when a person has consulted a doctor, and has been diagnosed and had started on a course of treatment. When the disease does not go away but instead turns to follow a chronic course, the person will have to adjust to a more permanent condition thus, impairing the then developed role behaviour. Another important area in health behaviour involves the interpersonal, social and cultural surroundings. Not only is the behaviour of the individual/patient of importance but also those of other people in their life e.g., family members, workmates, bosses, friends will affect whatever the individual does to maintain their healthy status or treat disease. The behaviour of the doctor or physician who is providing health care is also important in the way they interact with the patient. This will on a broader scale involve the institutions in which the health care services take place. This is because these institutions are the ones that decide what kind of health care services are to be provided, and the durat Continue reading >>

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  1. Essay about diabetes?

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  2. Conclusion Of Cvd / Executive Summary

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  3. How to Write a Diabetes Essay: Example and Tips

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  4. Diabetes Essay

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  5. Essay About Diabetes

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  6. 📌 Public Health in the Prevention of Diabetes Essay

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COMMENTS

  1. Summary and Conclusion

    Cite Get Permissions Diabetes is a multifactorial disease process, and its long-term management requires the active involvement of people with diabetes and their families, as well as a large multidisciplinary care team to ensure optimal health, quality of life, and productivity.

  2. Essay on Diabetes for Students and Children

    1) Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is classified by a deficiency of insulin in the blood. The deficiency is caused by the loss of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This type of diabetes is found more commonly in children. An abnormally high or low blood sugar level is a characteristic of this type of Diabetes.

  3. The prevention and control the type-2 diabetes by changing lifestyle

    It has been estimated that the number of diabetes sufferers in the world will double from the current value of about 190 million to 325 million during the next 25 years. [ 1, 2, 3] Individuals with type-2 diabetes are at a high risk of developing a range of debilitating complications such as cardiovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, n...

  4. Diabetes mellitus: The epidemic of the century

    Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Metabolic abnormalities in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins result from the importance of insulin as an anabolic hormone.

  5. Essay on Diabetes

    Number of words: 3480 Introduction Diabetes is a healthcare condition that has continued to affect so many people, both young and old. Understanding more about Diabetes will help people live a healthy lifestyle by avoiding all the possible things that might cause it.

  6. Diabetes Essay

    26 Pages Better Essays Informative Essay on Diabetes "Diabetes mellitus is not a single disease but a group of disorders with glucose intolerance in common" (McCance 674). Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia (increased blood sugar) and results from defective insulin production, secretion, and utilization.

  7. 341 Diabetes Essay Topics & Examples

    1 hour! 341 Diabetes Essay Topics & Examples Updated: Oct 26th, 2023 25 min When you write about the science behind nutrition, heart diseases, and alternative medicine, checking titles for diabetes research papers can be quite beneficial. Below, our experts have gathered original ideas and examples for the task. We will write

  8. Essays About Diabetes

    6 pages / 2714 words The aim of this report is to explore and explain the impacts of diabetes as a chronic condition. This report will give detailed analysis and assessment on the prevalence, risk factors and social effects.it also aims at expounding on the significance the condition has at... Diabetes 4

  9. Type 2 Diabetes

    Learn More Patient: What is type 2 Diabetes and how is it developed? Doctor: Type 2 diabetes can be described as a complication in the metabolic processes characterized by a relative shortage of insulin and high levels of glucose in the blood (Barnett, 2011).

  10. From Research to Reflection: A Step-by-Step Guide to Writing an Essay

    A Step-by-Step Guide To Writing An Essay On Diabetes. Writing an essay on diabetes requires thorough research and reflection. You can't just proceed with a diabetes essay like any normal essay topic. When writing an essay on diabetes, you can't get wrong with your facts and information. One mistake in your information can affect your whole ...

  11. Public Health Issue: Diabetes Mellitus

    There are predominantly two types of diabetes mellitus (diabetes); type 1 diabetes occurs when the body does not produce any insulin and type 2 diabetes occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin to function properly or when the body cells do not react to insulin.

  12. Diabetes Mellitus: Causes And Effect

    Some un treated diabetes patients also complain of fatigue, nausea and vomiting. Patients with diabetes are easily developing infections of the bladder, skin, and vaginal areas. Fluctuations in blood glucose levels can cause blurred vision. Extremely elevation of glucose levels can lead to lethargy and coma.

  13. Type 2 diabetes mellitus

    Diabetes UK campaigns to raise awareness of type 2 diabetes because if left undiagnosed, the condition can result in long-term complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke.

  14. Diabetes Essay Sample For Free

    08/28/2021 | Ronald Garcia | 2704 views Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects the body's ability to break down sugars and starches, control blood glucose levels, and use insulin. It can lead to blindness, nerve damage, kidney failure, lower-limb amputation, or death.

  15. How to Write Type 2 Diabetes Essay

    Step 7: Writing the conclusion. To write your type 2 diabetes essay conclusion, restate your thesis from the introduction without doing it verbatim (word for word). Proceed to summarize what you have discussed in the body paragraphs. The last part, which is also the most interesting is to include at least one personal perspective.

  16. What Is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Nursing Essay

    Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of the disease. Diabetes mellitus is where the body cells cannot use glucose properly for lack of or resistance to the hormone insulin, which is produced by the pancreas. Diabetes can lead to serious complications over time if left untreated. The high blood sugar levels from uncontrolled diabetes can ...

  17. Diabetes Essays: Examples, Topics, & Outlines

    Diabetes Evidence-Based Practice Diabetes Diabetes is a disease which stays with the patient life-long except in some cases where the diabetes is gestational which occurs during pregnancy and often goes back to normal after the delivery. Typically there are two types of diabetes which are type 1 and type 2 diabetes but less common are gestational diabetes and other types which contain features ...

  18. Essay on Diabetes

    Conclusion Diabetes, a global health crisis, requires comprehensive understanding and management strategies. With ongoing research and advancements, the future holds potential for improved diabetes care and prevention.

  19. Diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2: [Essay Example], 440 words

    Get original essay. Type 1 is where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin whereas, type 2 is where the body doesn't produce enough insulin. The amount of sugar in the blood is controlled by a hormone called insulin, which is produced by the pancreas. When food is digested and enters your bloodstream ...

  20. Diabetes Essay Conclusion

    Diabetes Essay Conclusion Crafting an essay conclusion on the topic of diabetes can be quite challenging due to the multifaceted nature of the subject. The conclusion serves as the final opportunity to leave a lasting impression on the reader, summarizing key points and driving home the significance of the discussed information. ...

  21. The Treatment and Management of Diabetes Essay

    The Treatment and Management of Diabetes Essay Exclusively available on IvyPanda Table of Contents Introduction For centuries, medical scientists have been developing various interventions in a bid to treat and manage diabetes among the population.

  22. Essay on Diabetes in English for Children and Students

    You can choose any Diabetes essay of your choice from the essays given below and use the information in competitions, debates, class tests etc. Short Essay on Diabetes -200 words. A Silent Threat to Humanity . Diabetes is a metabolic disease which is caused due to the excess of sugar (glucose) in human blood. It is also called as Diabetes ...

  23. Diabetes Essay Conclusion

    Diabetes Mellitus :: Essays Research Papers Fc. Ambient Air Pollution and Diabetes Mellitus Essay - I. Introduction and Purpose Diabetes mellitus, or simply diabetes, is a disorder in which the body is incapable of fully utilizing converted energy taken from food. There are three types of diabetes: type 1 or insulin-dependent, type 2 or adult ...