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UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS: 2011/2012 YEAR 2 EXAMINATION FOR THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BIT 2301 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY DATE: APRIL 2012 TIME: 2 HOURS INSTRUCTIONS: Answer Question One and Any other Two Questions

QUESTION ONE a) Differentiate between the following terms i.Validity and Reliability ii.Qualitative and quantitative research methods iii.Descriptive and inferential statistics [6 Marks] b) List any four functions of a research proposal [4 Marks] c) Explain the research process [7 Marks] d) Research involves extracting meaning from facts. Give examples of three methods that are used to extract meaning from facts [3 Marks] e) List three functions of statistics [3 Marks] f) List five type of validity [5 Marks] g) What is a case study [2 Marks] QUESTION TWO a) Interview is one of the methods to obtain data. Explain three types of interviews [3 Marks] b) Explain three types of experimental Designs [6 Marks] c) Experimental research can be classified to independent, dependent, functional and factorial designs. Clearly explain each classification [4 Marks] d) Define the following terms i. Statistics ii. Hypotheses iii. Data Supremacy iv. Literature review [4 Marks] e) State three good research ingredients [3 Marks] QUESTION THREE a) Describe three dissertation enhancing features [3 Marks] b) Explain factors that may course Bias in research design [3 Marks] c) Descriptive survey looks at phenomena of moment and describes the phenomena fully. State and explain features of descriptive survey [8 Marks] d) State and explain types of sampling procedure [6 Marks] QUESTION FOUR a) Explain the following terms as used in research i.Tool ii.Method iii.Methodology [5 Marks] b) Research problem form the bases of the research, it should be well stated. Discuss vital aspects put in place when stating the research problem [8 Marks] c) Discuss five importance of literature review in a research [5 Marks] d) What is the importance of a research proposal to the researcher [2 Marks] QUESTION FIVE a) Qualitative research is a broad term encompassing variety of approaches to interpretative research. Explain [10 Marks] b) Explain the meaning of the following descriptive research i. Longitudinal research ii. Correctional research iii. Ex Post Facto research [3 Marks] c) Discuss five sampling techniques, stating appropriate, advantages and disadvantages [5 Marks] d) One of the important research tools is the ability to make MEASUREMENTS. Explain the term measurements. [2 Marks]

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KNEC| KASNEB| KISM| Study notes and Revision materials for schools in Kenya. KNEC certificate courses, Diplomas, Higher Diplomas, KISM courses cpsp-k and aps-k, KASNEB cpa, atd, cs, cifa, ccp, dcm, cict and cict, Ksce and Kcpe

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Social, Research Methods and Communication Skills June- July 2016 Past Question Paper

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Electrical and electronic engineering.

  • Diploma in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (Power option)
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  • Artisan in Electrical Installation

Building and Civil Engineering

  • Diploma in Building Technology
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  • Certificate in Building Technology
  • certificate in plumbing
  • Artisan in plumbing
  • Artisan in Masonry

Hospitality/Food and Beverage

  • Diploma in Food and Beverage Management
  • Diploma in Food Science Processing Technology
  • Diploma in Catering and Accommodation Managements
  • Diploma in Tourism Management
  • Certificate in Catering and Accommodation
  • Certificate in Food Processing and Preservation Technology 
  • Certificate in Food and Beverage Production and Service
  • Certificate in Tour Guiding and Travel Operations

Business Studies

  • Diploma in Business Management
  • Diploma in Human Resource Management
  • Diploma in Supply Chain Management
  • Diploma in Sales and Marketing
  • Certificate in Business Management
  • Certificate in Human Resource Management
  • Certificate in Project Management
  • Certificate in Supply Chain Management
  • Certificate in Sales and Marketing  

Computer Studies/ICT

  • Diploma in Information Communication Technology
  • Certificate in Information Communication Technology

Applied Sciences

  • Diploma in Analytical Chemistry
  • Diploma in Applied Biology
  • Diploma in Applied statistics
  • Science Laboratory Technology
  • Diploma in Environmental Science
  • Diploma in Medical Laboratory Technology

Agriculture and Aquaculture

  • Diploma in Agriculture
  • Diploma In sustainable Agriculture And Rural Development
  • Certificate in General Agriculture
  • Certificate in Fisheries Technology
  • Artisan in General Agriculture
  • Artisan in Agriculture Mechanics
  • Certificate in Fisheries Science and Technology

Social Work

  • Diploma in Social Work and Community Development
  • National Certificate in Social Development

Clothing and Textile Department

  • Diploma in Fashion Design and Clothing Technology
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Mechanical and Automotive Engineering

  • Artisan In Motor Vehicle Mechanics
  • Certificate In Automotive Engineering
  • Certificate In Mechanical Engineering
  • Certificate In Motor Vehicle Engineering
  • Diploma in Automotive Engineering
  • Diploma in Mechanical Engineering
  • Diploma in Early Childhood Development and Education(ECDE)
  • Certificate in Early Childhood Development and Education(ECDE )

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Certificate in Human resource management module 1 KNEC past papers

Download free Certificate in Human resource management module 1 KNEC past papers on this site inclusive of all units. We have compiled you several KNEC past papers from past years both July and November KNEC series to help you get started and improve your learning.

Certificate in Human resource management module 1 UNITS

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  • Business calculation and statistics
  • Business finance
  • Communication
  • Elements of Human resource management
  • Information and communication technology
  • Office administration and management

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Certificate in Human resource management module 1 Course outline

Business calculation and statistics course outline

This unit explains how Business statistics  takes the  data  analysis tools from elementary  statistics  and applies them to  business . This unit is taught in four courses mainly, certificate in supply chain management, certificate in business management, certificate in project management and certificate in human resource management

Business finance course outline

This course is a survey of the basic principles and concepts used in the financial management of a business enterprise addressed from both theoretical and practical standpoints. Topics include money and capital markets, financial management of working capital, capital budgeting and fixed asset management. This unit is taught in three courses certificate in supply chain management, certificate in business management and certificate in human resource management

Commerce course outline

This unit is designed to expose students to the basic commerce and entrepreneurship practices. The main focus is to developed knowledge in business planning, entrepreneurship concept, business ethics, business management and financial management. This unit is taught in 7 courses certificate in secretarial studies, certificate in supplies management, certificate in business administration, certificate in human resource management, certificate in road transport management, certificate in clerical duties and certificate in cooperative management.

Communication course outline

This unit uses an experiential and self reflective approach. It aids students in the development of personal strengths and self-awareness that contribute to communication skills and positive relationships with others in daily life and in the workplace. This unit is taught in almost all courses examples certificate in secretarial studies, certificate in supplies management, certificate in business administration, certificate in human resource management, certificate in road transport management, certificate in clerical duties, certificate in cooperative management, certificate in tour guiding operations among others.

Elements of Human resource management course outline

This unit teaches several  elements that are considered cornerstones for effective human resource management policies. these components include;

  • Recruitment & selection.
  • Performance management.
  • Learning & development.
  • Succession planning.
  • Compensation and benefits.
  • Human Resources Information Systems.
  • HR data and analytics.

Information and communication technology course outline

ICT refers to all  communication technologies , including the internet, wireless networks, cell phones, computers, software, middleware, video-conferencing, social networking, and other media applications and services.

Office administration and management course outline

This Unit of study focuses on the multitude of responsibilities behind an effective and functional office. The study of office administration incorporates components of customer service, organization, management and leadership.

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  • Certificate in plumbing module 1 KNEC past papers
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  • Diploma in social work and community development module 3 KNEC past papers
  • Diploma in electrical and electronic engineering module 3 KNEC past papers
  • Diploma in Human resource management module 3 KNEC past papers
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  • 12 February 2024

China conducts first nationwide review of retractions and research misconduct

  • Smriti Mallapaty

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Technicians wearing full PPE work in a lab

The reputation of Chinese science has been "adversely affected" by the number of retractions in recent years, according to a government notice. Credit: Qilai Shen/Bloomberg/Getty

Chinese universities are days away from the deadline to complete a nationwide audit of retracted research papers and probe of research misconduct. By 15 February, universities must submit to the government a comprehensive list of all academic articles retracted from English- and Chinese-language journals in the past three years. They need to clarify why the papers were retracted and investigate cases involving misconduct, according to a 20 November notice from the Ministry of Education’s Department of Science, Technology and Informatization.

The government launched the nationwide self-review in response to Hindawi, a London-based subsidiary of the publisher Wiley, retracting a large number of papers by Chinese authors. These retractions, along with those from other publishers, “have adversely affected our country’s academic reputation and academic environment”, the notice states.

A Nature analysis shows that last year, Hindawi issued more than 9,600 retractions, of which the vast majority — about 8,200 — had a co-author in China. Nearly 14,000 retraction notices, of which some three-quarters involved a Chinese co-author, were issued by all publishers in 2023.

This is “the first time we’ve seen such a national operation on retraction investigations”, says Xiaotian Chen, a library and information scientist at Bradley University in Peoria, Illinois, who has studied retractions and research misconduct in China. Previous investigations have largely been carried out on a case-by-case basis — but this time, all institutions have to conduct their investigations simultaneously, says Chen.

Tight deadline

The ministry’s notice set off a chain of alerts, cascading to individual university departments. Bulletins posted on university websites required researchers to submit their retractions by a range of dates, mostly in January — leaving time for universities to collate and present the data.

Although the alerts included lists of retractions that the ministry or the universities were aware of, they also called for unlisted retractions to be added.

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More than 10,000 research papers were retracted in 2023 — a new record

According to Nature ’s analysis, which includes only English-language journals, more than 17,000 retraction notices for papers published by Chinese co-authors have been issued since 1 January 2021, which is the start of the period of review specified in the notice. The analysis, an update of one conducted in December , used the Retraction Watch database, augmented with retraction notices collated from the Dimensions database, and involved assistance from Guillaume Cabanac, a computer scientist at the University of Toulouse in France. It is unclear whether the official lists contain the same number of retracted papers.

Regardless, the timing to submit the information will be tight, says Shu Fei, a bibliometrics scientist at Hangzhou Dianzi University in China. The ministry gave universities less than three months to complete their self-review — and this was cut shorter by the academic winter break, which typically starts in mid-January and concludes after the Chinese New Year, which fell this year on 10 February.

“The timing is not good,” he says. Shu expects that universities are most likely to submit only a preliminary report of their researchers’ retracted papers included on the official lists.

But Wang Fei, who studies research-integrity policy at Dalian University of Technology in China, says that because the ministry has set a deadline, universities will work hard to submit their findings on time.

Researchers with retracted papers will have to explain whether the retraction was owing to misconduct, such as image manipulation, or an honest mistake, such as authors identifying errors in their own work, says Chen: “In other words, they may have to defend themselves.” Universities then must investigate and penalize misconduct. If a researcher fails to declare their retracted paper and it is later uncovered, they will be punished, according to the ministry notice. The cost of not reporting is high, says Chen. “This is a very serious measure.”

It is not known what form punishment might take, but in 2021, China’s National Health Commission posted the results of its investigations into a batch of retracted papers. Punishments included salary cuts, withdrawal of bonuses, demotions and timed suspensions from applying for research grants and rewards.

The notice states explicitly that the first corresponding author of a paper is responsible for submitting the response. This requirement will largely address the problem of researchers shirking responsibility for collaborative work, says Li Tang, a science- and innovation-policy researcher at Fudan University in Shanghai, China. The notice also emphasizes due process, says Tang. Researchers alleged to have committed misconduct have a right to appeal during the investigation.

The notice is a good approach for addressing misconduct, says Wang. Previous efforts by the Chinese government have stopped at issuing new research-integrity guidelines that were poorly implemented, she says. And when government bodies did launch self-investigations of published literature, they were narrower in scope and lacked clear objectives. This time, the target is clear — retractions — and the scope is broad, involving the entire university research community, she says.

“Cultivating research integrity takes time, but China is on the right track,” says Tang.

It is not clear what the ministry will do with the flurry of submissions. Wang says that, because the retraction notices are already freely available, publicizing the collated lists and underlying reasons for retraction could be useful. She hopes that a similar review will be conducted every year “to put more pressure” on authors and universities to monitor research integrity.

What happens next will reveal how seriously the ministry regards research misconduct, says Shu. He suggests that, if the ministry does not take further action after the Chinese New Year, the notice could be an attempt to respond to the reputational damage caused by the mass retractions last year.

The ministry did not respond to Nature ’s questions about the misconduct investigation.

Chen says that, regardless of what the ministry does with the information, the reporting process itself will help to curb misconduct because it is “embarrassing to the people in the report”.

But it might primarily affect researchers publishing in English-language journals. Retraction notices in Chinese-language journals are rare.

Nature 626 , 700-701 (2024)

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-00397-x

Data analysis by Richard Van Noorden.

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