short essay on indian constitution

Essay on Constitution of India for Students and Children

500+ words essay on constitution of india.

The constitution of India came into force from 26 January. A special committee is gathered to draw and outline the constitution. The constitution gives all the details related to what is legal and what is illegal in the country. In addition, with the enforcement of the constitution, the Indian sub-continent become the Republic of India . Besides, the drafting committee consists of seven members that were supervised by B.R. Ambedkar. Moreover, the constitution helps in maintaining prosperity and peace in the country.

Salient Features of the Constitution

The list of salient features of the Indian constitution is very long and there are many uniqueness about it that you won’t find in any other countries constitution.

Longest Written Constitution

The first thing that makes the Indian constitution different is its length. The constitution of India contains a preamble, 448fourhundred, and forty-eight Articles, twenty-five groups, twelve Schedules, and five appendices. Moreover, it takes around 3 years to complete the draft of the constitution.

The Rigidity and Flexibility of the Indian Constitution

The constitution is hard as well as soft both at the same time. While on one side the supreme power needs to be followed carefully to maintain the law and order in the country, on the other side the citizen can appeal to amend the outdated provisions. But there are certain provisions that can be easily amended and there are some that take a lot of time and resources to amend. Furthermore, there have been more than 100 amendments in the constitution from the day of its enforcement.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

The original constitution does not have preamble but it was later on added to the constitution. Also, it gives a detailed account of the constitution’s philosophy. The preamble states that India is a Socialist, Secular, Sovereign, and Democratic republic. In addition, it believes in equality, justice, and freedom of its people . The constitution puts the welfare of its people first rather than the state.

A Secular State

According to the constitution of India is a secular country that means that it does not give special status to any religion. Anyone can perform his religion freely.

It means a dictator or monarch does not rule the country. Moreover, it nominates and elects its head every five years.

Fundamental Policies

The constitution of t5he country states every fundamental duty of its citizens under it. These duties have to be followed by all the citizens of the country equally whether it’s a rich person or a poor one. Besides, these duties include the respect of national flag and national anthem , integrity and unity of the country, the safeguard of public property, and various others.

Directive State Principle or Policy

This policy is simple guidelines to the state in which ensure the development of its socio-economy via its policies.

In conclusion, the constitution serves as guidelines for every citizen. Also, law and rule are completely defined in the constitution. The head of the drafting committee Dr. B.R. Ambedkar has done a remarkable job that no one can forget. He and his team draft constitution that no other country has bale to do till date. Besides, the constitution has helped India to attain the status of the Republic in the world.

FAQs about Essay on Constitution of India

Q.1 Define what is the Indian constitution in simple words? A.1 The constitution is the supreme law of the country. Everything is predefined in it. Besides, the constitution is a framework that guides the procedures, policies, and power of the government.

Q.2 Who is known as the father of the Indian constitution? A.2 Dr. B.R. Amberdkar is the father of the Indian constitution because he was the head of the drafting committee that completed the constitution.

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Essay on Constitution of India in English for Children and Students

Table of Contents

Essay on Constitution of India: The constitution of India became effective on 26 th January 1950; though it was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 th November 1949. It was written by a drafting committee headed by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. Therefore it is the longest written constitution that defines the power, procedures and responsibilities of the government institutions of India and gives detailed account of the fundamental rights and duties of the citizens of our country.

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Target Exam ---

The original Indian Constitution is hand written, calligraphed and also the lengthiest Constitution in the world. The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India drafted by the Constituent Assembly, superior even to the Parliament, as it cannot over rides it. With the Constitution coming into effect, India’s status from “Dominion of India” was changed to the “Republic of India”.

Long and Short Essay on Constitution of India in English

Here are long and short essay on Constitution of India to help you with the topic in your exam.

After going through the Constitution of India essay you will know about the features of Constitution, who was in the drafting committee of the constitution, which other constitutions is the Indian constitution inspired from, how long does it took to draft the Constitution, and other facts of the Constitution of India.

However you can use these essays in your school’s essay writing competition, debate competition or other similar events.

Short Essay on Constitution of India in 200 words

The Constitution of India drafted under the chairmanship of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar who known as the Father of the Indian Constitution. It took almost three years to draft the Constitution. Various socio-political and economic aspects of the society were taken into consideration while drafting the Constitution. The drafting committee also referred to the Constitutions of various other counties including Britain, France and Japan to seek valuable inputs.

The Constitution of India includes the Fundamental Rights and Duties of the citizens, the Directive Principles of State Policy and the Federal Structure of the Government of India. Every policy, right and duty has explained at length in the Indian Constitution thereby making it the longest written Constitution in the world.

More than 2000 amendments had to made in the Constitution of India in order to get it approved. It was adopted on 26th November 1949 and enforced completely on 26 th January 1950. This was the day when our country began to be known as the Republic of India. 26 th January is since then celebrated as the Republic Day. The Indian National Flag is hoisted at various places across the country and the National Anthem is sung to rejoice the day. National Constitution Day, a special day dedicated particularly to the Indian Constitution, came into being in 2015.

Essay on Importance of Constitution of India in 300 words

The Constitution of India is known to the supreme document that gives a detailed account of what the citizens of India can and also cannot do. It has set a standard that needs to followed to ensure law and order in the society and also to help it develop and prosper.

Constitution Defines the Fundamental Rights and Duties of Indian Citizens

The fundamental rights and duties of the Indian citizens have clearly defined in the Constitution of the country. However the Fundamental Rights of the Indian citizens include the Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right to Freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational Rights, Right against Exploitation, Right to Constitutional Remedies. Therefore these are the basic rights that all the citizens of the country entitled to irrespective of their caste, colour, creed or religion.

Some of the fundamental duties of an Indian citizen are to respect the constitution, honour the national flag and national anthem, protect the unity, preserve the heritage of the country, protect the integrity and sovereignty of India, promote the spirit of brotherhood, have compassion for living creatures, strive for excellence, protect public property and contribute his/ her bit in maintaining peace. These also mentioned at length in the Indian Constitution.

Constitution Defines the Structure and Working of the Government

The structure and working of the government also stated at length in the Constitution of India. The Constitution mentions that India has a parliamentary system of government. This system is present at the centre as well as in the states. The Prime Minister and the Union Council of Ministers have the power to take all the major decisions. The President of India, on the other hand, has nominal powers.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar along with his team of six members who were a part of the drafting committee came up with the Constitution of India. The Constitution approved after several amendments. Many amendments have also done after the enforcement of the Constitution.

Essay on Formation of Constitution of India in 400 words

The Constitution of India came into form on 26 th November 1949. A special committee formed to draft the Constitution that gives a detailed account of the practices that are deemed lawful and those deemed unlawful and are punishable. Therefore the Constitution was enforced on 26 th January 1950. With the enforcement of the Constitution, our country came to be known as the Republic of India.

Special Drafting Committee for the Constitution of India

The task of drafting the Constitution of India was that of great responsibility. The Constituent Assembly set up a special drafting committee to further this work. There were seven members in the drafting committee. These included prominent Indian leaders namely, B.R. Ambedkar, B.L. Mitter, K.M. Munshi, N. Gopalaswami Ayengar, Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar, DP and Mohammad Saadullah. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar headed the drafting committee. Ambedkar referred to as the Father of the Indian Constitution. This is because it was under his guidance and supervision that this big draft came into form.

Indian Constitution – Inspired by Constitutions of Other Countries

The constitution of India drew inspiration from the constitutions of various other countries. Many of the concepts and acts included in our constitution borrowed from the constitutions of countries such as France, Germany, Japan, Australia, USA, Britain, Ireland, Russia and South Africa.

The drafting committee of the Indian Constitution also referred to the Government of India Act 1858, the Government of India Act 1919 and 1935 and the Indian Independence Act 1947 to get an idea about the acts and features to be included in the Constitution. These previous acts helped the committee understand the condition and requirement of the citizens of the country. Our Constitution thus often referred to as the bag of borrowings. It consisted of as many as 395 articles, 22 parts and 8 schedules at the time of its enactment. It handwritten and calligraphed.

After putting in immense efforts when the drafting committee presented the final draft of the Constitution of India, it suggested to make several amendments. The committee sat together to make more than 2000 amendments to get the Constitution approved. The members conducted several discussions to make appropriate amendments for getting the approval. 284 members of the Constituent Assembly of India signed the Constitution to give their approval on the same. This done two days before the enforcement of the constitution.

The Constitution of India is a massive piece of writing that includes a detailed account of the dos and don’ts for the Indian system. It has undergone around 100 amendments since it came into form.

Essay on Constitution of India in 500 words

Constitution of india – the supreme power of country.

The Constitution of India rightly said to the supreme power of the country. The laws, codes, rights and duties mentioned in the Indian Constitution need to followed strictly by the citizens of the country. Therefore the decisions made in the parliament and Supreme Court of India are all based on the laws and codes defined in the Constitution of India. Parliament of India does not have the power to override the constitution.

Dr. B. R Ambedkar – The Chief Architect of Indian Constitution

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar headed the drafting committee formed to write the Constitution of India. He was the chairman of this committee. He contributed immensely in the formation of the Constitution by giving several valuable inputs and thus came to be known as the chief architect of the Constitution of India. There were six other members in the drafting committee which formed by the Constituent Assembly of India. These members worked under the guidance of Dr. Ambedkar.

Constitution of India Replaced Government of India Act

The Government of India Act, 1935 acted as the fundamental governing document of India until the formation of the Constitution of India. The Constituent Assembly of India adopted the Constitution of India in November 1949. Many of the articles of the Constitution came into force at that time. The Constitution effectively enforced on 26 th January 1950 which came to known as the Indian Republic Day. The remaining articles became effective on this date. Our country which until then called the Dominion of the British Crown thereafter came to known as the Sovereign Democratic Republic of India.

Special Days to Celebrate the Constitution of India

The formation and enforcement of Indian Constitution celebrated at a grand scale on the Republic Day each year. Republic Day is a national holiday in the country. A massive event organized at India Gate, New Delhi on Republic Day to honour the Constitution of the country. The constitutional head of India, i.e., its president hoists national flag at Rajpath. The Prime Minister and President of India and several Chief Ministers of different states of the country are present at the event. Parades by school kids and armed forces held on Rajpath. School children also perform dances and other cultural acts. Parade of beautiful tableau displaying the culture of various Indian states also held during the event.

Several small events organized at different offices and schools throughout the country to commemorate the Indian Constitution. Painting, essay and music competitions held in schools in addition to colleges. Patriotic songs sung and aslo speeches about the Constitution of India delivered.

National Constitution Day

In the year 2015, Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, gave the suggestion to dedicate an exclusive day to our constitution. Since the Indian Constitution adopted on 26 th November 1949, this date chosen to honour the constitution. 26 th November celebrated as the National Constitution Day since 2015.

Many small and big events organized in schools, colleges and government institutions across India on this day. The importance of the Indian Constitution emphasized during these events. Patriotic songs sung and cultural activities organized to celebrate the day.

The Constitution of India has prepared with precision considering the interest of the common man as well as the overall interest of the country. It is a gift for the citizens of our country.

Long Essay on Constitution of India (600 words)

Introduction

Enforced on 26 th January 1950, the Constitution of India prepared by a committee consisting of seven members headed by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. It guides the citizens of India, the country’s government bodies and other authorities to act in the right manner. However it has played a significant role in maintaining peace and prosperity in the country.

Salient Features of the Constitution of India

Here are the top salient features of the constitution of India:

Longest Written Constitution

The Constitution of India the longest written constitution in the world. It took almost three years to write this detailed constitution. However it has a preamble, 448 articles, 25 groups, 12 schedules and 5 appendices. It is much lengthier than the US Constitution that includes only 7 Articles.

Amalgamation of Rigidity and Flexibility

The Constitution of India is a mix of rigidity and flexibility. While it is the supreme power that needs to followed diligently to maintain law and order in the country, the citizens can appeal to amend the provisions they deem outdated or stern. While certain provisions can amended with some difficulty others are easy to amend. As many as 103 amendments have done in the Constitution of our country since its enforcement.

The Preamble

The well drafted Preamble of the Indian Constitution gives a detailed account of the philosophy of the constitution. It states that India is a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic. It is a welfare state which puts its people first. However it believes in equality, freedom and justice for its people. While democratic socialism followed right from the beginning, the term Socialism added only in 1976.

India – A Secular State

The Constitution has declared India a secular state. Therefore India does not give special status to any religion. It provides its citizens complete freedom to choose their religion. It condemns religious groups instigating people in the name of religion.

India – A Republic

The Constitution declares India to be a Republic. Therefore the country not ruled by a nominated head or monarch. It has an elected head called the President. The President, elected indirectly by the people of the country, comes to power for a period of 5 years.

India – A Mix of Federalism and Unitarianism

The Constitution describes India as a federal structure with many unitary features. It referred to as a Quasi-Federation or a Unitarian Federation. Just like a federation, India has divided power among the centre and states. It has a dual administration system. It has a written, supreme constitution that needs to followed religiously. Therefore it includes an independent judiciary embedded with the power to decide centre-state disputes. At the same time it has unitary features such as a strong common constitution, common election commission and emergency provisions to name a few.

Fundamental Duties of Citizens

The Constitution of India clearly states the fundamental duties of its citizens. Some of these are to upload and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India, respect the national flag and the national anthem, preserve the rich heritage of the country, protect the natural environment, safeguard public property and treat everyone equally.

Directive Principles of the State Policy

The Directive Principles of the State Policy also mentioned in the Constitution of India. These principles are basically the guidelines provided to the state to further socio-economic development aims via its policies.

The Constitution of India serves as a guiding light for its citizens. Therefore everything well-defined in the Indian Constitution. It has helped India attain the status of a Republic. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and the members of the drafting committee of the Indian constitution have indeed done a commendable job for which they will always remembered.

Essay on Constitution of India FAQs

What is indian constitution short note.

The Indian Constitution is a written document that outlines the framework and rules for governing India. It defines the powers, duties, and responsibilities of the government and its citizens.

What is constitution in 100 words?

A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents that a state or organization is governed by. It outlines the structure of government, establishes rights and freedoms, and provides the framework for laws and institutions.

What is constitution 10 lines?

A constitution is a written document that sets the basic rules for governing a country. It defines the structure of the government, allocates powers among different entities, protects the rights of citizens, and establishes the legal framework for the nation.

What is the Constitution of India?

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the country. It lays down the framework that defines the political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of the government institutions, and sets out fundamental rights and duties of citizens.

Who started Constitution of India?

The drafting committee for the Constitution of India was chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. He played a pivotal role in shaping and finalizing the Constitution.

Essay on Constitution of India for Students and Children in 1000 Words

In this article, you will read about Constitution of India, its background, Constituent Assembly, Membership, Drafting, Structure.

Table of Contents

Essay on Constitution of India (1000 Words)

The supreme law of India is known as the Constitution of India. The framework of demarcating fundamental political code laid down in the documents, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of state institutions. It sets out fundamental rights , directive principles, and, therefore, the responsibilities of citizens.

It’s the longest written constitution of any country on earth. The chief architect of the IConstitution of India considered as B. R. Ambedkar , who was chairman of the drafting committee.

Constitutional supremacy imparted into the Indian Constitution, not parliamentary sovereignty since it had been created by a constituent assembly instead of Parliament and was adopted by its people with a declaration in its preamble.

The Constitution B. R. Ambedkar cannot override by the Parliament and Constitution of India on the 2015 India postage. It was embraced by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949 and has become effective on 26 January 1950.

The Constitution replaced the Govt. of India Act, 1935, because the country’s fundamental governing document, and therefore the Dominion of India, became the Republic of India. The framers repealed prior acts of the British Parliament in Article 395 to make sure constitutional autochthony. On 26 January, India celebrates its constitution acceptance day as Republic Day.

Background of Indian Constitution

British ruled from 1857 to 1947 most of the Indian subcontinent. From 1947 to 1950, equivalent legislation continued to implement as India was a dominion of England for three years, as each princely state was encouraged by V. P. Menon and Sardar Patel to sign the articles of assimilation with India.

Therefore, the British government continued to be liable for the external security of the country. Constitution of India repealed the Indian Independence Act of 1947 and Government of India Act, 1935, when it became valid on 26 January 1950.

India stopped to be a dominion of the British Crown and have become a sovereign democratic republic with the Constitution. Articles 5, 6, 7, 9, 8, 60, 324, 367, 366, 379, 388, 394, 391, 393, 392, and 380 of the Constitution came into force on 26 November 1949, and therefore on 26 January 1950, the remaining articles became effective.

Constituent Assembly

The Constituent Assembly, which was elected by members elected by the provincial assemblies, drafted the Constitution. The 299-member assembly (which reduced from 389 after the partition of India) drafted the Constitution, which took almost three years, holding eleven sessions over 165 days.

B. R. Ambedkar had studied the constitutions of about 60 countries as a wise constitutional expert; he was a thoughtful legal expert. Ambedkar recognized because of the “Father of the Constitution of India.” Within the constitution assembly, a member of the drafting committee, T. T. Krishnamachari, said: “Mr. President, Sir, I’m one among those within the House who have listened to Dr. Ambedkar carefully.

I’m conscious of the quantity of labor and enthusiasm that he has delivered to bear on the work of drafting this Constitution. At an equivalent time, I realize that quantity of attention that was necessary for the aim of drafting a constitution so important to us at this moment has not been given to it by the Drafting Committee.

The home is perhaps aware that of the seven members nominated by you, one had resigned from the House and was replaced. One died and wasn’t replaced. Another one was away in America, and his place filled up, and another person was involved in State matters, and there was a void to its extent.

One or two people were distant from Delhi, and maybe reasons of health didn’t permit them to attend. The burden of drafting this Constitution ultimately fell on Dr. Ambedkar and that I haven’t any hesitation that we are grateful to him for having achieved this task during a manner which is undoubtedly commendable.”

Membership in Constitution of India

B. R. Ambedkar, C. Rajagopalachari Sanjay Phakey, Vallabhbhai Patel , Jawaharlal Nehru , Rajendra Prasad, Sandipkumar Patel, KanaiyalalManeklal Munshi, Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar, Abul Kalam Azad, Nalini Ranjan Ghosh, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, and Balwantrai Mehta were vital figures within the assembly, which had over 30 representatives of the scheduled classes.

The Anglo-Indian community represented by Frank Anthony and, therefore, the H. P. Modi. Harendra Coomar Mookerjee represented the Parsis community, a Christian assembly vice-president, chaired the minorities committee, and represented non-Anglo-Indian Christians. Ari Bahadur Gurung represented the Gorkha community.

Judges, like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, K. M. Munshi, Benegal Narsing Rau, and Ganesh Mavalankar, were members of the assembly. Female members included Sarojini Naidu, Durgabai Deshmukh Hansa Mehta, Amrit Kaur, and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit. Sachchidananda Sinha, who was the first two-day president of the assembly; Rajendra Prasad was later elected president. The group met for the first time on 9 December 1946.

Drafting of Constitution of India

In the International Court of Justice, an official Benegal Narsing Rau who became the primary Indian judge & was president of the UNSC appointed in 1946 as the assembly’s constitutional adviser. The Constitution’s general structure was his responsible; Rau prepared its initial draft in February 1948. Committees were proposed at the 14 August 1947 meeting of the assembly.

The selection considered, debated, and amended by the eight-person drafting committee, appointed by B. R. Ambedkar, who was in the chair on 29 August 1947 with A revised draft constitution prepared by the committee and presented to the assembly on 4 November 1947.

While deliberating the revised draft constitution, the meeting moved, discussed, and disposed of 2,473 amendments out of a complete of seven, 635. The meeting held eleven sessions in 165 days before adopting the Constitution.

The Constitution embraced on 26 November 1949, which was signed by 284 members. The day is widely known as National Law Day or Constitution Day; the day chosen to widespread the significance of the Constitution and to spread thoughts and concepts of Ambedkar.

A bespectacled Nehru is bending over an outsized book, Jawaharlal Nehru signing the Constitution at the assembly’s final session convened on 24 January 1950. Two copies of the Constitution were signed by each member, one in Hindi and, therefore, the other in English. In the original Constitution, each page is hand-written, decorated by artists from Shantiniketan, including Beohar Rammanohar Sinha and Nandalal Bose.

Its calligrapher was Prem Behari Narain Raizada. In Dehradun, the Constitution was published and photo lithographed by the Survey of India. Production of the first Constitution took nearly five years.

On 26 January 1950, which was two days later, it became the law of India. The approximate cost of the Constituent Assembly was ₹6.3 crore (₹63 million). The Constitution has had quite 100 amendments since it had enacted.

Structure of Constitution of India

The Constitution of India is the world’s lengthiest for an autonomous nation. At its legislation, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and eight schedules. At about 145,000 words, it’s the second-longest active Constitution – after the Constitution of Alabama – within the world.

The Constitution features a preamble and 448 articles, which are grouped into 25 parts. With 12 schedules and five appendices, it’s been amended 103 times; the newest amendment became effective on 14 January 2019.

I hope you liked this essay on constitution of India.

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Essay on Indian Constitution

Every country needs some rules and regulations that could help the country to develop. Also, it will help people to live peacefully in the country. Like many countries, India does have these rules written in the form of the Indian Constitution. India possesses an incredible constitution in the entire world. The Constitution of India spells out the basic rights and responsibilities of each citizen. But now the questions arise how these rules are made? What kind of rules does it include? Who follows these rules? To know all these details, let us discuss Indian Constitution in detail.

Short and Long Indian Constitution Essay in English

Here, we are presenting short and long essays on Indian Constitution in English for students under word limits of 100 – 150 Words, 200 – 250 words, and 500 – 600 words. This topic is useful for students of classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 in English. These provided essays on Indian Constitution will help you to write effective essays, paragraphs, and speeches on this topic.

Indian Constitution Essay 10 Lines (100 – 150 Words)

1) The Indian constitution is a set of rules and laws that help the country run well.

2) The Constitution tells how the government works, its powers, and its limits.

3) India’s Constitution is the longest one in existence.

4) There is a preamble on the first page of the Constitution.

5) The Indian constitution spells out the basic rights and responsibilities of each citizen.

6) It tells the people, the government, and other authorities how to act properly.

7) No one in India can do something that goes against the constitution.

8) It was the result of the hard work of 299 people.

9) The formation of the constitution of India was headed by Dr. Ambedkar.

10) On January 26, 1949, the constitution of India was done and signed.

Short Essay on Indian Constitution (250 – 300 Words)

Introduction

India is a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, and Democratic Republic that is run by parliament. This made it unique from the rest countries. India went from being called the “Dominion of India” to being called the “Republic of India” when the Constitution went into effect.

A Look at Indian Constitution

India’s political rules, procedures, and government powers are all set out in the constitution. People like Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, and many more were the prominent members of the Constituent Assembly. It spells out the Directive Principles of State Policy and the way the Government of India is set up. The Indian constitution also says how long the government will last and how it will be set up.

The Making of Indian Constitution

The Indian Constitution holds the record for the longest-written constitution in the world. It explains every law, power, and duty. The Constitution of India was made by Dr. BR Ambedkar and his team of six people who were on the committee. The writing committee also looked at the constitutions of Britain, France, and Japan, among other countries, to find useful ideas. During the writing of the constitution, many social, political, and economic factors were taken into account.

Our country is a democratic republic. A country’s Constitution is a set of rules and laws that guide how the country is run. In the eyes of the Constitution, everyone is the same. In his eyes, no one is small, no one is big, and no one is rich or poor. We should follow our constitution.

Long Essay on Indian Constitution (500 Words)

India got its independence on August 15, 1947. India had to deal with a lot of problems after it got its freedom. There was a need of making a constitution so that the country could be ruled. It was January 26, 1950, when India became a republic. The Constitution of India is also known as India’s highest law. The Indian Constitution is known for the biggest constitution in the world. In everyday language, it is also called the “Book of Law”.

History of Indian Constitution

After independence, the constitution of India was made. To write the constitution, Rajendra Prasad led a group of people who were in charge of the constitution. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was in charge of making the Constitution of India. On December 9, 1946, the first meeting of the new Constituent Assembly took place. The next meeting was held on December 11, 1946, and Dr. Rajendra Prasad was in charge.

To get it passed, the Constitution of India was changed more than 2,000 times. In 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days, the country’s constitution was ready. The Constitution of India was signed by 284 people in the Constituent Assembly of India to show that they agreed with it. It was passed on November 26, 1949, and was fully put into place on January 26, 1950. India became a free and democratic country on January 26, 1950, when it went into effect.

Features of Indian Constitution

India is a Republic, which is written in the Constitution. The Constitution of India is known as the most important document because it explains in detail what each citizen of India has to do and what rights they have. It is the world’s longest-written constitution. It is made up of a preamble, 448 articles, 25 groups, 12 schedules, and 5 appendices. The well-written Preamble of the Indian Constitution explains in depth what the constitution is all about. It thinks that everyone should have the same rights, freedom, and justice.

Our Constitution is written in a way that leaves no room for confusion. The original Indian Constitution was written by hand and in a style called calligraphy. The Constitution of India was made by the country people. There is no outside influence at all. The Constitution says that India is a federal system with many features of a unitary system. India has split power between the central government and the states. The Constitution of India is very clear about what its citizens have to do.

Our constitution is unique. The constitution of India is a present for the people who live in this country. It has been a big part of keeping peace and prosperity in the country. The Constitution of India is a guide for the people who live here. So, the Indian Constitution is clear about everything. We should follow the duties and enjoy the rights provided to us as Indian citizens.

I hope the above provided essay on Indian Constitution will be helpful in understanding the history and features of the Indian Constitution.

FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions on Indian Constitution

Ans. On 26 November, India celebrates Constitution Day every year.

Ans. Dr. B.R Ambedkar is considered the “Father of the Indian Constitution”.

Ans. It took almost three years (2 years, 11 months, and 18 days) to draft the Indian constitution.

Ans. At first, there were 395 Articles, 22 Parts, and 8 Schedules in the Constitution of India. The Constitution now has 448 Articles, 25 Parts, and 12 Schedules.

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Constitution of India History, Evolution, Features, Timeline

Indian Constitution is the lengthiest written document in the world. Know more about constitution of India history, types, evolution, making , Features, Timeline for UPSC.

Table of Contents

What is a Constitution?

A Constitution is central to the administration of the country and to the existence and functioning of a country as a politico-legal entity. They are a set of rules and regulations for a state which set out the fundamental principles by which the state is governed.

It describes the main institution of the state (Executive, Legislature & Judiciary) and the relationship between these institutions. It places limits on the exercise of power and set out the rights and duties of the citizens.

Difference Between Constitution & Law

The Constitution of a nation is the supreme law of the land whereas Law is a set of rules to govern social and government institutions, however, there is no precise definition of it.

Read about: Important Articles of Indian Constitution

Purpose of Constitution

Rule of Law: Constitution establishes the doctrine of the Rule of Law at the place of the Rule of man. It is an important feature of a democracy, as in a democracy the power lies with the people.

Doctrine of Limited Government: it ensures that there should be legal constraints on the powers of government authorities, especially with respect to the rights of the people. It checks the arbitrary decisions of the authorities by providing the citizens with Fundamental Rights and an Independent Judiciary for its protection.

Ensure Fundamental Rights to its Citizens: As Fundamental Rights provided to the citizens ensure rule of law by limiting the arbitrary actions of the government. Hence, it provides political freedom to the citizens.

Doctrine of Separation of Power and Checks & Balance: It ensures the division of the functions of the three organs of the constitution and each checks and balances the functioning of other organs.

Independent Judiciary : Any constitution that wants to safeguard its citizens’ rights must protect and ensure the independence of the judiciary.

Read about: Preamble of Indian Constitution

Constitution Types

The Constitution helps check the country’s legal, political and social functions in different ways. Below are the types of constitutions:

Read about: Constitution Day of India

Constitution Features

There are some important features that are typically contained in the Constitution:

Constitution of India History

In 1600, the British arrived in India as traders in the form of the East India Company (EIC). Under a Charter granted by Queen Elizabeth I, the company had the exclusive rights to trading in India. Initially, they only engaged in trading and were not motivated by political gains. However, this scenario changed after their victory in the Battle of Buxar in 1764.

The company which until now was only engaged in trade gained Diwani rights (rights over revenue) of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. This marked the rise of EIC as a territorial force. The company went on to administer India till 1858 when the British Crown directly assumed control of India’s affairs in the wake of the ‘ Revolt of 1857 ’. The British government went on to rule India till its independence on August 15, 1947.

India’s independence necessitated a Constitution for the country. In 1946, the Constituent Assembly was formed to draft the constitution. The Indian Constitution came into being on 26th January 1950.

Read about: 42nd Amendment of Indian Constitution

Evolution of Indian Constitution

The evolution of the Constitution of India can be traced back to various acts and policies were undertaken by the Company and the British administration. The constitution of India came into force on January 26, 1950 under Dr BR Ambedkar (Farther of the Constitution of India) and transformed the Dominion of India into the Republic of India. It had been drafted, discussed, and finalised by the Constituent Assembly between 1946 and 1949. The evolution can be studied under two broad timelines:

The Company rule (1773-1858)
The Crown rule (1858-1947)

Constitution of India History – Regulating Act of 1773

Due to the inefficiency of the dual system introduced by Robert Clive in 1765 British parliament considered it important to regulate the affairs of the company and passed the Regulating Act of 1773 .

It was the first step by the British parliament to regulate and control the affairs of the East India Company. It laid the foundation of centralised administration in India by making the Governors of Bombay and Madras presidencies subordinate to the Governor-General of Bengal. For the first time ever, the political and administrative functions of the company in India were officially recognised.

Constitution of India History – Pitt’s India Act of 1784

The Pitts India Act 1784 was passed by the British parliament to fix the flaws of the Regulating Act, of 1773. It was in continuation of the policy of decentralisation of administration which began by enacting the Regulating Act, of 1773.

It introduced the system of double government. A Board of Control was created for managing political affairs and the Court of directors was entrusted with managing only the commercial affairs of the company.

Constitution of India History – Charter Act of 1793

The Charter Act of 1793 was passed by the British Parliament to renew the charter of the East India Company. This act authorised the trade monopoly of the company with India for the next 20 years.

Constitution of India History – Charter Act of 1813

The Charter Act of 1813 was passed to renew the company’s charter for another 20 years. The company’s monopoly to trade in the east was severely opposed by the local British merchants including some parliamentarians. It ended the trade monopoly of the company except for trade in tea and trade with China.

Constitution of India History – Charter Act of 1833

Centralization of the Indian administration reached its zenith after the elevation of the Governor General of Bengal as the Governor-General of India . India’s first Law commission was constituted which was responsible for drafting the Indian Penal Code (IPC) which was enacted later in 1860.

Constitution of India History – Charter Act of 1853

The Charter Act of 1853 was the last charter act passed by the British parliament. It was the first step towards the inclusion of Indians in administration and law-making. The governor-general’s Council’s legislative and executive functions were separated for the first time.

A separate Indian (Central) legislative council was constituted which included 6 members as legislative councillors. The Indian (Central) Legislative Council was like a small Parliament (along the same lines as the British Parliament).

Constitution of India History – Government of India Act, 1858

The Government of India Act, 1858 is also known as the Act of Good Government of India. The act was enacted to transfer the powers of the government, administration, revenue and territories to the British crown. Its objective was to keep the Indian Government in check. However, no substantial changes were brought in the system of Governance which prevailed in India.

Constitution of India History – Indian Councils Act 1861

Indian Councils Act 1861 marked the beginning of representative institutions by associating Indians with the law-making process. It reversed the policy of centralisation under the Company’s rule which was started by the Regulating Act of 1773 and reached its climax under the Charter Act of 1833.

Constitution of India History – Indian Councils Act 1892

Indian Councils Act 1892 : In a very limited sense, it initiated the principle of representation. As a result, the number of Indians increased in the legislative councils. This enabled leaders like Gopal Krishna Gokhale to enter the councils and enhance political consciousness among the masses.

Constitution of India History – Indian Councils Act 1909

Indian Councils Act 1909: Also called the Minto-Morley reforms Indians were given membership in the Imperial Legislative Council for the first time. This act legalised ‘Communalism’, and Lord Minto came to be known as the Father of Communal Electorate in India.

Constitution of India History – Government of India Act 1919

The Government of India Act of 1919 was based on the recommendations of a report by Edwin Montague, the then Secretary of State for India, and Lord Chelmsford. It led to the seed for the formation of the Indian Constitution.

The Government of India Act intended to bring a completely responsible government to the British Indian provinces. Large-scale elections were also conducted for the first time in all the provinces in 1937 as per the provisions of the Act. Many of the provisions and the framework of the Indian constitution have been taken from this act, and hence, this act is also called the ‘ Mini Constitutio n’.

Constitution of India History – Indian Independence Act of 1947

The Mountbatten Plan was accepted by all parties. The INC initially opposed the partition of the country but finally accepted it as an inevitable process. The plan was accepted by both INC and the Muslim League. The proposal was given immediate effect by enacting the Indian Independence Act 1947 .

Historical Background of Indian Constitution

India is the largest democracy in the world, living and breathing in the air of sovereignty has been gifted with the lengthiest constitution of the world that consists of 448 Articles (395 originally), 25 Parts (22 originally), 12 Schedules (8 originally), 105 constitutional amendments (first was enacted in 1950). The Story behind the making of the Indian Constitution receives a significant position in the history of India.

Government of India Act 1919: It announced that in 10 years from 1919, a royal commission will be set up to report on the working of the particular act, though the commission was appointed in 1928, even though it was to be appointed in 1929 as per the 1919 Act.

Indian Statutory Commission: Also came to known as Simon Commission ’, was a group of seven Members of the British Parliament under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon. The commission arrived in India in 1928 to study constitutional reform in Britain’s largest and most important dominion. The purpose of this commission was to report on the working of the Indian established under the Government of India Act 1919 and to decide the political future of India.

Indians Response: The Indian National Congress along with the Muslim League boycotted the commission as a result of the protest Lord Birkenhead, the Secretary of State of India challenged Indian leaders to draft a Constitution for India which was accepted by the Indian leaders.

First Major Attempt: A committee was appointed with the task to draft Indian Constitution. The committee was under the leadership of Motilal Nehru with Jawaharlal Nehru as Secretary, Ali Imam, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Mangal Singh, M S Aney, Subhas Chandra Bose , Shuaib Qureshi and G R Pradhan where the other members. The draft of the constitution prepared by the committee was called the Nehru Committee Report or Nehru Report . The report was submitted in the Lucknow session of the all-party conference on August 28, 1928. This was the first major attempt by Indians to draft a constitution for India.

Demand of Constituent Assembly: The seed for the formation of the constituent assembly was sown initially in 1934 by the Pioneer of the Indian Communist Leader Mahendra Nath Roy (M.N Roy). Later, in 1935, the Indian National Congress (INC) officially demanded the setting up of a for framing the Constitution of India.

British Response: In early 1940, the British responded to the above demand and proposed August Offer this proposal included the establishment of an advisory war council, the inclusion of more Indians in administration, and recognized the right of Indians to frame their own Constitution after the end of the Second World War. The offer was, rejected by both Congress Working Committee and the Muslim League.

Cripps Mission: The Cripps Mission , headed by Sir Stafford Cripps, was sent in March 1942. It was entrusted with drafting a draft proposal on the framing of an independent constitution after the end of World War II . However, it also failed in its objective.

Cabinet Mission: In 1946, the Cabinet Mission came to India with the aim to discuss the transfer of power from the British Government to the Indian leadership, with the aim of preserving India’s unity and granting it independence.

It held discussions with representatives of British India and the Indian States to set up a Constituent body. And, also put forth a scheme for the formation of the Constituent Assembly. Based on the recommendation the Constituent Assembly was formed on December 1946.

Indian Constitution Timeline

Here is the Timeline of the formation of the Indian Constitution:

Indian Constitution Time Taken

Before the Constitution was formed, the legislations that governed the functioning of Indian provinces were the Indian Independence Act of 1947 and the Government of India Act of 1935 which were repealed after the commencement of the Constitution on 26 January 1950.

The constituent assembly was constituted on November 1946 and the first meeting of the constituent assembly was held on December 1946. Under the chairmanship of Dr. BR Ambedkar, the constituent assembly established a drafting committee to come up with a draft of the Constitution for India

It took around 11 sessions and 167 days, precisely 2 years 11 months and 18 days to prepare the final draft of the constitution with a total of 2000 amendments (approx.)

Constitution Makers of India

India under British rule had two types of territories, the British Provinces & the Princely States. The constituent assembly was formed on the basis of the population of a region, hence there was one representative for 10 lakh people.

So, there were 398 representatives from the entire country of which 296 were from the British Province and 93 were from the Princely states. Although the Princely states dint took part in the constituent assembly which left 296 members from the British provinces in the constituent assembly.

The drafting committee of the Constitution had seven members namely Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar, N. Gopalaswami, B.R. Ambedkar (Chairman of the drafting committee.), K.M Munshi, Mohammad Saadulla, B.L. Mitter, D.P. Khaitan.

Note: B.L.Mitter resigned due to health issues and he was replaced by N Madhav Rau. D.P. Khaitan died in 1948 and got replaced by TT Krishnamachari.

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What constitution means?

A constitution is the rule book for a state. It sets out the fundamental principles by which the state is governed.

Who is the father of Indian Constitution?

Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar is known as the father of the Indian Constitution

Which is the smallest Constitution?

The Indonesian Constitution

Who is the mother of Constitution of India ?

Bhikaiji Rustom Cama

Who wrote India's first Constitution?

Prem Behari Narain Raizada was the calligrapher of the Indian Constitution. The original constitution was handwritten by him in a flowing italic style.

What is the meaning of the constitution?

They are rules and regulations on which a country is governed.

indian polity

Reservation in Tamil Nadu and 103rd Constitutional Amendment

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Essay on Preamble Of Indian Constitution

Students are often asked to write an essay on Preamble Of Indian Constitution in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Preamble Of Indian Constitution

Introduction to the preamble.

The Preamble is like the introduction to the Indian Constitution. It tells us about the values and principles of the country. It is like a promise to its people to give them justice, liberty, equality, and to promote brotherhood.

Goals of the Preamble

The Preamble sets goals for India. It wants to make sure everyone is treated fairly and has the same rights. It also wants to keep the country united and maintain peace among all its people.

Words in the Preamble

The Preamble starts with “We, the people of India,” showing that the power of the government comes from the citizens. It talks about making India a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic.

Importance of the Preamble

The Preamble is important because it guides the people who make laws in India. It helps them remember the core values of the Constitution when they make decisions or create new laws.

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Speech on Preamble Of Indian Constitution

250 Words Essay on Preamble Of Indian Constitution

The Preamble of the Indian Constitution is like an introduction to a book. It tells us about the values, principles, and goals of our country. It is the opening statement of the Constitution and gives us a brief idea of what the rest of the document is about.

What the Preamble Says

The Preamble declares India as a “Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic.” This means that India is free to make its own decisions, supports social equality, respects all religions equally, believes in fair and equal voting rights, and is run by the people for the people. It also aims to secure justice, liberty, equality, and to promote fraternity among all citizens.

The Goals of the Preamble

The Preamble sets the direction for the country. It aims to make sure that every person gets fair treatment, has the freedom to speak, think, and worship as they like, and is treated equally before the law. It also wants to make sure that people from different backgrounds feel like they belong to the same big family.

Significance of the Preamble

The Preamble is very important because it guides the people who make laws and the courts that explain these laws. It also helps the citizens understand the essence of the Constitution and the rights and duties it gives them.

The Preamble of the Indian Constitution is like a guiding light. It sets the path for the nation to follow and helps everyone understand the core values that India stands for. It is not just an introduction but the soul of the Constitution, reflecting the dreams and aspirations of its people.

500 Words Essay on Preamble Of Indian Constitution

The Preamble of the Indian Constitution is like an introduction to a book. It tells us what the book is about. In the same way, the Preamble gives us a glimpse of what the Constitution contains. It shares the ideals and goals of the country. The Constitution is the most important set of rules for India, and the Preamble is like its guiding light.

Words and Their Meaning

The Preamble starts with the words “We, the people of India.” This means all the rules in the Constitution come from the citizens of India. It says that India will be a “Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic.” Sovereign means no other country can tell India what to do. Socialist means the wealth of the country should be shared fairly among its people. Secular means the government will treat all religions equally. Democratic means the people have the power to choose their leaders. Republic means the head of the country is not a king or queen but someone elected by the people.

The Preamble sets four main goals: Justice, Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. Justice means everyone should be treated fairly by the law. Liberty means everyone has the freedom to speak, believe, and think what they want. Equality means everyone should have the same chance to succeed in life, no matter where they come from. Fraternity means we should all treat each other like brothers and sisters, and make sure everyone feels like they belong to India.

The Preamble is important because it tells the government how to use its power. It reminds the government that it should work to make life better for all its people. It also tells the people that they have rights and should live together peacefully.

Changes to the Preamble

The Preamble was changed once. In 1976, three new words were added: Socialist, Secular, and Integrity. Integrity means that the country should be united and strong, with no parts wanting to break away.

The Preamble of the Indian Constitution is a short but powerful text. It shows the dreams and promises of India as a country. It tells us that India belongs to its people, and it is up to everyone to make sure the country is fair, free, equal, and friendly. The Preamble is not just an introduction to the Constitution; it is a promise of what India strives to be.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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Essay On Constitution Of India | Indian Constitution Essay for Students and Children in English

Essay On Constitution Of India: The constitution of India is one of the lengthiest and longest written constitutions in the whole world. The constitution is the backbone of the democratic and secular fabric of the nation and every institution in the country follows the constitution of India.

In this essay on constitution of India, we shall be talking about the salient features of our constitution, has how it was formed and what are the important articles in the Constitution that define past, present and future of India.

You can read more Essay Writing about articles, events, people, sports, technology many more.

Long and Short Essays on Constitution of India for Students and Kids in English

If you are a student or an IAS aspirant searching for a perfect essay on constitution of India, then you have come to the right place. We have provided a 600-word long essay on constitution of India is helpful for students of classes 7,8,9 and 10. and 200-word short essay on constitution of India is helpful for students of classes 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 which can be used by students for various purposes.

Long Essay On Constitution of India 600 Words in English

The supreme law of the country in a democratic system is the constitution. The word constitution has a French origin which is usually used to refer to law and order. The Constitution of India starts with a preamble with the phrases “we the people” and talks about the values of the constitution which are equality, liberty, secularism and fraternity. Indian Constitution is one of the longest constitutions in the world. Our Indian Constitution consists of 465 articles, 12 schedules, 22 amendments and 146385 words in it.

Indian Constitution is an amalgamation of the Constitution of France, Britain, USA, Germany, and the former USSR. Some of the best features of the best constitutions in the world were taken and adjusted in the Indian Constitution as a result of which Indian Constitution in today’s world is considered one of the most detailed and comprehensive constitutions to exist. The reason why Indian Constitution is so lengthy is because of the kind of diversity and unique problems that exist only in India. The constitution of India addresses each and every issue that can possibly be imagined in a country like India which has many religions, ethnicities, cultures and languages.

Dr. BR Ambedkar is known as the father of Indian constitution and he was the main person behind the framing of the Indian Constitution. He was the head of the drafting committee and he travelled across the world for many democratic countries to get inspiration to draft the Indian Constitution. It is also said that Dr BR Ambedkar wanted to burn the constitution of India. With regard to the powers of the governor, Ambedkar had heated debate with the members of the drafting committee and was hell-bent on preventing any harm or injury to the minorities of the country.

The Indian Constitution was originally written in Hindi and English. The constituent assembly and the members of the same signed two copies of the Constitution, one in the language of Hindi and the other in English. At that point in time when the Constitution was drafted, the Indian Constitution was only handwritten. It was neither printed nor typed and hence it is the only longest handwritten constitution on earth.

The values that the constitution represents is the values that India celebrates every day. The fundamental rights that the constitution of India guarantees its citizens to keep them safe from the bad elements in the section of the population are important. The values of liberty, equality, fraternity and secularism are some of the values that are celebrated all over the world and the Indian Union stands as a testimony for these values. It is because of the robustness and strength of our constitution that India is has become the second-largest democracy in the world. The Preamble of the Constitution of India declared the country as a power in a socialist, secular and democratic republic and the welfare of the state is committed to attaining justice, liberty and equality for all the people without any discrimination based on religion, caste, creed, sex or place of birth.

It took nearly three years to complete the Indian constitution and to be precise it took 2 years 11 months and 18 days to come up with the final draught. The constitution of India has been amended over 94 times in the last 60 years of India’s Independence.

I would like to conclude by saying that the essence of the Constitution is what makes India one of the strongest nations in the world. Without such a robust constitution, India would slip into a fascist and authoritarian regime. Every government, irrespective of the political ideologies and bend of mind, should obey the constitution of India and follow the law of the land for a healthy democratic republic of India.

Short Essay On Constitution of India 200 Words in English

The constitution of India is one of the lengthiest constitutions in the whole world which contains a preamble, 22 parts with 448 articles, 12 schedules 5 appendices, and 15 amendments. It is the only constitution in the whole world that was handwritten completely in two languages, Hindi and English. Constitution of India was handwritten by Prem Behari Narain Raizada.

The constitution of India says that the republic of India is a sovereign, socialist, secular and a democratic republic. The constitution also celebrates the values of justice, liberty, equality and fraternity for all the people in the country without any discrimination. The constitution of India assures the citizens their economic and political justice, liberty of thought, expression faith, belief and worship. Although, in recent years certain articles and clauses of the constitution have been overstepped which is a dangerous precedence for the democratic values of the country.

I would like to conclude by saying that the Indian Constitution takes influences from the constitutions of France, Russia, America, Britain and Japan. It is one of the longest constitutions in the world and addresses each and every problem in a country like India with so much diversity in culture and ethnicity. It is because of the Constitution of India that India is known as the second biggest democracy and if there comes a time when the constitution of India is not followed, then India might slip into fascism and authoritarianism.

10 Lines on Constitution of India Essay

Indian Constitution is one of the longest constitutions in the world.
Indian Constitution is the only constitution that was handwritten in two languages, English and Hindi.
Dr. BR Ambedkar is known as the father of the Indian Constitution.
The constitution of India declared the country as a sovereign, socialist, secular and democratic republic.
Constitution of India assures its citizen of justice, equality, liberty and helps in promoting fraternity without any discrimination based on caste, creed, religion, gender or place of birth.
It took nearly 2 years 11 months and 18 days to finish the constitution of India.
The concept of the five-year plan was borrowed by the constitution of the USA and the concept of an independent judiciary was taken from the constitution of Japan.
National constitution day is celebrated on the 26th of November every year.
The Constitution of India was officially adopted and came into force on 26 January 1950, which is also known as the Republic Day of India.
The English version of the Constitution has 117369 words, 444 articles, 22 parts, 12 schedules and 104 amendments.

FAQs on Essay On Constitution Of India

Question 1. Who is the father of the Indian Constitution?

Answer: Dr. BR Ambedkar is known as the father of Indian Constitution

Question 2. When was the Indian Constitution adopted?

Answer: Indian constitution was adopted on 26th November 1949, which is also known as National Constitution Day of India

Question 3. Where is the original copy of the Indian constitution located?

Answer: The original copies of the Indian Constitution is kept in a special helium-filled case in the library of the Parliament of India

Question 4. Which amendment is known as the most controversial constitutional amendment in the history of India?

Answer: The 42nd amendment, which reduces the powers of Judiciary, is known as the most controversial part of the Indian Constitution

Fundamental Rights Essay

Essay on Fundamental Rights

The history of Fundamental Rights (which were lawfully enforceable) probably starts from the Magna Carta, which was a list of Rights extracted from King John by the people of England in 1214 AD. The most significant advancement in the history of Fundamental Rights occurred when through the first 10 amendments, the USA incorporated certain Fundamental Rights into its constitution in the form of the "Bill of Rights." In this Essay on Fundamental Rights, we shall talk about the various Rights provided to Indian citizens and what they stand for.

Long Fundamental Rights Essay in English

Fundamental Rights were borrowed from the constitution of the United States of America.

The constituent assembly of India adopted the constitution of India on 26th November 1949, which came into effect on 26th January 1950. It contains 395 Articles, 22 Parts, and 12 Schedules. Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of the Constitution of India consists of Rights which are essential for the overall development of individuals, are also termed as Fundamental Rights. Fundamental Rights are universal, that is, they apply to all the citizens of India irrespective of their race, birthplace, Religion, caste, gender or gender identity. Earlier there were seven Fundamental Rights, but later on the ‘Right to Property’ was abolished. Currently, we have six Fundamental Rights.

Right to Equality

The Right to EQuality is guaranteed by the constitution of India through articles 14 to 18 (of which article 14 is the most important). Right to EQuality refers to everyone being equal in the eyes of the law. It prohibits discrimination on the grounds of race, caste, creed etc by providing equal opportunity for employment. The article also abolishes untouchability and titles.

Right to Freedom

Articles 19 to 22 guarantee the Right to Freedom in the constitution of India. It guarantees all Indian citizens with Freedom of speech and expression; Freedom to assemble peacefully; Freedom for forming cooperative societies or unions or companies; Freedom to move freely in India; Freedom to reside or settle anywhere in India and the Freedom to practice any profession or carry on any occupation, trade or business of their choice. Although the government has the right to impose certain restrictions on these Freedoms in the interest of the sovereignty and integrity of India.

Right to Information has been given the status of a Fundamental right in 2005, under article 19(1) of the Indian Constitution.

Right Against Exploitation

Articles 23 and 24 guarantees the right against Exploitation and focuses mainly on two provisions. The first being the abolition of human trafficking and Begar (Forced Labour) and secondly, the abolition of employment of children under the age of 14 in jobs with a risky environment like factories, mines etc.

Right to Freedom of Religion

Articles 25 to 28 provide religious Freedom to all Indian citizens. The main objective of this right is to sustain secularism in our country. It assures that all Religions are equal in the eyes of the state and none of them is given preference over the other. It allows the citizens to preach, practise, and propagate the Religion of their choice. It also provides religious communities to set up charitable institutions.

Cultural and Educational Rights

Articles 29 and 30 provide every Indian citizen with Rights to education and cultures. It assures that every citizen gets equal opportunities in terms of education while giving minority communities the right to admission in colleges and universities without any discrimination. It also gives minority communities the right to establish Educational institutions to preserve and develop their culture.

Right to Constitutional Remedies

Articles 32 to 35 empowers all Indian citizens to move to the court of law whenever they are denied their Fundamental Rights. Article 32 is also termed as the citizens right to protect and defend the constitution as it allows the citizens to enforce the constitution through the judiciary.

The main objective of Right to Constitutional Remedies is to enforce Fundamental Rights.

Short Fundamental Rights Essay in English

Fundamental Rights are considered the Rights that are integral to the advancement of the human race. All other Rights are derived as direct consequences or application of their principles from such Rights. Among philosophers, it is an accepted belief that these Rights are nothing but "natural human Rights" that distinguish between humans and animals. So, these have played a rather important role in bringing humans all the way from the Stone Age to the present. It was regarded that such Rights were beyond the complexities of politics. The constitution's protection meant that these Rights could not be put to the vote and were not dependent on politicians or the majority's whims.

Why do we Need Fundamental Rights?

Such Rights are a safeguard for citizens against the government as it is necessary to have the rule of law and not a government or a person. These Rights do not dare to be transgressed by authority as they are explicitly given to the people by the Constitution. The courts are fully required to uphold these Rights and the government is answerable to the courts. After living in subjugation for so long, people have forgotten what liberty means. These Rights offer people the hope and belief that their growth will not be halted. They're free from the rulers' whims. These Rights are, in that sense, the first fruits of the long struggle for Freedom and bring a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment.

Even in Gulf countries or Communist countries, citizens are free. How is our liberty, then, different from theirs? A clear measure of how free we are in the list of Fundamental Rights. For example, every Indian citizen is free to practice a Religion of his choice, but that is not the case in Gulf countries. Our right to speech and expression enables us to criticize the government freely.

In conclusion, we can say that the Indian constitution was framed after a thorough analysis of all the constitutions in the world, and successfully incorporates all the good things existing in them.

Though the above content provided information about Fundamental Rights, it also gave you an outline of how an Essay should be written.

The Essay on Fundamental Rights contained some information about the topic and talked about long and short Essays.

Students might find it difficult to understand how they shall proceed whenever asked to write on any topic.

Since writing is a free form of expression and requires limited skills, there are no rules to it. But, in these times, when everything is advancing, you're expected to be able to deliver the best content.

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Go through them and master the skill of writing, thereafter!

Read and Understand the Prompt Before you can start writing, it is important for you to understand the prompt that you're offered. Without comprehending what you've asked to do, your content would never be impactful. The best way to understand it is to dissect it into parts. You might also consider making a small flowchart that clearly defines the flow of ideas in your head. Students shall understand that it is better to spend the first few minutes planning and organising things than to present an unorganised and unclear content. This in no way means that you have to adopt a formulaic approach to it but just try to deliver the best that they can.

Plan the Flow The next important thing for you to do is pen down the flow of points, as specific as the alphabet. Each point should have a ‘what next’ factor attached to it and that is how you can expect yourself to deliver higher Quality content. The importance of working in a planned and organised way is not unknown to any of us and that is what can help us move ahead with the ideas in our heads. Preparing a web with all the details is a great way to do it.

Make a Rough Draft Brainstorming and organising all that you have inside your head related to a particular topic is a good way before you deliver. Students are advised to prepare a small, concise, rough draft of their topics. Drafts are often regarded as crappy stuff but the truth is that it makes you analyse and rethink whatever you've thought till then. And there's where the new flow of ideas comes from. Make sure that your content is answering and giving the information of the prompt.

Follow a Simple Format Students often think that complicating the format or using too many fancy words in a piece of content impresses the reader and that fetches you more marks. However, it doesn't work this way. For good content, words must be easy to understand and they should always have a relatability factor attached so that it becomes easier for the audience to connect and understand whatever you are trying to convey.

Proofread your Content Last but not least, the most important step to do before finalising the content is to proofread it. When we try to pen down things, we often make mistakes. However, reading it once again allows you to study it again and check for mistakes. In case that you've missed anything important, you can further review and add that piece of information too. It may take a little more time of yours but the results would be worth it.

FAQs on Fundamental Rights Essay

1. What do we Conclude from this Essay on Fundamental Rights?

We can conclude that the Fundamental Rights embodied in the Indian Constitution act as a guarantee that as long as they live in Indian democracy, all Indian citizens can and will lead their lives in peace. Such civil liberties prevail over any other law of the land. Fundamental rights protect the citizen’s freedom, rights and liberties from any state invasion, and prevent the establishment of authoritarian and dictatorial rule in the country. They are very essential for the all-round progress of the people and the nation.

2. Which is the most important Fundamental Right?

The most important fundamental right is considered to be the Right to Constitutional Remedies because it ensures the protection of our fundamental rights. In the event of a violation of their fundamental rights, it helps citizens move to court. It also finds that the government does not violate or disrespect citizens' fundamental rights.

3. Can I use and cite resources while writing an Essay?

Of course, you can. In fact, resources make the content more interesting and engaging. Another advantage of using them is that it promotes research. However, you shall make sure the content should be rephrased and not plagiarized. For better clarity and understanding, you can go through some of the sample Essays available online. But, remember, the more you write, the more you learn. Hence, you need to practice writing on as many topics as possible and that way, you can upraise your skills.

4. How should an Essay be written? What should be its format?

The best way to write it is using a simpler format. It shall start with an introduction, have the body in between and should necessarily end with a conclusion. Make sure that whatever ideas you are putting forth to your readers should make absolute sense. Students can consider checking the prompts given on the website of Vedantu and practice writing about them to get better at it.

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Essay on Preamble of the Constitution

In this essay we will discuss about preamble of the constitution. After reading this essay you will learn about:- 1. Introduction to the Preamble of the Constitution 2. Preamble and its Significance 3. Sources of Preamble 4. Preamble of the Constitution 5. Critical Evaluation of Preamble of the Constitution.

List of Essays on the Preamble of the Constitution

Essay Contents:

Essay on Critical Evaluation of Preamble of the Constitution

Essay # 1. Introduction to the Preamble of the Constitution:

The Constitution of India is prefaced with a Preamble which is supposed to reflect the thinking and ideology of constitution itself and view point of its makers. It is, however, not an integral part of the main document and as such not subject to judicial review. But at the same time it occupies a pivotal position in the interpretation or classification of any vagueness in the constitution.

It is thus key to the constitution. It also indicates the sources as well as the sanction and pattern of the constitution and is supposed to indicate its contents. The whole constitution can be measured with this yard stick and as such it has been called as perfection in itself.

It reflects country’s glorious values. In the words of Pt. Thakur Das Bhargav, “I would like that we examine all the provisions of the constitution by touch stone of the Preamble and thus decide whether constitution is good or not.”

Essay # 2. Preamble and its Significance :

C J. Suba Rao in the case of Gokalnath Vs. the State of Punjab maintained that the Preamble of the Constitution contains in nutshell its ideals and aspirations. In case, however, preamble is dropped it will not change the statute itself.

About preamble Shukla says, “It is neither regarded as a source of any substantive governmental power nor by itself alone it inputs any limitations on the exercise of powers nor expressly or impliedly prohibited by the constitution.’ In the world there are many constitutions which do not have any preamble. All that can be said is that preamble gives the constitution greater dignity.

The preamble of Indian constitution, however, not only reflects basic character of the State but also specifies at me length purposes and objectives of the constitution. Though not a part the constitution, the preamble can be referred to, explain and elucidate a point where there is some ambiguity.

There are, however, several cases in which the preamble of the constitution has been given much importance. In Indo-Pakistan Agreement Supreme Court of India observed that preamble to the constitution is a key to open the mind of the makers. In Keshvananda Bharti case all the judges look the view that preamble of the constitution is its integral part.

In Berubari Union case it has also been held that preamble is part of the Constitution. because it is expressly voted to be the part of the constitution. In the words of Dr. Dayal, “A majority of the judges of the Full Bench who expressed an opinion on the point, held that the objectives specified in re amble contain the basic structure of the constitution which cannot be amended in exercise of the powers under Section 368.”

In the words of Basu, “In other words preamble shows the general purpose behind the several provisions of the constitution but, nevertheless, it is never regarded as a source of any substantive prohibition or limitation.”

In fact, opinions even in the courts of law continue to vary whether preamble is part of the constitution or not and whether it is possible to amend it or it is too holy to be touched. In several cases the courts of law have given different opinions and viewpoints about the position and place of preamble in the constitution and as such the issue has become somewhat confusing.

Essay # 3. Sources of Preamble:

Indian constitution makers were inspired by the constitutions of the USA, Australia, France, Italy and West Germany, which contain a preamble to their respective constitutions.

The influence of the US constitution which has been dedicated to the people of that country, had, however, immense influence on constitution makers of India. Accordingly like the constitution of the USA, the Indian Constitution too has been dedicated to our people.

In addition to this, while drafting the Preamble to the constitution, our constitution makers were influenced by the Resolution of Constituent Assembly passed as early as in January, 1947, which reads as follows:

“The Constituent Assembly declares its firm and solemn resolve to proclaim India as an Independent Sovereign Republic…

Wherein all powers and authority of the Sovereign Independent India, its constituent parts and organs of government are derived from the people;

Wherein shall be guaranteed and secured to all the people of India justice, social, economic and political; equality of status, of opportunity; and before the law; freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith, worship, vocation, association and action subject to law and public morality; and

Wherein adequate safeguards shall be provided for minorities….

Wherein shall be maintained the integrity of the territory of the Republic and its sovereign rights on land….”

The Resolution of the Constituent Assembly thus promised to make India a Sovereign Democratic Republic with a federal polity and vesting all power and authority in the hands of the masses. It was in this Resolution that integration of Indian states was visualised and a federation consisting of British India and ‘Indian India’ was foresighted.

Similarly, social, economic and political justice and equality before law was also promised in this very Resolution. Thus, the Preambles of some other working constitutions of the world as well as this historic Resolution of January, 1947 are the main sources for the Preamble of our constitution.

Essay # 4. Preamble of the Constitution :

As already said, the Preamble of the Constitution of India makes very lofty promises and has been dedicated to the people of India, and not to any particular class or section of the society.

When originally adopted by the Constituent Assembly it read as follows:

“WE THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign, Democratic Republic and to secure to all its citizens;

JUSTICE, social, economic and political;

LIBERTY, of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;

EQUALITY, of status and of opportunity; and promote among them all;

FRATERNITY, assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the nation;

In our Constituent Assembly this twenty-sixth day of November 1949, do hereby ADOPT, ENACT and GIVE TO OURSELVES this Constitution.”

It may, however, be pointed out that the words ‘Socialist, Secular’ occurring between the words ‘Sovereign’ ‘Democratic’ and also the words Integrity’ occurring between the words ‘Unity’ and ‘of the nation’ in the preamble were inserted by Forty-Second Constitution Amendment Act, enacted in 1976.

The Principles enunciated in the constitution, namely, those of making India a Sovereign Democratic, Secular Republic, ensuring the people equality and making them as ultimate sovereign in the country have been fully incorporated in the constitution. Thus, the preamble is true picture of the constitution.

It may be discussed as under:

1. We the People of India:

The Preamble has vested ultimate authority in the people of India to whom the constitution has been dedicated and in whose name it has been enacted. It will be seen that India has adopted democracy as a form of government and way of life. In the country all adults have a right to vote without any consideration for sex, caste or creed.

All the posts in the state, including the highest one of the President of the Republic, can be held by citizen of India who gets elected by duly elected representatives of the people i.e., by his electoral college.

In India there is also Parliamentary form of government in which ultimate authority is vested in the Parliament, which consists of the elected representatives of the people. The Council of Ministers, i.e., the de-facto executive is responsible to the legislature and can remain in power only as long as it enjoys its confidence.

Some critics were of the view that due to large-scale illiteracy India was, and is still not fit for democracy and yet constitution fathers, in their best wisdom, decided to experiment with democracy and today India is the biggest democracy in the world. Several elections which have so far been held in India have established beyond all doubts political maturity of our electorates.

In the opinion of K.V. Rao the significance of “We the people lies in the fact the Constitution eliminates the British king externally and Indian princes internally from claiming any vestiges in sovereignty.”

2. Having Solemnly Resolved to makes India a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic:

The Preamble says that India shall sovereign state. Sovereignly implies freedom of national action, both internal as well as external. Internal sovereignty means freedom to enact and amend both ordinary and constitutional laws without any external pressure.

External freedom implies nation’s right to formulate and execute her own foreign policies. In both these respects India is free and playing her role in the world organisations. As a member of UNO India has played a very significant pan in the world politics.

Some of the critics, however, feel that India is not a sovereign state by virtue of her membership of Commonwealth of Nations which makes it obligatory for her to accept British Queen as her over-lord. Nation is supposed to owe allegiance to the Queen.

But the criticism does not seem to be valid because India is not obliged to be a member of Commonwealth of Nations but is continuing there with her own willingness and without any compulsion. Membership of Commonwealth in no way hinders country’s decisions at national and international level or in any matter both domestic and foreign.

In fact, the character of this organisation has now altogether changed and Commonwealth is now nothing beyond a forum on which members discuss their problems in a free and frank manner as free sovereign nations and to solve such problems which confront Commonwealth as a whole.

It has very appropriately been said by Palande that, “India’s membership of Commonwealth of Nations is based on extra constitutional contractual arrangement entered into at will and terminable at will.”

The Preamble also says that India shall be a Republic. It implies that the head of the State in India shall neither be hereditary nor a dictator. He shall be elected by the people indirectly for a limited period and will have to face his electorates again after the expiry of the period.

Accordingly the President of Indian Republic is elected for a period of 5 years by the elected representatives of the state legislatures and the Parliament who form an electoral college for the purpose of electing him.

Since the President is neither hereditary nor a dictator he can also be removed from office by impeachment, if it is found that he is not discharging his obligations in accordance with the rules provided in the constitution. His electoral college consists of Members of Parliament and State Legislatures. Impeachment procedure for his removal is very difficult and so far (1996) in India no President has been impeached.

3. Socialist Society:

Forty-Second Constitution Amendment Act has specifically provided that India will be a socialist state. A change to this effect was incorporated in the preamble of the constitution. Now what is ‘Socialism’? It is a term, which like ‘Justice’ and ‘democracy’ still remains undefined.

But from the days of freedom struggle, Indian National Congress has been telling to the people of India that after independence the nation will follow the path of socialism. As early as in 1929, All India Congress- Committee, resolved that India’s poverty was due to its poor economic structure which needed modification on socialistic lines.

In 1931, the Congress party resolved that in order to improve economic conditions and with a view to making political freedom meaningful it was essential that the state should control key industries and services.

In 1945, in its election manifesto the Congress party again said that India’s most important problem was to end poverty and for this it was essential that the wealth should not get concentrated just in the hands of few individuals or group of individuals.

When the constitution of India was enacted at that time the main aim of the constitution fathers was to ensure that India should be a socialist state and accordingly it was provided that in India the people must be given social, economic and political justice. Directive Principles of the State Policy embodied in the constitution also provide that India will be a socialist state.

In Indian context socialism means removal of fantastic socio-economic imbalances and providing the masses distributive justice. But so far mention of socialism in India, as a part of the constitution, had been deliberately avoided and instead at Avadi Session of the Congress it was said that establishing ‘Socialistic Pattern of Society’ shall be the main aim of the Congress party.

In such a society there will be equal opportunity for progress for all. When Art. 31 C of the Constitution Forty-Second Amendment Act became part of the constitution and Directive Principles of the state policy as a whole got dominance over Fundamental Rights, it became unavoidable that m the preamble itself it should be specified that socialism is the goal of Indian society and that the coots should recognise this change.

On May 30, 1976, Sardar Swaran Singh said before All India Congress Committee that the word ‘Socialist’ had been added in the preamble so that there should be no confusion about our objectives.

He also said that the constitution should be suitably altered so that it became easy to effectively implement other socio-economic reforms. He also said that, “By inserting the word ‘Socialist’ it is intended to give a positive direction to the government in formulating its policies.”

Prime Minister Mrs. Gandhi also said that our socialism meant bettering the life of the people of India and that this word had been chosen to describe India’s ethos because it came closest to what is being aimed at She said that socialism did not mean mixed economy but some form of ownership of means of production and distribution by the society so that private ownership was eliminated.

It has, however, been very often said by ruling Congress party that ‘Socialism’ in India means type of socialism which is most suited to Indian conditions. But is socialism solution to Indian problem is still a question mark?

4. Secular Democracy:

Preamble of the constitution had provided that India will be a Sovereign, Democratic Republic. But with the enactment of Forty-Second Constitution Amendment Act it was provided that the country will be, Secular’ Republic. In fact, secularism of India has never been in doubt and the constitution in more than one way emphasised on India’s being a secular state.

But incorporation of this word in the preamble meant giving it a constitutional sanctity, what was otherwise an established fact.

In India secularism has different meaning. To quote Dr. Dayal again, “Secularism in the Indian context does not mean negation of all religions. It means equal respect for all religions.”

Similarly one of the Congress Presidents, D.K: Baroah in 1976, while speaking on this amendment said that, “All religions in this country, however small their strength may be, have the same status and same prestige and the same support from the state.”

Similarly the then Law Minister H.R. Gokhale also said, “There will be freedom, liberty of faith and worship, whatever religion you belong to, is all that what you mean by secularism.” Articles 25-30 of the constitution stress on religious freedom in India.

In the words of Basu, “Instead of clarifying the meanings of those provisions, the use of non-technical word Secular originating in common parlance and there from finding its way into the courts, has been unfortunate and confusing. Little improvement will be effected by inserting this word in the preamble.”

But that perhaps is not very true. Addition of word Secular the preamble of the constitution itself clearly indicates that in India state possesses no religion and the very fact that a vast majority of population of India professes a particular religion does not give it any weightage over other religions either in public or in private sector.

But the very concept of ‘Secularism’ has become a matter of debate these days. Many politicians have started preaching that it is pesudo secularism which ruling party at the Centre is using for winning the votes of religious minorities. It is being used against the majority religious community. It is this wrong approach to secularism which is cause of many political problems in India.

5. Democratic:

Preamble of the Constitution states that India shall be a democratic State. Thus, all chances of dictatorship or any other form of government have been completely ruled out. The country shall have representative democracy based on universal adult franchise without any distinction of voters on the basis of caste, creed and religion.

It will be indirect and not direct democracy and as devices of direct democracy like referendum, recall and plebiscite have not been introduced in the country. All the representatives of the people for elected bodies are to be chosen by the people without any distinction about property, education and sex.

Entire authority for the conduct of election has been vested in an independent statutory authority called the Election Commission of India, headed by a Chief Election Commissioner.

6. Republic:

Preamble of the Constitution also states that India shall be a ‘Republic’. The term ‘republic’ has, of course, been differently interpreted 6y the scholars but our founding fathers meant from republic a state in which the supreme power shall remain in the people and their elected representatives. In it even the head of the state was to be elected.

Thus, it was absolutely opposed to either monarchy or dictatorship. Thus, there was no scope for hereditary headship of the country or the one who has been super-imposed by the people. It means that the head of the state can come even from the cottages of the remotest part of India provided he enjoys the confidence of the people of India.

7. Justice; Social, Economic and Political:

The Preamble of the Constitution ensures justice for all citizens of India. It implies that all the high and the low in India will be treated by same set of laws. In the eyes of law all shall be equal and there will be no differentiation on the basis of caste, creed, religion or sex. For crimes of similar nature, there will be equal punishment.

This type of justice has not only been promised but given to the people of India in the form of Fundamental Rights. The people have been assured social justice and all have been given the right to get the type of education they like. Untouchability which was a slur on the fair name of society has now been abolished. Temples have been thrown open to the so-called schedule castes, who are now Very much an integral part of the society and on their betterment depends the very advancement of Indian society.

Similarly economic justice has been promised. Beggary and Begar both have been legally banned and those who exploit and continue beggary can be legally punished. Similarly steps are being taken that equal wages are paid for equal work and sex of a worker does not differentiate in deciding the wages.

Economic justice also implies that working conditions of the workers should be improved and every effort should be made to see that all lead an honourable life with high living standards. Bonded labour system has already been abolished and keeping bonded labour is punishable offence. Political justice has been provided to the people by adopting democracy, as a form of government and way of life. In it even citizen has been given only one vote. But is the country anywhere near social and economic justice? Reply is very much in the negative.

8. Liberty of; Thought, Expression, Belief, Faith and Worship:

Liberty, as promised in the preamble has been given to the people in the form of Fundamental Rights. The people have been assured that as long as they are peaceful, they are at liberty to form associations and assemblies to discuss their problems. There is no ban on expression of ideas or their following a particular belief provided national interests were not jeopardised or these did not lead to violence.

Fundamental Rights as embodied in the constitution also give perfect freedom of worship to the people of India. India is a secular state and as such the state has no religion of its own. In the eyes of the state all religions are equal. In the constitution it is clearly stated that the state shall neither praise nor patronise any religion, nor shall it condemn or discourage any religion in any manner.

The state shall also neither extend nor deny financial assistance to any religion. No religious institution, which professes or promotes the cause of a particular religion shall get Financial assistance or patronage from the state. While filling up jobs in public services religion of the person shall have no meaning.

9. Equality; of Status and of Opportunity:

This promise of the preamble is also reflected in the constitution. Fundamental Rights assure social, economic and political equality. None is to be distinguished for having high or low standard or on economic basis. Status of a person does not give him any weightage either in the political or economic as well as legal field.

An economically well placed person has one vote and so is the case with economically poor one. A rich is at par with the poor in the eyes of law.

All have been provided equal opportunity for seeking employment and also for getting higher jobs. The scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes have been given special protection, by way of giving them reservation of seats, so that they become equal with socially advanced classes, in due course of time.

Honours and titles which used to distinguish one person from the other have altogether been abolished, with a view to giving a sense of equality, to all.

10. Fraternity; Assuring the Dignity of the Individual:

The preamble promises that all individuals in the state shall have dignity. There is no backward or forward individual. There is no high or low or there is no advanced caste and no backward community. All those who are socially downtrodden and had suffered in the past, in the hands of one section of society or the other, are to be brought forward so that they can lead a respectable life.

This promise has been kept up by providing reservation of seats for cultural and linguistic minorities. Special care has been taken to see that there is no reservation of seats for religious minorities, because it was this system which divided the nation and ultimately resulted in the partition of the country.

11. Unity and Integrity of the Nation:

Unity and Integrity of the Nation is another promise of the preamble. Undoubtedly for advancement, development and progress nation must be united. When the very unity of the nation is in danger, rights and privileges of individuals cannot be protected.

Nation first and everything else latter’ is the famous, understandable and rational dictum Constitution makers of India were working and labouring under very peculiar circumstances. Mass migration of population from Pakistan to India and vice-versa, added by shameful cruelties inflicted on the people to glorify religion, had pained them.

There were visible tendencies of extra territorial affiliations by some political parties and doubts persisted about loyalties of few to new born India. It was, therefore, essential to maintain national unity. For this, the constitution makers empowered the executive government with emergency powers by which it could take all powers in its hand in a bid to protect national unity.

Not only this, but the constitution, keeping in view the promise of the preamble, has tried to develop feelings of one united India, in spite of her federal character. India has one judiciary, one citizenship, one constitution, a system of All India Services and also one set of Fundamental Rights.

It is to promote this sense of unity that in India’s federal set up Centre has been made more powerful than the federating units i.e. states all union territories.

12. Integrity of India:

Forty-Second Constitution Amendment also made another change in the preamble of the constitution. It has now been provided that every effort shall be made for maintaining unity and integrity of India. The word ‘integrity’ has specifically been added in the preamble.

In the words of Dr. Dayal, “The insertion of word ‘integrity’ cannot rationally be questioned for it is impossible to argue that unity can be safe without integrity of nation. Integrity is vital to encounter fissiparous tendencies.”

The idea behind the word integrity being that it should be very clear from the very outset that for India integrity of the country is paramount and that the nation will not tolerate any activity by any political party or group of individuals, who directly or indirectly might try to disturb the integrity of nation and thus try to take it on the path of disintegration.

13. Adopt, Enact and give to Ourselves:

The words ‘to give to ourselves’ occupy a very significant place. The preamble, thus, has clearly stressed that it is people’s constitution which has been enacted for and on behalf of the people. The people as a whole and not a particular section of the society is thus source of our inspiration.

They look after the interests of the people of India. It also implies that if at any time any change in the constitution is necessary, the required amendment can be carried out only through the will of the people. It is not a play thing or handmaid of any political party or a particular individual, but a pious document which expresses will, wishes and sentiments of the people.

Essay # 5. Critical Evaluation of Preamble of the Constitution:

Whether preamble is a part of the constitution or not and also whether what has been said in the preamble will be taken cognisance by the courts of law or not is a separate issue. But beyond all doubts it indicates the intentions of the constitution makers. There are many authorities which firmly believe that the preamble helps in solving many ambiguities.

In India several occasions have arisen when preamble has been invoked. In the case of M/s. Barrukar Coal Co. Vs. Union of India, Supreme Court observed that no resort should be made to preamble if the language of the enactment was clear.

If it was not clear then preamble might be looked to explain that In the case of State of Bihar Vs. Kameshwar Singh, Dr. Ambedkar appearing on behalf of the Zamindars in 1952, also referred to the preamble, though the court took a different view.

In Benibari case, the Supreme Court again opined that preamble by itself is not a source of power. Every state has by virtue of its sovereignty the power to cede its territory and this right cannot be regarded to have been taken away by the preamble.

About the preamble of the constitution Justice Bhagnati once said that, “What is, therefore, needed is that judiciary must not interpret any element of the preamble that introduces a line of disconcerting unpredictability which judicial review must constantly and scrupulously avoid.”

In the case of Kerala Education Bill, 1957, the Supreme Court in 1958 held the view that where the enacting part is explicit and unambiguous, the preamble cannot be resorted to, to control, to qualify or to restrict it but where the enacting part is ambiguous, the preamble can be referred to, to explain and to elucidate it.

Similarly Lord Halsbury in Powell Vs. Kempton Park Race Course Co. said that, “Two propositions are quite clear, one that preamble may afford useful light as to what the Statute intends to reach; and another, that if an enactment by itself is clear and unambiguous, no preamble can qualify or cut down the enactment.”

The same holds good in the case of preamble to the constitution of India. In the words of Justice Hidayatullah, “The preamble is more than a declaration. It is the soul of our constitution and lays down pattern of our political society.” The preamble is thus not a superficial appendage to the constitution but a very useful and important key to it, which expresses hopes, wishes, aspirations and dreams of its founding fathers.

Preamble of the Constitution of India has made the country a sovereign democratic republic and as Granville Austin has said that, “With the adoption of the Constitution India becomes the largest democracy in the world. The Preamble of the Constitution does not bind India to any political or economic ideology but it eliminates every vestige of despotism. It reflects the whole constitutional system but is not a system in itself because it is not justiciable part of the Constitution. It cannot adversely affect constitutional structure. It is source of inspiration but not a source of power. Thus, Preamble of the Constitution occupies a very significant place in the structure of the constitution though not an integral part of the structure itself.”

Essay on the Constitution of India
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A Short Story about the Indian Constitution

InfoChange, May 2012

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Short Essay on Article 370 – (200 Words)

Article 370 that came into effect in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir in the year 1949 was supposed to be a temporary provision; however, it continued for decades even though many political leaders and other prominent people in the county demanded its revocation from time to time.

The article exempted J&K from the Indian Constitution. The state attained the right to make its own laws related to any matter except foreign affairs, communications and defence.

The state government thus went on to draft a separate constitution. It also came up with a separate flag. The Fundamental Duties mentioned in the Indian Constitution were not applicable in J&K. It had its own set of rights and duties.

The condition of the state hasn’t been very good ever since the enforcement of Article 370. Life of people in the Kashmir region has especially been miserable. The place is prone to terrorist attacks.

Article 370 has been seen as a hindrance in the development of the state. It is also known to be a cause of growing corruption and terrorism in the state.

As per the constitutional order passed by Indian President Ram Nath Kovind on 5 th August 2019, Article 370 stands ineffective. The decision has been taken to improve the condition of J&K and its citizens.

Essay on Article 370: Enforcement – (300 Words)

Introduction

Article 370 of the Indian Constitution was drafted in Part XXI of the Constitution: Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions. However, soon after it came to be known as a permanent feature of the Indian Constitution. It has remained in effect in J&K for decades.

The Origin of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Article 370 was drafted by Sheikh Abdullah in the year 1947. Abdullah had been appointed as the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir by Pundit Jawahar Lal Nehru and Maharaja Hari Singh of Kashmir.

Abdullah wanted complete autonomy for J&K and demanded that Article 370 must not remain a temporary provision. However, the Centre deemed this demand unreasonable and did not approve of it.

Special Status Given to Jammu and Kashmir

As Article 370 came into being, the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir gained special power wherein it got the right to recommend the articles of the constitution that should be enforced on the state. It even got the power to annul Article 370 altogether.

Article 35 A and Article 370 together stated that a different set of laws apply for the residents of the state of J&K. The Indian Parliament could only exercise laws related to finance, defence, communications and foreign affairs in the state.

It required the approval of state government for applying all the other laws. The residents of J&K enjoyed completely different laws when it came to ownership of property, laws related to citizenship and fundamental rights.

As per the laws enforced by the state, the Indian citizens from other parts of the country were denied the right to purchase property in Jammu and Kashmir.

The residents of J&K fear that the scrapping of Article 370 may hamper their local business and thus be a threat to their livelihood. Adapting to the changes that are likely to follow this big decision also seems to be a cause of concern for the residents of J&K. Their concerns are genuine. We hope the condition of the place improves henceforth.

Essay on Article 370: Advantages and Disadvantages – (400 words)

Article 370 of the Indian Constitution that gave special power to the state of Jammu and Kashmir was annulled on 5 th August 2019. The decision taken by the Centre has been appreciated by several political parties, leaders, celebrities and majority of general public. However, many others have criticized it outright. Article 370 had few advantages and several disadvantages.

Advantages of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Here is a look at the advantages of Article 370:

1) Article 370 is advantageous for the citizens of J&K. The state gives priority to the interest of its local citizens. There is less competition in the state and greater opportunities for its citizens.

2) J&K boasts of its local handicraft items. The government of this state has kept its culture and local businesses alive. It has always encouraged local businesses over foreign brands.

This is the reason why several local brands are running in the state. This means more work, greater growth opportunities and good income for the locals.

Disadvantages of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution

Here is a look at the disadvantages of Article 370:

1) The state of J&K hasn’t developed as much as the other parts of the country. This is particularly true when we look at the medical facilities here. The condition of the hospitals and healthcare centres in the state are not that good.

2) The law and order in J&K is weak because the centre is not allowed to intervene. This has given rise to terrorism in the state. Terrorism is a major concern here and nothing much is being done to fight it.

3) Corruption in the state is high due to its alienation from the centre. There is no check on the government of J&K. It makes its own laws and works as per its convenience.

4) Article 370 prevented the implementation of Right to Education in the state. This is why students were forced to move to other states.

5) Outsiders cannot establish business in J&K. Professionals and industrialists are not allowed to settle here. This is a major hindrance in the growth and development of the state.

6) This provision is anti- women in nature. It has led to extreme gender bias in the state.

The disadvantages of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution clearly outweigh its advantages. The atmosphere of tension in the state is a clear evidence of the same. Scrapping of Article 370 seems like a ray of hope for the state that has been gripped by terrorism since long. We hope it sees better times ahead.

Long Essay on Article 370 – (500 words)

Article 370 is a temporary provision in the Constitution of India. It provides special autonomous status to the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.

The provisions of the Indian Constitution that are applicable to other states of India are not applicable to J&K.

The article was adopted in November 1956 and was enforced in the state in January 1957 by Sheikh Abdullah.

Special Provisions in Jammu and Kashmir as per Article 370

Some special provisions were made in Jammu and Kashmir as Article 370 came into force in the state. These include:

J&K acquired different national flag.
Insulting the national flag and national symbols is considered a crime in India. It is a punishable offence. But this rule did not apply in J&K.
The highest court orders in India did not apply in J&K.
Jammu and Kashmir citizens enjoyed dual citizenship.
Women in Kashmir had to abide by the Sharia law.
The tenure of the Assembly of J&K was 6 years unlike other Indian states in which the Assembly tenure is 5 years.
RTI, RTE and CAG were not applicable in Kashmir.
The J&K citizenship of a woman who married a person from another Indian state ended. On the other hand, if a woman from the state married someone from Pakistan, he acquired J&K citizenship.
If a Pakistani married a Kashmiri girl, he acquired Indian citizenship.
Article 370 did not allow people from other states to purchase property in J&K.
The minority group in Kashmir that consists of Hindus and Sikhs did not get 16% reservation.

Changes after the Revocation of Article 370

Now that Article 370 has been revoked, Jammu and Kashmir will no longer enjoy the autonomous status. All the special powers that came with this article have been annulled. Here are some of the other changes that are being brought about:

All the residents of J&K shall be entitled to single citizenship only.
Article 360 that is enforced during financial emergency is now applicable in J&K.
People from other states shall be able to purchase property in J&K.
Duration of Legislative Assembly has been changed to 5 years.
RTI will be applicable in J&K.
Minorities will be eligible for 16% reservation.
Children will benefit from the Right to Education.
Directive Principle of State Policy shall be applicable.
J&K will not have a separate flag.

The Atmosphere in J&K as Article 370 Revoked

J&K’s prominent leaders, Omar Abdullah, Sajjad Lone and Mehbooba Mufti were under house arrest as the bill for abolition of Article 370 was passed in the Rajya Sabha.

Internet and mobile services in Kashmir’s Srinagar district were suspended and a ban imposed on all public gatherings.

With so many changes underway after the revocation of Article 370, it seems like J&K will finally experience peace and prosperity. This is just the first step towards the betterment of the state.

There are miles to go! Whether the decision taken by Centre is right or wrong is still being debated. We hope it proves to be beneficial for the state as well as the country as a whole.

Long Essay on Article 370: Revocation – (600 words)

Article 370 was enforced by Sheikh Abdullah on 26 th January 1957. The article gave special power to the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. This was a temporary provision.

However, it remained in force for decades. Even though many political leaders and other prominent people in the country suggested its revocation from time to time, it remained intact; however, it has finally been annulled.

Indian President, Ram Nath Kovind issued constitutional order to revoke Article 370 and apply all the rules and provisions of the Indian constitution to Jammu and Kashmir. This historic move was made on 5 th August 2019.

Bill to Revoke Provisions of Article 370

Union Home Minister, Amit Shah, moved a resolution in Rajya Sabha to introduce a bill scrapping all the provisions of Article 370. This was approved by President Ram Nath Kovind.

Shah also introduced bills seeking bifurcation of the State into Jammu and Kashmir as a Union Territory with an Assembly and Ladakh as a Union Territory without a legislature.

The opposition benches protested against this resolution; however, the decision has been made. Revoking Article 370 of the Indian Constitution had been a major part of BJP’s agenda. Shah’s announcement was thus received with elation by the BJP leaders.

Mixed Reactions on Revocation of Article 370

While many political parties opposed the decision to scrap Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, several others extended their support to the BJP government.

Parties that Supported the Decision

Among those that showed support to this decision were the Aam Aadmi Party, Bahujan Samaj Party, Shiv Sena, AIADMK, Shiromani Akali Dal, YSR Congress, Telugu Desam Party, Biju Janata Dal, BPF and AGP. All these parties backed the Centre’s decision.

Many of them mentioned that they awaited this move since long and welcome the decision wholeheartedly. They now look forward to peace and development in J&K. The decision of scrapping Article 370 has been termed as bold and courageous.

BSP member, Satish Chandra Misra was among the first ones in the Rajya Sabha to support this move. Mayawati also extended support to the bifurcation of Jammu and Kashmir.

AIADMK mentioned that their leader, Jayalalithaa had always wanted this. Shiv Sena members expressed their joy and support by celebrating outside their party head office.

BJD members said that with this decision, Jammu and Kashmir has become an integral part of the country and they are glad about it.

Parties that Opposed the Decision

The parties those opposed the Centre’s decision to revoke Article 370 include Congress, Trinamool Congress, Nationalist Congress Party, Janata Dal (United), Rashtriya Janta Dal, Left, National Conference, DMK and People’s Democratic Party. All these parties condemned and criticised the resolution.

Congress members mentioned that this was a “catastrophic step” and it should be seen as a “black day” in the constitutional history of our country. It further said that this decision is a publicity stunt by BJP to fetch more votes. Likewise, Left mentioned that it is an attack on the Indian Constitution.

Members of People’s Democratic Party expressed their anger over the decision by shouting slogans and tearing copies of Indian Constitution. National Conference called the decision shocking and unilateral. Trinamool Congress also expressed its objection against the Centre’s decision.

DMK went on to say that this was simply the murder of democracy. It said that BJP is forcing its agenda and that it has no respect for the sentiments of the Jammu and Kashmir residents.

Revocation of Article 370 of the Indian Constitution is indeed a big decision. A major change in J&K is likely underway now. We hope things change for good for this beautiful state which has long struggled for peace and justice. The Centre must make special efforts to resurrect J&K and make it a better and safer place to live.

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