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Korean studies resources and services @ pitt.

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  • DBpia DBpia is a full text database of academic periodicals published by major Korean academic societies and research institutes. It includes over 1.1 million articles from 1,316 journals in the fields of business/economics, theology, education, sociology, natural science, humanities, linguistics, law/administration, medicine, engineering, arts/physical education. Searching DBpia database will retrieve article citations and abstracts. University of Pittsburgh affiliated users may contact the East Asian Gateway Service to request the full text. It is a speedy service, usually no more than 2 business days for the full text delivered to your email box.
  • East Asian Gateway Service
  • Korean Studies Information Service System (KISS) This link opens in a new window A full text database of Korean scholarly journal articles, university publications and research papers published by over 1,200 research institutions in Korea. KISS offers over 1 million full text articles by over 300,000 authors, covering all subject areas.
  • KISS International English interface for KISS.
  • Bibliography of Asian Studies (BAS) This link opens in a new window This online version of the Bibliography of Asian Studies (BAS) contains more than 410,000 records on all subjects (especially humanities and social sciences) pertaining to East, Southeast, and South Asia published worldwide from 1971 to the present.
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  • Last Updated: Sep 27, 2023 12:03 PM
  • URL: https://pitt.libguides.com/KoreanStudiesResources

Research Guide for Korean Studies

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Harvard-Yenching Library

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This guide provides an introduction to selected electronic resources for Korean studies. Most are available online, but some are digital products in other formats (e.g. CD-ROM) are also included. Please note that this is not intended to be a comprehensive list and that some sites may require subscription or registration. The majority of resources selected are primarily or entirely in Korean.

For more information on scholarly resources for Korean studies available at Harvard, please contact Mikyung Kang , Librarian for the Korean Collection of Harvard-Yenching Library or the Harvard-Yenching Library reference desk .

Research Guides for East Asian Studies

The following guides may be helpful to students and scholars of East Asia:

  • Research Guide for East Asian Studies by Reed Lowrie Last Updated Oct 26, 2023 462 views this year
  • Research Guide for Chinese Studies by Xiao-He Ma Last Updated Mar 6, 2024 9553 views this year
  • Research Guide for Japanese Studies by Kuniko McVey Last Updated Feb 28, 2024 1494 views this year
  • Harvard-Yenching Library Archival Materials by Chiun Chau Last Updated Mar 5, 2024 314 views this year
  • Research Guide for East Asian Studies

Harvard Library Collections

A number of libraries collect Korean language and Korea-related materials at Harvard.

Harvard-Yenching Library : Extensive Korean-language collection as part of holdings on East Asia. Humanities and social sciences.

Fine Arts Library : The Rübel Asiatic Research Collection holds materials in Korean and other East Asian languages on East Asian art. Fine Arts also collects Western-language works on East Asian art.

Data and Government Information Collection at Lamont :Collects a wide range of publications from the US government, including translations of East Asian media, as well as foreign government, UN, census, and other materials.

Harvard Law School Library : Foreign Law collection includes some materials in Korean, as well as writings in other languages on international law.

Tozzer Library : Anthropological and ethnographic materials, including many on East and Inner Asia.

Widener Library : Materials in Western languages on Asia , including Korea.

Countway Library of Medicine : Medical and public-health resources, including some publications in Korean.

Andover-Harvard Theological Library : Collects on religion and philosophy, including those of East Asia, in Western languages. Also holds a number of missionary publications and papers.

Korean Studies at Harvard

The following institutes and departments sponsor Korea-related events and courses:

Romanization

Although it is increasingly possible to search for materials in library catalogs, bibliographies, and of course online using East Asian scripts, knowledge of romanization is still very helpful. For example, romanized searches in library catalogs may allow you to retrieve materials in characters, Korean alphabet (han'gul), and Western-languages, or let you search for items from older bibliographies which often lack East Asian scripts.

In the case of Korean, the romanization system widely used by libraries in the United States (McCune-Reischauer) differs from the various systems employed at different times by Korean governments. It may also differ from the system taught in Korean language classes.

The following links provide information about romanization of Korean.

Korean McCune-Reischauer Romanization Online tool converting hangul to McCune-Reischauer romanization. Created by Korean Studies librarians in North America.

LC (Library of Congress) and ALA (American Library Association) Romanization Table for Korean Detailed explanation of the guidelines that many American libraries use to romanize Korean works for cataloguing purposes.

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Finding journal articles in korean.

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Full Text databases

  • KISS [Korean-studies Information Service System] [SOAS ID/PW required] Scholarly articles mainly in Korean, published in some 3,500 journals from 1,200 research institutions in Korea since 1945. Covers all subjects in social sciences, humanities and natural sciences.
  • DBpia [SOAS ID/PW required] Journal collection. Contains 1,200,000 articles from 1,200 scholarly journals. Covers all subject areas. Especially strong in humanities, social sciences, and engineering.
  • Kdatabase [SOAS ID/PW required] Journal articles and e-books on Korean history (modern and contemporary), including archive documents during the Japanese colonial period and the U.S. military government, and reference resources on North Korea.
  • KP journal [SOAS ID/PW required] 30,000 articles from 18 academic journals on science in North Korea.

Bibliographical citation databases

  • RISS (한구교육학술정보원) Bibliographic information on articles from Korean academic journals
  • Korea Education & Research Information Service (KERIS) 한국교육학술정보원 A portal for article searching across KISS and DBpia; includes some free full text.
  • 한국잡지정보관 Korean Magazine Museum Online (한국잡지협회) Front cover images, contents, and information of the first issues of Korean magazines from 1896. Browse or search by title, publisher, and publication date.
  • 近代朝鮮関係書籍データベース: The Database for Books and Magazines on Modern Korea (東京大学東洋文化研究所) Bibliographical citations to Japanese  language monographs and articles on Modern Korea published in Japan between 1868 and 1945.

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Computer Science > Computation and Language

Title: klue: korean language understanding evaluation.

Abstract: We introduce Korean Language Understanding Evaluation (KLUE) benchmark. KLUE is a collection of 8 Korean natural language understanding (NLU) tasks, including Topic Classification, SemanticTextual Similarity, Natural Language Inference, Named Entity Recognition, Relation Extraction, Dependency Parsing, Machine Reading Comprehension, and Dialogue State Tracking. We build all of the tasks from scratch from diverse source corpora while respecting copyrights, to ensure accessibility for anyone without any restrictions. With ethical considerations in mind, we carefully design annotation protocols. Along with the benchmark tasks and data, we provide suitable evaluation metrics and fine-tuning recipes for pretrained language models for each task. We furthermore release the pretrained language models (PLM), KLUE-BERT and KLUE-RoBERTa, to help reproducing baseline models on KLUE and thereby facilitate future research. We make a few interesting observations from the preliminary experiments using the proposed KLUE benchmark suite, already demonstrating the usefulness of this new benchmark suite. First, we find KLUE-RoBERTa-large outperforms other baselines, including multilingual PLMs and existing open-source Korean PLMs. Second, we see minimal degradation in performance even when we replace personally identifiable information from the pretraining corpus, suggesting that privacy and NLU capability are not at odds with each other. Lastly, we find that using BPE tokenization in combination with morpheme-level pre-tokenization is effective in tasks involving morpheme-level tagging, detection and generation. In addition to accelerating Korean NLP research, our comprehensive documentation on creating KLUE will facilitate creating similar resources for other languages in the future. KLUE is available at this https URL .

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Libraries | Research Guides

* korean studies, korean databases (nu only).

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  • Kyoboscholar Original Text Service Scholarly multi-disciplinary full-text database, including 624 scholarly journal articles published by prominent academic societies and research centers in Korea.
  • KISS : Han'guk ŭi haeksim chisik chŏngbo chawŏn Full text database of Korean scholarly journal articles, university publications and research papers published by over 1,200 research institutions in Korea. KISS offers over 1 million full text articles by over 300,000 authors, covering all subject areas.
  • DBpia This link opens in a new window DBpia provides full text databases of more than 1,800 Korean scholarly journals in 12 different fields of society, literature, economics & business, medical science, humanities, theology, law & administration, arts, engineering, natural science, and education. All the back issues of each journal title are available and title, author, keyword, journal title and publisher searchable.
  • KRpia This link opens in a new window Full-text collection of Korean classical books including: history, literature, folk literature, natural history, oriental medicine, religion, myth, and other classical works.
  • eArticle E-Journal-All Subjects
  • New Nonmun E-Journal-All Subjects
  • KSDC DB (Korean Social Science Data Center) This link opens in a new window KSDC collects, reprocesses, and archives reliable and objective survey data and national statistics in their database and provides them for social science research. KSDC serves as the representative for South Korea to the World Values Survey and Comparative Study of Electoral Systems, providing access to archived data for these and the Korean National Elections Study.
  • LawnBs Legal Information Service This link opens in a new window A portal service to Korean legal information that includes cases, laws and regulations, legal articles, lawyers, forms, administrative law, and business law.
  • Digital Culture Art Course This link opens in a new window Subset of KoreaA2Z, the Digital Culture Art Course database is based on VOD lectures presented by well-known Korean scholars and specialists. It contains 70 titles for 923 courses under 7 sub-categories for continuing education, including architecture, cartoon and animation, literature, culture, art, cinema, music, and philosophy.
  • Korea A2Z This link opens in a new window Provides full-text access to primary sources and classics for a variety of subjects in Korean studies.
  • Korean History & Culture Research Database This link opens in a new window Provides access to excavation reports and reports about cultural relics published in Korea since the 1940s.
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  • Last Updated: Aug 8, 2023 2:33 PM
  • URL: https://libguides.northwestern.edu/korean

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Articles, magazines, and journals.

  • Bibliography of Asian Studies Search topics, especially in the humanities and the social sciences, on East, Southeast, and South Asia published worldwide. You can also find citations to journal articles, chapters in edited volumes, conference proceedings, anthologies, and more.
  • DBpia Korean database You should use the PDF Download if you are not able to view the PDF in the browser. Full text database including over 570 Korean scholarly journals. The journal titles are arranged by 11 subject categories such as economics, engineering, education, medicine, etc. and all journals are available from the first issue. This resource has been partially funded by the Korea Foundation through its support program.
  • JSTOR Find full text articles in academic journals or books on the arts, humanities, social sciences, and sciences. JSTOR provides articles from the journal's first issue. In some cases the most recent 2-5 years may not be available. View this tutorial to learn how to go from a general idea to a very precise set of results of journal articles and scholarly materials.
  • Koreanstudies Information Service System (KISS) The database covers academic disciplines including arts and humanities, social sciences, sciences, medical sciences, physical education from various source including monographs, periodicals, newspapers, dissertations, reports, dictionaries, encyclopedias, and video lectures. It also includes North Korean academic journals. This resource has been partially funded by the Korea Foundation through its support program.
  • Asia-Studies Full-Text Online Asia-Studies Full-Text Online is the premier database for the study of modern Asia-Pacific. As the exclusive licensee for the region’s most prestigious research institutions, Asia-Studies.com brings together thousands of full-text reports covering 55 countries on a multitude of business, government, economic, and social issues.
  • Bibliography of East Asian Periodicals (Colonial Korea 1900-1945) The Bibliography of East Asian Periodicals (Colonial Korea 1900-1945) provides comprehensive information on a total of 913 periodicals from the colonial period (1910-1945), pre-colonial period (1896-1910), and post-colonial period from liberation in 1945 to the establishment of the Republic of Korea (ROK) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) in 1948.
  • National Digital Science Library Provides papers, patents, and reports.
  • National Library of Korea Magazine Collection The history of Korean magazines can be classified into two general time periods, that of before and after liberation from Japan on August 15, 1945, also known as Liberation Day. This collection covers the first editions of Korean magazines published before Liberation Day, which itself can be subdivided into four time periods: the embryonic period (1896-1909), the military government period (1910-1919), the period of cultural politics (1920-1936), and the Japanese propaganda period (1937-1945).
  • Open Access Korea (OAK) It is a knowledge cooperation organization that supports the global open access movement and pursues free access and sharing of domestic knowledge information. It provides free open access journals. In Korean.
  • RISS RISS is the scholarly arm of the Korean Education and Research Information Service (KERIS), a national service organization for education and research programs. As the largest academic bibliographic utility in Korea, as of July 2018 RISS’s databases included the union catalog of more than 9 million records from 699 academic libraries and institutions, over 5.4 million domestic journal articles (4.9 million of them in full-text), more than 1.9 million domestic dissertations (1.4 million in full-text) and more than 72,000 foreign dissertations on Korea or by Koreans.
  • University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy The University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (UDC) is a venue for faculty to deposit open access copies of their scholarly work, a showcase for select student works, such as dissertations and honors theses, a home to the Data Repository for the University of Minnesota (DRUM), and centralized, searchable access to institutional digital records including those of the University of Minnesota Archives.

Dissertations

  • How to find dissertations and theses A dissertation is the final large research paper, based on original research, for many disciplines to be able to complete a PhD degree. The thesis is the same idea but for a masters degree.
  • Dissertations and Theses Global This link opens in a new window Collection of dissertations and theses from around the world, offering millions of works from thousands of universities. Each year hundreds of thousands of works are added. Full-text coverage spans from 1743 to the present, with citation coverage dating back to 1637.
  • Dissertation Reviews Features overviews of recently defended, unpublished doctoral dissertations (with a current focus on Chinese History, Japan Studies, and Korean Studies but with many more disciplines joining soon). The goal is to offer readers a glimpse of each disciplines immediate present by focusing on the window of time between dissertation defense and first book publication.
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Research Paper Teaching Korean Understanding as a Foreign Language

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2019, Paper Teaching Korean Understanding as a Foreign Language

Related Papers

korean language education research

Gyeongrok Cheon

This paper investigated the types of research methods in Korean Language Education(KLE) and related issues. The research methods involved many elements such as data collection, position and viewpoint of researcher, research purpose, researcher’s intention, time, degree of controlling, utilizing, and using machine. Based on these elements, research methods of KLE could be classified and contrasted. Those are conceptional and empirical research, pure and action research, longitudinal and cross-sectional research, experimental and ethnography, introspection and discourse analysis, case study and survey study. Any research itself has multiplicity and complexity. So we should understand that there are many aspects of any one research. To advance research methods of KLE, it is needed to know the complimentary of conceptional research and empirical research. Theoretical research and action research develops dialectically. Teacher’s inquiry is important, and the concept of ‘teacher researcher’ should be established. Key words : Korean Language Education, research method, conceptional research, empirical research, dialectic, teacher researcher

research paper in korean

KOREAN EDUCATION

This paper analyzed the articulation of Korean Language subject Textbooks between the 6th grade(primary school) and 7th grade(middle school). Articulation is a vertical connectedness between the school. Middle school textbooks were authorized textbooks. So, we chose five much used textbook series for middle school. The criteria of analysis were textbook system, contents, and text materials. As a results, the degree of articulation is fairly good on the whole. Nevertheless a few parts were needed to improve. The presentation of the learning objectives were not so good connected. As text materials, most of (about 80 percents) the 7th grade informational text were 5th~6th grade level as readability formula scores, and much of (about 33 percents) the 6th grade texts were 7th grade level. It means that 7th grade texts were easy for the grade level, so called ‘retreat phenomenon’. The quantity of graphics texts should be reduced in 7th compared with 6th grade. Key words:articulation, Korean Language subject, textbook, primary, middle, materials, text, readability

Bilingual Research (이중언어학)

Hye-Sook Wang

Wang Hye-Sook. 2009. 2. 28. Learning while Laughing: Integrating Language and Culture through Humor. Bilingual Research 39, 171-211. This paper examines the use of humor in Korean language education. While various materials such as movies, TV dramas, proverbs, folk tales and the like have been widely used in Korean language education over the past decade or so, the application of humor in the classroom has not received due attention from educators and researchers to date. Although some teachers must have been using humor to varying degrees in their classes, the field lacks more formal discussion of the use of humor in Korean language education in general. The present paper discusses ways to use humor, the benefits and pitfalls of using humor in language classes, guidelines and principles of choosing humor, challenges of using humor, and actual examples that could be considered for use in the classroom. Humor can be, if properly used, an effective tool for integrating language and culture education

Journal of Korean Language Education

Jaehoon Yeon

As part of a larger project into the acquisition of tense-aspect marking in Korean, this paper reports the findings of a piece of experimental research looking into “when” and “how” second language learners of Korean develop use of the progressive marker “ko issta”. The paper sets out to ...

Korea Journal of Chinese Linguistics

Seow Yuening 蕭悅寧 소열녕

한국어의 한자어 ‘이상’, ‘이하’, ‘이내’와 중국어의 ‘yĭshàng’, ‘yĭxià’, ‘yĭnèi’는 모두 한자 ‘以上’, ‘以下’, ‘以內’로 표기할 수 있다는 점에서 같은 語形을 지닌다고 할 수 있다. 또한 이들은 문장 속에서 수량을 뜻하는 단어 바로 뒤에 위치한다는 점도 동일하다. 이런 공통점으로 인하여 한국어와 중국어의 화자들이 상대방의 언어를 학습하거나 번역할 때, 두 언어에서 쌍을 이루는 이 단어들의 의미와 용법을 동일하게 여기기 쉽다. 그러나 실제 언어 사용을 살펴보면 그렇지 않다는 사실을 금방 깨달을 수 있다. 이들 단어 앞에 수량이 기준으로 제시될 때, 그 수량이 범위에 포함되는지 여부는 두 언어 사이에 차이가 있으며, 같은 언어를 사용하는 사람들 사이에서도 인식에 따라 다르다. 본고에서 사전과 문법서를 중심으로 한국어의 ‘이상’, ‘이하’, ‘이내’와 중국어의 ‘以上’, ‘以下’, ‘以內’의 정의를 살펴본 결과, 다음과 같은 내용을 알 수 있었다. 첫째, 한국어의 ‘이상’, ‘이하’는 기준의 포함 여부에 대해 명확한 사전적 정의가 존재하는 반면, ‘이내’는 그렇지 않았다. 둘째, 중국어의 ‘以上’, ‘以下’는 습관적인 용법이 있는 것으로 보이지만 기준의 포함 여부가 명확하지 않을 때도 있으며, ‘以內’는 아예 ‘습관적 용법’이라고 할 만한 쓰임조차 없었다. 이 단어들의 용법을 보다 정확하게 파악하기 위해 필자들은 한 달 간 두 언어의 화자를 대상으로 설문 조사를 실시하였다. 총 122명의 한국어 화자와 108명의 중국어 화자가 조사에 응하였으며, 조사 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 첫째, 99.2%의 한국어 화자가 ‘X 이상’을 ‘X와 같거나 X의 위’라고 생각한 반면, 61.1%의 중국어 화자만 ‘X以上’을 ‘X와 같거나 X의 위’라고 생각하였다. 둘째, 91%의 한국어 화자가 ‘X 이하’를 ‘X와 같거나 X의 아래’라고 판단하였는데, 86.1%의 중국어 화자는 ‘X以下’를 ‘X의 아래’라고 생각하여 ‘X’가 범위에 포함되지 않는다고 판단하였다. 셋째, 53.3%의 한국어 화자는 ‘X 이내’의 ‘X’가 범위에 포함된다고 생각하였으며, 중국어 화자의 64.8%는 ‘X以內’의 ‘X’가 범위에 포함된다고 판단하였다. 이 조사 결과를 통해 한국어 ‘이상’, ‘이하’, ‘이내’와 중국어 ‘以上’, ‘以下’, ‘以內’의 공통점과 차이점을 다음과 같이 정리할 수 있다. 우선 짝을 이루는 이 세 그룹의 단어 중, ‘이내’와 ‘以內’가 가장 유사하다. 앞에 있는 수량이 범위에 포함된다고 생각하는 화자가 과반수이고 그렇지 않다고 생각하는 화자는 40% 내외로, 그 비율이 비슷하게 나타났다. 그 다음 ‘이상’과 ‘以上’도 어느 정도 유사하다고 할 수 있다. 그렇지만 수량이 범위에 포함된다고 생각하는 응답자는 한국어 화자의 99.2%로, 중국어 화자의 61.1%보다 38.1%나 많다는 점을 주의해야 한다. 즉, ‘이상’에 대한 한국어 화자의 판단이 거의 일치하는 반면 중국어 화자들은 그렇지 못하다는 것이다. 가장 뚜렷한 차이는 ‘이하’와 ‘以下’에서 나타났다. 한국어의 ‘이하’에 수량이 포함된다는 응답자는 91%에 달했는데 중국어의 ‘以下’는 오히려 그 반대로 86.1%의 응답자가 포함되지 않는다는 답을 주었다. 이러한 두 언어의 차이를 한국어교육과 중국어교육에서 반드시 강조해 주어야 학습자들이 해당 언어에서 알맞은 표현을 사용할 수 있을 것이다.

The Comments on the Korean Classical Texts

This paper analyzes Yang Ju-dong(1903~1977)’s research on the Korean classical poetry, focusing on its contexts of the ‘Korean Parnassus’ group in the late Japanese colonial period of Korea, from the late 1930s to the early 1940s. At the time of the second Sino-Japanese war, writers of “Munjang”, a popular coterie magazine founded in 1939, tried to ‘invent’ the language and literature of Joseon(Korea). Yang Ju-dong’s research on the Korean classical poetry, particularly interested in lexicology of ancient Korean language and literature, were related to such tendency of Munjang and its writers at that time. Concerning the discourse of ‘Korean classical literature’, Yang ju-dong conceived double boundaries of the Korean classical literature, the diachronic ‘past’ and the spatial ‘Korea=Orient.’ By fusing these concepts of time and space, he organized a singular ‘function’ of space-time of the Korean literature, that the Korean classical literature was valuable because it came from the past(classical antiquity), which meant it preserved Korean=Oriental aesthetics very well. These imagined boundaries and their function relied on two inventions. The first was the invention of the continuity of Korean language, from the language of Silla dynasty to the modern Korean. The second was the invention of the genealogical extension of Korean language toward Manchurian or Mongolian, based on the hypothesis of ‘Ural-Altaic language family.’ It seems that Yang ju-dong’s research internalized, to a certain degree, the logic of Japanese Imperialism, especially on its Orientalism or direction of ‘post/anti-westernization.’ To quote Homi Bhabha’s words, however, the invention of Yang ju-dong’s research can be analyzed as ‘resistance,’ because it interpellated Joseon(Korea), which was completely eliminated, into the Japanese imperialistic initiative of ‘Greater East Asia’, and therefore, implied “the signs of cultural difference and reimplicate them within the ‘deferential relations’ of colonial power.”

대동한문학 (Daedonghanmunhak)

Jinyoup Jang

This study examines discussions of Tangun and Kija in the ancient history discourse of Chosŏn missions to Japan in written conversation collections during the 17th and 18th centuries. First, the study observed how written conversation collections from 1636 to 1764 raised the issue of Tangun and Kija. Since the Chinese texts mentioned that Kija introduced the Eight Prohibitions to Chosŏn, the Japanese literati also took this as historical fact. Thus, they referred to Chosŏn as Kisŏng (箕域), Kibang (箕邦), and Kiju (箕疇) in poetry exchanges, praising it as a country civilized by Kija and carrying on the customs of the Shang. Tangun’s existence was known in Japan through Comprehensive Mirror of the Eastern Kingdom (Tongguk t’onggam) and was recognized along with Kija as the progenitor of Chosŏn. Tangun and Kija were frequently mentioned in poetry exchanges and written conversations from early Chosŏn-Japan exchange until the 1764 mission. Throughout the missions, the Japanese literati generally had no qualms accepting the existence of Tangun and Kija. However, Hayashi Hōkō raised doubts to Yi Hyŏn about whether Tangun lived 1,048 years and which text stated that Kija brought 5,000 Shang people with him in a 1711 written conversation. This question, though, was the repeating of questions already raised by Hayashi Razan in a letter to a Chosŏn envoy in 1643. Although it is presumed that Razan read Comprehensive Mirror and raised these doubts, he presents these questions as if they were his own. Although Razan’s questions were over the evidence and credibility of the ancient texts, this attitude is not taken by Japanese literati in later conversations. This study presents examples of the attitude Japanese scholars of the Edo period took regarding Tangun and Kija in written conversations before taking a modern approach to such myths. The author will attempt to refine this analysis by examining discussions of mythical Japanese figures such as Susanoo-no-Mikoto and Wang In in the ancient history discourse of Chosŏn-Japan exchange.

Historians and sociologists have analyzed the (re)building of the postcolonial knowledge production systems of the liberated Korea, largely in terms of the emergence of the modern scientific institutions and personnel, the amalgamation of science and technology, and the construction of the statist and capitalist hegemony in so-called ʻscience-technology(과학기술).ʼ However, they have rarely paid attention to how and which specific knowledge was produced and circulated, and that much worse in the context of the primary and secondary education systems. Yet, those who could be called as the teacher-cum-researcher in the colonized and postcolonial Korea, were at the center in (re)building the post-colonial knowledge production systems, where the boundaries between research and teaching often became blurred and porous. The deficiency in teaching materials and resources usually led teachers at school not just to draw upon any information available from books and experts for their pedagogic purposes, but to garner and produce various forms of useful knowledge in their local contexts, alone and together, often with the help of their students and neighboring residents. The aim of this paper is to shed new light on that knowledge systems and their reproduction by following the practices of a couple of groups of those teacher-cum-researchers, roughly between 1949-1970s. Here, the focus is put on the National Science Fair, where teachers and their students were annually invited to present their observations, investigations, and researches in order to promote the scientific spirit in postcolonial Korea. The Science Fair is a very rare case for historians and sociologists of science in Korea, it is argued, to be able to look into how and which scientific knowledge was produced and circulated, particularly in the context of teaching situated between the official knowledge-making systems and the local information orders, that is the information order of the teaching-led research of the postcolonial education systems.

HANMUNHAKRONCHIP: Journal of Korean Literature in Chinese

Kugyol Studies

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Academic research in Korea

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Nature Materials volume  6 ,  pages 707–709 ( 2007 ) Cite this article

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Scientific research in Korean universities has developed rapidly in the past twenty years. However, the quality still lags behind other advanced countries, and Korea faces many challenges in building premier research universities.

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This sample history essay explores one of Asia's most significant conflicts and describes the nature of the war between communism and democracy during the Cold War. This paper focuses on the Korean War and the subsequent split of the peninsula into ideologically opposed halves. A document like this is common to history and political science essay assignments .

The Korean War

In the new millennium, one of the flashpoints in the world that worry most people is the belligerence of North Korea. South Korea’s success, as a democratic nation and as an economic powerhouse has placed the confrontation between the two sides of a divided nation in a unique light, as pitting a rational, well-position people, the South Koreans, against a poverty-stricken , isolated and brainwashed population essentially held prisoner by the very young head of a personality cult, the new “Dear Leader”, Kim Jong-un, grandson of the founder of the North Korean regime, and son of the recently demised Kim Jong-il. Sixty years after the Korean War, two sides of a conflict could not be more different, yet so close, sharing thousands of years of the same race and culture.

Three examples of the conflict between communism and the Western world present themselves as a complete range of possibilities. Germany was separated after World War II into East and West Germany, the West becoming a thriving and democratic nation, and the East an isolated communist dictatorship within the control of the Soviet Union kept behind a wall, and from information and freedom of movement. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, Germany was reunited and has become today one of the world’s most successful democratic countries and economies.

What role does Vietnam play?

Vietnam, separated into the Communist North, and the free South, was the focal point of the Vietnam War between the East and the West, and when the South fell, the whole of Vietnam was plunged into fifty years of darkness under the North Vietnamese communist system, only to be more recently opened to the world, following China’s opening, becoming increasingly less communist and more capitalist, but remaining a dictatorship bereft of most freedoms and rights enjoyed by democratic nations.

After the Korean War, what was the unified nation of Korea before the Japanese colonial period, together for 1,300 years, was separated into North and South Korea, the north a communist enclave eventually kept under the tight control of the personality cult of Kim Il Sung, the hand-picked dictator of Stalin to run what had always been known as the “Hermit Kingdom” up north, and the South, a democratic nation which today has become one of the most powerful economies in the world. The differences in the daily lives of the North and South Koreans today could not be starker.

Three countries, three possible outcomes. Reunited as democracy, reunited as a communist dictatorship, and remaining divided. To understand how Korea got here, we might have to go back and examine the period after World War II, when Korea was divided by the antagonistic super powers, and the Korean War itself, to understand how 25 million North Koreans have been held captive by a single family for over sixty years.

Korea and the aftermath of World War II

From the Seventh Century to the end of the Nineteenth Century, Korea was a unified country, albeit under repeated assault from its neighbors, China, Russia, and Japan, and the subject of adventurism from the West as well, forming alliances and making treaties to protect itself, often with both sides of a conflict. Japan occupied Korea from 1905 as colonial dictator until the end of World War II, and its heavy-handed colonization and occupation, along with Japan’s long history of aggression towards the Korean people, produced enmity by Koreans that persists even today. Although Korea was unified before the end of World War II, two distinct points of view existed, those aligned with the Soviets and communism, and those opposed to the Soviets and any foreign interference.

As World War II was in its final weeks, the Soviets began moving troops down into the north of Korea, and it was at this moment the United States realized what was afoot. According to Oberdorfer, (2001), without any plan for Korea, without any real understanding of the situation inside the country, or even the logistics or political realities inside Korea, the Americans were forced to come up with a proposal for dividing Korea, so as to prevent the Soviets from taking over the entire country. The Americans arbitrarily chose the already existing 38th parallel, the demarcation line chosen by the Japanese forty years earlier, as the dividing point, and so it came to be.

Additional Reading:  The Cold War and Containment

Arbitrary split

For this arbitrary division of a nation physically and culturally unified for 1300 years, and for the tumultuous result of the division, the Americans and Soviets must bear full responsibility. For fifty million South Koreans today, there must be some hesitant appreciation for the fact they were saved by the Americans from the same fate as their North Korean brothers who were rendered by the Soviets and the Chinese communists (Korea had always looked to China as a buffer against the hated aggressive Japanese) into a prison-like compound of a country, bereft of freedom, human rights, even dignity, and today starved and brainwashed with the full assent and protection of Beijing.

The Soviets selected Kim Il Sung as the leader of the North Koreans, and he established a northern nation, ironically called the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, though totally bereft of democracy. Kim built himself a cult, and it has persisted today in his descendants, perhaps no different than as though the Kims were emperors with absolute power, only now, with nuclear capabilities. The Americans selected Syngman Rhee, educated in the United States at Harvard and Princeton, and a committed anti-communist. But South Korea did not become a democratic nation until 1987.

The start of the Korean War

With both sides of the divided Korea rabidly committed to reunifying the other side under its own banner, and with Soviet and Chinese support, in 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950. While North Korea has persistently portrayed itself as having been the victim of invasion by the aggression of the South Koreans and Americans, documents unearthed in Soviet Union archives after the fall of the Soviet Union have now make it clear that Kim implored Stalin to support the invasion beginning in early 1949, and continuing until early 1950 when he got the green light. The invasion was undertaken at the behest of Kim, and with the full support of Stalin and Beijing.6 Oberdorfer notes that even to this day we do not know why Stalin changed his mind, and there have been several different factors suggested, including the victory of the Chinese communists in 1949, the Soviet’s development of its atomic bomb, the withdrawal of American troops from South Korea, or America’s apparent decision to exclude South Korea from its defense considerations.7

As for the precise moment the war started, there has been controversy over this since that day, a question of who fired the first shot.8,9 Nevertheless, on the same day:

“The United Nations Security Council responded to the attack by adopting (by a 9-0 vote) a resolution that condemned the invasion as a ‘breach of the peace.’” 10 (“US Enters Korean Conflict”).

Likely based on similar considerations to Stalin’s decision to give the green light to the North’s invasion, and with tremendous pressure back home from those vehemently opposed to the spread of communism, and perhaps eager to prove anti-communist credentials, the United States President turned the nation’s attention from merely worrying about the spread of communism in Europe to concern over Asia to the Korean flashpoint pitting the Soviets and Chinese communists against the U.S.11

In what appears to have been one of the first of America’s underestimations of the ability of indigenous and guerrilla forces to mount a defense in their own country (as with America's poor decisions in Iraq to some extent), a “police action” was ordered by the U.S. President, Truman, under the auspices of the United Nations, with 15 countries participating. Douglas MacArthur was appointed commander of the U.N. forces, and initially portrayed the conflict as something that could be completed in a few weeks.12

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The consequences of the Korean War

Three years later, the DMZ remained the same, both sides had experienced devastating destruction, and the casualties were enormous. By some estimates, 900,000 Chinese soldiers, 520,000 North Korean soldiers, 280,000 South Korean soldiers, 120,000 U.N. soldiers, and 36,000 American soldiers died in the conflict.13 In addition, 3 million civilians from both sides were estimated to have been killed, with some 5 million left homeless. Unification was not achieved by either side, but neither side gave up control of their respective areas. Soviet expansion was thwarted, but not defeated. The U.S. would lock horns with China in years to come, as Beijing sought to expand its influence throughout Southeast Asia.14 These stressful relations are still present, as seen with the situation with the Cold War.

Very different paths for the North and South

While some have romanticized the Korean conflict as a war by agrarianism (the North) against industrialization and commercialization (the South)15, clearly the outcome for each side speaks for itself (and other attempts to establish agrarian communist states resulted in disaster for the people too, such as in Cambodia some twenty or so years later). Deane has this to say about the North’s motives for invading the South:

"The three-month northern occupation of much of the south was strongly revolutionary and, until chaotic defeat set in, relatively tolerant and forebearing. Along with unification, Pyongyang had two priority tasks in the south – restoration of the people’s committees which the American occupation has eliminated in 1945 and a thorough land reform." 16

Deane does not discuss how fortunate the South Koreans were that the North was eventually repulsed, and forced to return to the north of the 38th parallel. Some sixty years later, the respective well-being of the peoples of the North and South speaks volumes about the North’s ill-conceived and less than altruistic plans. Since the communist threats during the Cold War , the Kim dictatorship in North Korea is viewed as among the worst and most dangerous regimes in the world.17 Human Rights Watch has this to say about North Korea:

"North Korea systematically violates the basic rights of its population. [I]t allows no organized political opposition, free media, functioning civil society, or religious freedom. Arbitrary arrest, detention, lack of due process and torture and ill-treatment of detainees remain serious and endemic problems. North Korea also practices collective punishment for various anti-state offenses, for which it enslaves hundreds of thousands of citizens in prison camps, including children." 18 (Ibid).

On the other hand, South Korea is viewed as one of the most successful democratic stories of the past 60 years.19 Freedom House has this to say about South Korea:

[After the Korean War], South Korea implemented an export-led industrialization drive that transformed the poor, agrarian country into one of the world’s leading economies.... South Korea is an electoral democracy....Political pluralism is robust, with multiple parties competing for power. Despite the overall health of the political system, bribery, influence peddling, and extortion have not been eradicated from politics, business, and everyday life....The news media are free and competitive.

Newspapers are privately owned and report fairly aggressively on government policies and alleged official and corporate wrongdoing....The government generally respects citizens’ right to privacy. South Korea respects freedom of assembly.... Human rights groups, social welfare organizations, and other NGOs are active and for the most part operate freely....South Korea’s judiciary is generally considered to be independent." 20

Most South Koreans would not wish to become part of the North under virtually any circumstances. Most North Koreans could not decide this issue because the Hermit Kingdom restricts the information that flows inside North Korea, and most of its population is ignorant of the outside world, brainwashed and starving.

Connecting the Korean War with the modern status

The Korean War resulted in the loss of a horrendous number of lives, and destruction of millions of homes, causing over five million people to become refugees. Today, these losses cannot be measured, except to concede that no war should ever be necessary. Nevertheless, people who believe in freedom and human rights, and are willing to do whatever is necessary to protect them often cannot choose the time and place when evil people with evil plans will choose to fight to impose their will on the defenseless. Tragic and pivotal events like these are one of the reasons that the study of history is so essential and why students are asked to research and write essays about them.

Bibliography

Deane, H. (1999). The Korean War 1945-1953. San Francisco: China Books.

“Historian Debunks Claim that South Started Korean War.” (2006, June 23). The Chosun Ilbo (English Edition): Daily News from Korea - Retrieved March 9, 2013, from http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_

Oberdorfer, D. (1997). The two Koreas: a contemporary history. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.

South Korea | Freedom House. (2012). Freedom House. Retrieved March 9, 2013, from http://www.freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2012/south-korea

“US Enters the Korean Conflict.” (n.d.). National Archives and Records Administration. Retrieved March 9, 2013, from http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/korean-conflict/

World Report 2012: North Korea | Human Rights Watch. (2012). Human Rights Watch | Defending Human Rights Worldwide. Retrieved March 9, 2013, from http://www.hrw.org/world-report-2012/world-report-2012-north-korea

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research paper in korean

Madelyn Ferdock

Asian Studies Digital Portfolio

A Brief Linguistic Analysis of 한국어 (the Korean Language)

research paper in korean

A Brief Linguistic Analysis of 한국어 (the Korean Language) Madelyn Ferdock and Kanvi Sharma June 2018

Abstract Korean is a unique language because of its interaction of phonetics, phonology, morphology, and syntax. You can see this unique interaction in the way words and letters change and how they are realized depending on what case or tense mark ending is placed on them. This paper was written in conjunction with Kanvi Sharma.

The official language of the Korean Peninsula is Hangul 한글 (the Korean language) which is 573 years old. In terms of spoken and written languages, Korean would be considered a baby. It is also one of the two official languages spoken of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture and Changbai Korean Autonomous County of China. Approximately 80 million people speak it worldwide. For a long time, Korea’s official language was Chinese but in 1443 King Sejong was frustrated that his subjects were not able to express their concerns to him. From this, he created a new 24 letter alphabet that he said, “A wise man can acquaint himself with them before the morning is over; a stupid man can learn them in the space of ten days.”. Even the creation of the individual letters in Korean was in a very intuitive way as to allow more people to become literate (figure 1); because of this, South Korea has one of the highest literacy rates.

research paper in korean

When letters are combined, they are put into syllable blocks where you stack the letters next to and then below each other in a left to right manner. For example, the word for bag, ‘gabang’(가방), uses the letters ㄱ ㅏ ㅂ ㅏ ㅇ. The spelling of this word is dictated to have two syllable blocks built around the two syllables used to pronounce. You build these syllable blocks by adding two letters together and then the next letters you add will be placed beneath these first two letters: ㄱ+ㅏ=가 /ga/ the first syllable in gabang, ㅂ+ㅏ+ㅇ=방 /baŋ/ the second syllable. This syllabic block was built by first combining ㅂ+ㅏ to get 바 and since there is still one more letter to add, ㅇ(eung), this letter is placed underneath 바 /ba/ to get 방 /baŋ/.

Certain combinations of vowels and consonants in a word create a phonological change while the morphology of the word remains the same. For example, the word eesaw(있어), the consonant ㅇ(eung) is a silent consonant unless it is placed in the bottom position of a syllable block; such as bag, gabang(가방), as seen above. In this case, the letter ㅇ(eung) is realized as, /ŋ/. However, when the ㅇ (eung) is in the top position of a syllable block and comes after a syllable block that ends in a consonant (in the case of the fortis consonant ssang shiot [ㅆ]) the consonant is realized in the second syllabic block instead of being contained to the first. It sounds like the word being said is /eetɔ/ instead of /eesɔ/.

The difference in syllabic pronunciation is also apparent when we look at the stem word of 있어 (eesaw), 있다 (eetda). The ssang shiot (ㅆ) double consonant is realized as what it is meant to sound like, a voiced alveolar fricative /ssaw/ only when followed by the letter ㅇ (eung). When the ssang shiot ㅆ is followed by a consonant or nothing at all, it is instead realized by cutting off the previous vowel very abruptly and making the following letter a fortis consonant. This unique occurrence does not only happen with the ssang shiot (ㅆ) being on the bottom of the syllable block, it happens with other regular consonants as well. This can be comparable to how in English we have letters that change the way they sound depending on where in a word they are placed and next to what letters they are.

Korean is an isolating and an agglutinating language. It forms sentences using sequences of free morphemes. Korean morphology shares a wide range of characteristics with the Japanese agglutinative morphology (primarily suffixing), invariable nouns, case indicated by postpositional particles and their use of noun classifiers. However, the sound systems and lexicons of both languages are very contrasting. Korean has been deeply influenced by Chinese in its vocabulary, encompassing a great number of words from it (Gutman and Avanzati). Certain letters also look similar to Chinese letters in their written form.

Unlike Chinese and English that have a Subject Verb Object (SVO) sentence structure, Korean sentence structure is Subject Object Verb (SOV). An example of this would be, “Saellineun (Sally) Leondeon-ae (to London) gassoyo (went).” There are no articles and definiteness is not distinguished. Although Korean limits the order of words in the way English does, its grammar imposes other types of restrictions, for instance, verb morphology is almost exclusively suffixing and agglutinative. There are around 40 different suffixes in the Korean language and these case markers or suffixes are particles placed immediately after a noun and pronoun (Gutman and Avanzati). Case markers can be divided into four main types: honorific, tense, formal, and mood morphemes. The honorific marker ‘say-yo’(새요) is used to express respect to the subject of the verb while the formal markers ‘yo’(요) is used to convey politeness to the receiver. The suffix ‘sŭpni’(십니) is used to address somebody of a higher social status, such as the president, but also includes people who are much older than the speaker, such as a grandparent. The tense markers for past is ‘ŏsso’(었어) and for future is ‘kesso’(갰어). Tense markers for the present tense are the conjugation of a verb ‘yo’(요). Some mood morphemes that are used at the end of a verbal complex include: ‘ta’(다) (declarative), ‘la’(라) (imperative), ‘ja’(자) (propositive), and ‘kka’(까) (interrogative) (Gutman and Avanzati). Some other examples of case markers include: -neun (은), eun (는), i (이), ga (가), do (도), kkeseo (께서), e (에), man (만), and many more. An example of case markers used in a sentence is: Maikeuleun (Michael) ilbonae(to Japan) gassohyo (went). In this given example, the case marker ‘-eun’ is used after a consonant as a subject particle and the suffix ‘-ae’ is used to describe time or place, while the suffix ‘-ssohyo’ is used to signify the past tense.

These case markers are an important part of the Korean sentence structure because it helps to distinguished who is the speaker, the receiver, what type of the sentence is, and the mood of the sentence. Without these case markers, in more complex sentences, the listener would get confused what or who the speaker is actually talking about. This can be because in Korean the language does not have he, she, they. It can also be because the object particle is placed on the wrong noun making the sentence go from ‘I picked up the book’ to ‘The book picked up me’. In place of these subject words, Korean speakers use people’s names and familial terms to refer to one another. It also helps to have a native knowledge that when a speaker continues talking, it is usually about the same subject or topic at hand.

In Korean, the gender is not marked. Compared to English, the word “actor” in English refers to a male person who appears in movies while “actress” refers to a female who appears in movies. In Korean, ‘baeu’ (배우) can be used to describe both actor and actress. There is an exception when talking about family members where the prefix is placed on the familial words when referring to the mother’s side family members vs the father’s side. A good example of this can be seen in ‘chinhalmoni’(친할머니) and ‘weihalmoni’(외할머니), meaning grandmother on father’s side and grandmother on mother’s side, respectively.

Another exception when gender is marked applies to persons who are younger than the speaker and want to call upon an older person to get their attention. The speaker must then use special words to refer to an older male or older female depending on the speaker’s gender. For example, if the speaker is a female younger than the older male listener, she would refer to him as ‘oppa’(오빠), whereas a younger male would refer to the older male as ‘hyung’(형). A sentence without a first and second subject is allowed as long as the subject is implicit in the discourse. But the scratching out of the third person subject is rarer (Gutman and Avanzati). Syntactic relations between words are demonstrated mostly by postpositional markers.

Due to the heavy influence of western culture, Korean speakers have started to use some English words in a shortened form. For example, ‘remote control’ as ‘rimokon’(리모컨) and ‘combination’ as ‘kombi’(컴비) (Kim). This may seem familiar because we see this in the English language. Most English words can be traced back to foreign lands, yet we are not aware of this every time we use the word. In Korean, however, these borrowed words were adopted more recently (since the end of the Korean war in 1953) and therefore if you have a working knowledge of the English language, the speaker might be able to be more conscious of this. During the Korean war and ever since Koreans fought and still work alongside many American soldiers which is most-likely where they have borrowed these words from.

As it has been pointed out by many linguists, no language is harder than any other. To learn Korean as a native English speaker, it might be a little difficult. This is because the language and word order patterns are very different from the structure of English that the speaker already knows. The word order is also not strictly set to the SOV order in Korean. Similar to other languages, the official word order is SOV, however, there are many sentences where this order may be switched, and the listener is still able to understand what the speaker is saying. For Korean, especially, the listener has to be sure to listen to the entire sentence before responding. This is because the listener cannot glean enough information (even with a native Korean lexicon) to know what the speaker is saying before they finish their sentence.

Korean is a unique language because of its interaction of phonetics, phonology, morphology, and syntax. You can see this unique interaction in the way words and letters change and how they are realized depending on what case or tense mark ending is placed on them. The whole syntactic meaning can differ by just adding or subtracting or even placing the wrong tense or case marker at the end of the word. These are just some parts that make Korean such an interesting language to study.

Yu Cho, Y. (2016-10-26). Korean Phonetics and Phonology. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Retrieved 15 Apr. 2018, from http://linguistics.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acrefore-9780199384655-e-176.

Gutman, Alejandro and Avanzati, Beatriz. Korean. 2013. 15 April 2018. .

Kim, Danny. “Korean Morphology – Anthropology.” n.d. Document. 15 April 2018. .

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