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Breastfeeding Essays

The benefits and challenges of breastfeeding, the significance of breastfeeding in nursing: advantages, challenges, and interventions, breastfeeding vs. formula feeding, breastmilk is best for newborns, the advantages and the potential disadvantages or concerns associated with breastfeeding, breastfeeding in public, benefits of co-sleeping, popular essay topics.

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Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Breastfeeding — The Importance Of Breastfeeding And The Issue Of Breastfeeding In Public

The Importance of Breastfeeding and The Issue of Breastfeeding in Public

• Categories: Breastfeeding Breastfeeding in Public Motherhood

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Published: May 14, 2021

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Bibliography

• Ballard, Olivia, and Ardythe L Morrow. “Human Milk Composition: Nutrients and Bioactive Factors.” Pediatric Clinics of North America, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Feb. 2013.
• “Benefits of Breastfeeding.” AAP.org.
• “Breastfeeding and Breast Milk.” Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
• “Breastfeeding: Breast When United.” SUWANNEE RIVER AREA HEALTH EDUCATION CENTER, 13 Aug. 2018.
• Johnson, Tahra, et al. Breastfeeding State Laws.Lewis, Katherine. “Why Employers Should Provide a Lactation Room for Nursing Employees.” The Balance Careers, The Balance Careers, 29 Apr. 2019.
• Lucia, Carole Anderson, and Carole Anderson Lucia. “The Benefits of Breastfeeding.” Parents.“Making the Decision to Breastfeed.” Womenshealth.gov, 14 Mar. 2019.
• “Mother's Milk: NYC Braces for New Workplace Lactation Room Requirements.” Labor & Employment Law Blog, 18 Dec. 2018.Simon, Javier. “The Cost of Baby Formula.” SmartAsset, SmartAsset, 7 May 2019.
• “The Physiological Basis of Breastfeeding.” Infant and Young Child Feeding: Model Chapter for Textbooks for Medical Students and Allied Health Professionals., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Jan. 1970.
• “Why Baby May Suddenly Refuse the Breast.” Why Baby May Suddenly Refuse the Breast | WIC Breastfeeding.

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Benefits of Breastfeeding Versus Formula-Feeding Essay

Introduction, history of breastfeeding, advantages of breastfeeding over bottle-feeding, advantages of bottle-feeding over breastfeeding, importance of research.

Nowadays, one of the most challenging tasks many young mothers have to face is the necessity of choosing between breastfeeding and formula/bottle-feeding. It is easy to surf the web and find several correlational, cohort, or experimental studies where different authors defend their positions on the chosen topic. On the one hand, breastfeeding is deemed preferable due to its perfect balance of nutrients, protection against allergies and diseases, and easy digestion for babies.

On the other hand, formula-feeding is characterized by certain merits, such as the possibility for another person to feed a baby anytime, a mother’s freedom to be involved in different activities or even start working, and no dependence on the mother-child diet. Although some mothers might still choose to bottle-feed their infants with formula due to practical concerns, research shows that breastfeeding is preferable due to its impact on maternal and child health.

The history of breastfeeding is as long as the existence of life on the planet. In ancient cultures and in modern times women continued to breastfeed children to nourish them. However, some cultures did not focus on breastfeeding as an intimate link between the mother and the child. For example, while most ancient civilizations had mothers feed their children, more structurally segregated Western European countries created the role of a wet nurse – a woman whose job was to breastfeed children of royal and noblewomen.

Various cultures assigned different meanings to the process of breastfeeding and followed their sets of rules to determine how, when, and where to feed children. In ancient times, Egyptian and Greek civilizations did not treat breastfeeding as a job fit only for common folk and allowed women of all social statuses to feed their children. Nevertheless, wet nurses still had a place in the culture and were respected for their work. In Japan, breastfeeding was common but declined in popularity in the 20th century due to the interest of mothers in modern medicine and artificial feeding options. However, with a well-thought-out campaign, the government was able to elevate breastfeeding to be the primary choice of mothers in the country.

Western countries faced similar challenges earlier, during the middle ages, and then again at the beginning of the 19th century. Here, the history of breastfeeding was firmly connected to the cultural aspects of these civilizations. Countries with a rigid societal structure viewed breastfeeding as a job for lower classes and the process became plagued with many preconceptions. The combination of men’s opinions on breastfeeding and their lack of medical knowledge pressured women into declining breastfeeding. Later efforts in raising the popularity of breastfeeding emphasized health benefits for mothers and children and an establishment of an emotional connection between the parent and the child.

The breastfeeding vs. formula-feeding dilemma appears as soon as women find out that they are pregnant. They have to evaluate all the pros and cons of their pregnancy outcomes, understand if they want to take sick leave, and recognize the relationship between baby feeding and health. All circumstances have to be taken into consideration to make the best decision. Both methods, breastfeeding and bottle-feeding, have their advantages and disadvantages.

Sometimes, it is hard to make a choice, and extensive research is required. This dilemma may be considered through the prism of health, social factors, emotional stability, and personal convenience. In this paper, special attention to the works by Belfort et al. (2013), Boué et al. (2018), Fallon, Komninou, Bennett, Halford, and Harrold (2017), Horta and Victoria (2013) will be made to clarify if the benefits of breastfeeding prevail over the benefits of bottle-feeding in terms of health.

The first months after a baby is born may be defined as the period when it is necessary to choose to breastfeed over bottle-feeding and establish a strong mother-child contact. There are many short- and long-term health benefits for both participants of a process that may be enhanced through its exclusivity and duration (Fallon et al., 2017). The representatives of the World Health Organization admit that exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months can decrease morbidity from allergies and gastrointestinal diseases due to the presence of nutritional benefits in human milk (Horta & Victoria, 2013).

For example, the nutrient n-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) found in breast milk aims at improving the functions of the brain (Belfort et al., 2013). Therefore, when the advantages of breastfeeding have to be identified, this point plays an important role.

In addition to nutrients, breastfeeding is a method in terms of which infants can control their condition and take as much amount of milk as they may need. They do not take more or less, just the portion they need at that moment. Mothers should take responsibility for the quality of milk they offer to their children and follow simple hygiene rules and schedules.

Another important aspect that underlines the necessity of breastfeeding is the protection of children against diseases and other health threats. Probiotics and prebiotics, also known as important live microorganisms, protect the body and establish a gut microbiota that promotes positive health outcomes through the creation of barriers to pathogens, improvement of metabolic function, and energy salvation (Boué et al., 2018). Stomach viruses and other conditions that may cause discomfort are also significantly reduced with breastfeeding.

Allergies pose another serious threat to infants. It is hard for a mother to comprehend what product is safe for a child and what ingredients should be avoided. Breast milk is characterized by appropriate natural filters and the possibility to avoid ingesting real food until the body is properly developed. It helps babies digest food and uses the enzymes in a mother’s milk to speed up digestion and avoid complications.

Finally, breastfeeding is preferable because of the promotion of the bond between a mother and a child, and its price. This process of feeding is a unique chance for mothers to be relieved from anxiety and develop an emotional attachment to their children. Sometimes, it is not enough for mothers to talk to their children, observe their smile, and touch them. Breastfeeding is an exclusive type of contact that is not available to other people, including even the closest family members. This relationship is priceless. Indeed, when talking about the price, it is also necessary to admit that compared to bottle-feeding, which requires buying special ingredients, bottles, and hygienic goods, breastfeeding is a cheap process with no additional products except a mother and a child being present in it.

However, despite all the benefits of breastfeeding, it is wrong to believe that formula-feeding is solely negative or does not have important characteristics that breast-feeding cannot offer. Many significant aspects should be considered by mothers who still have some doubts about their choice. For example, some mothers may be challenged by poor health or inappropriate health status for breastfeeding.

Mothers may suffer from the inability to breastfeed as they are unable to produce milk or the milk is of poor quality. In these cases, mothers still want to find new ways to be close to their children and support them and formula-feeding is one option that they can rely on on under any condition. No connection between the health problems of a mother and a child is observed. Bottle-feeding creates several good opportunities for mothers to stabilize their personal and professional lives. Fallon et al. (2017) admit that the choice of the formula is usually explained by breastfeeding management, not biological issues. Therefore, the advantages of bottle-feeding over breastfeeding in terms of health care are based on the emotional aspects and mental health of mothers.

An understanding of the differences between breastfeeding and formula-feeding should be based on thorough research. For example, a study developed by Horta and Victoria (2013) asserts that formula-fed children may have serious hormonal and insulin responses to feeding and an increased number of adipocytes compared to breast-fed children. Bottles have to be cleaned and properly stored to avoid the growth of bacteria that may harm a child (Boué et al., 2018). Finally, the study by Fallon et al. (2017) shows that mothers may feel guilt and stigma in case they choose formula as the main method of feeding. All these studies prove that research is a crucial step to comprehend the benefits of breastfeeding nowadays.

In general, it is hard to neglect the existing dilemma of breastfeeding vs. bottle-feeding. Mothers have to weigh all the pros and cons of both processes and understand what method is more appropriate to them. Regarding the chosen cohort and experimental studies and past research, it is concluded that despite several positive socio-cultural and emotional outcomes of formula-feeding, breastfeeding remains the preferred method due to its effects on health, the establishment of mother-child relations, and the promotion of the cognitive development of children.

Belfort, M. B., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Kleinman, K. P., Guthrie, L. B., Bellinger, D. C., Taveras, E. M.,… Oken, E. (2013). Infant feeding and childhood cognition at ages 3 and 7 years: Effects of breastfeeding duration and exclusivity. JAMA Pediatrics, 167 (9), 836-844.

Boué, G., Cummins, E., Guillou, S., Antignac, J. P., Le Bizec, B., & Membré, J. M. (2018). Public health risks and benefits associated with breast milk and infant formula consumption. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 58 (1), 126-145.

Fallon, V., Komninou, S., Bennett, K. M., Halford, J. C., & Harrold, J. A. (2017). The emotional and practical experiences of formula‐feeding mothers. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 13 (4), 1-14.

Horta, B. L., & Victoria, C. G. (2013). Long-term effects of breastfeeding: A systematic review . Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press.

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IvyPanda. (2020, October 23). Benefits of Breastfeeding Versus Formula-Feeding. https://ivypanda.com/essays/benefits-of-breastfeeding-versus-formula-feeding/

"Benefits of Breastfeeding Versus Formula-Feeding." IvyPanda , 23 Oct. 2020, ivypanda.com/essays/benefits-of-breastfeeding-versus-formula-feeding/.

IvyPanda . (2020) 'Benefits of Breastfeeding Versus Formula-Feeding'. 23 October.

IvyPanda . 2020. "Benefits of Breastfeeding Versus Formula-Feeding." October 23, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/benefits-of-breastfeeding-versus-formula-feeding/.

1. IvyPanda . "Benefits of Breastfeeding Versus Formula-Feeding." October 23, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/benefits-of-breastfeeding-versus-formula-feeding/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Benefits of Breastfeeding Versus Formula-Feeding." October 23, 2020. https://ivypanda.com/essays/benefits-of-breastfeeding-versus-formula-feeding/.

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Essays on Breastfeeding

Breastfeeding is an important part of a baby’s life, providing essential nutrition and forming the bond between mother and child. It has numerous benefits for both mother and baby, including physical, emotional and psychological advantages. Breast milk contains all the nutrients a baby needs to grow strong and healthy. It also helps to boost immunity by passing on antibodies from the mother. Furthermore, breastfeeding can help reduce risks of certain illnesses such as asthma, obesity and diabetes in later life. For mothers it can lower their risk of breast cancer, ovarian cancer and osteoporosis.On an emotional level, breastfeeding encourages affectionate contact between mother and baby which promotes secure attachment that will benefit them throughout their lives. Psychologically speaking breastfeeding provides comfort when babies cry or are feeling stressed due to colic or teething pain; they feel safe when being held close while nursing which releases oxytocin (the bonding hormone) into both mom’s bloodstream as well as her baby’s making them feel relaxed in each other’s presence. In addition to these many benefits there are practical considerations too: breastfed babies tend to feed more often than formula-fed babies so parents do not have to worry about preparing bottles every time the little one gets hungry ” plus breastmilk is always at just the right temperature. Finally it is worth mentioning that breastfeeding reduces healthcare costs for families with no need for purchasing costly formulas or specialist bottles/accessories – saving money over time. All in all it is clear that breastfeeding should be encouraged whenever possible due its multiple positive impacts on both mother & child alike; however this does not mean parents who choose formula feeding cannot provide loving care for their children either.

Introduction The issue of whether women should adhere more to breastfeed their babies or resort to modern feeding methods such as bottle feeding remains a controversial and contentious topic that has sparked heated debate from both divides. While other people claim that breastfeeding is the only natural mechanisms that a mother can create the special […]

Breastfeeding is very important to a mother and child, yet rates are not as high as recommendations of AAP and WHO. Investigation of why more women do not breastfeed focus on breastfeeding challenges including issues related to breastfeeding in public. There is a need to implement strategies which support public breastfeeding and change stigma surrounding […]

Breastfeeding, also referred to as nursing, is the act of feeding infants using milk from the mother’s breasts. It is widely recognized as the optimal method for nourishing babies and is often preferred by mothers. Although breastfeeding is a natural occurrence, it can be challenging in the early stages of motherhood, emphasizing the importance of […]

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• Open access
• Published: 26 November 2021

Women’s Perceptions and Experiences of Breastfeeding: a scoping review of the literature

• Bridget Beggs 1 ,
• Liza Koshy 1 &
• Elena Neiterman 1  

BMC Public Health volume  21 , Article number:  2169 ( 2021 ) Cite this article

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Despite public health efforts to promote breastfeeding, global rates of breastfeeding continue to trail behind the goals identified by the World Health Organization. While the literature exploring breastfeeding beliefs and practices is growing, it offers various and sometimes conflicting explanations regarding women’s attitudes towards and experiences of breastfeeding. This research explores existing empirical literature regarding women’s perceptions about and experiences with breastfeeding. The overall goal of this research is to identify what barriers mothers face when attempting to breastfeed and what supports they need to guide their breastfeeding choices.

This paper uses a scoping review methodology developed by Arksey and O’Malley. PubMed, CINAHL, Sociological Abstracts, and PsychInfo databases were searched utilizing a predetermined string of keywords. After removing duplicates, papers published in 2010–2020 in English were screened for eligibility. A literature extraction tool and thematic analysis were used to code and analyze the data.

In total, 59 papers were included in the review. Thematic analysis showed that mothers tend to assume that breastfeeding will be easy and find it difficult to cope with breastfeeding challenges. A lack of partner support and social networks, as well as advice from health care professionals, play critical roles in women’s decision to breastfeed.

While breastfeeding mothers are generally aware of the benefits of breastfeeding, they experience barriers at individual, interpersonal, and organizational levels. It is important to acknowledge that breastfeeding is associated with challenges and provide adequate supports for mothers so that their experiences can be improved, and breastfeeding rates can reach those identified by the World Health Organization.

Peer Review reports

Public health efforts to educate parents about the importance of breastfeeding can be dated back to the early twentieth century [ 1 ]. The World Health Organization is aiming to have at least half of all the mothers worldwide exclusively breastfeeding their infants in the first 6 months of life by the year 2025 [ 2 ], but it is unlikely that this goal will be achieved. Only 38% of the global infant population is exclusively breastfed between 0 and 6 months of life [ 2 ], even though breastfeeding initiation rates have shown steady growth globally [ 3 ]. The literature suggests that while many mothers intend to breastfeed and even make an attempt at initiation, they do not always maintain exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life [ 4 , 5 ]. The literature identifies various barriers, including return to paid employment [ 6 , 7 ], lack of support from health care providers and significant others [ 8 , 9 ], and physical challenges [ 9 ] as potential factors that can explain premature cessation of breastfeeding.

From a public health perspective, the health benefits of breastfeeding are paramount for both mother and infant [ 10 , 11 ]. Globally, new mothers following breastfeeding recommendations could prevent 974,956 cases of childhood obesity, 27,069 cases of mortality from breast cancer, and 13,644 deaths from ovarian cancer per year [ 11 ]. Global economic loss due to cognitive deficiencies resulting from cessation of breastfeeding has been calculated to be approximately USD $285.39 billion dollars annually [ 11 ]. Evidently, increasing exclusive breastfeeding rates is an important task for improving population health outcomes. While public health campaigns targeting pregnant women and new mothers have been successful in promoting breastfeeding, they also have been perceived as too aggressive [ 12 ] and failing to consider various structural and personal barriers that may impact women’s ability to breastfeed [ 1 ]. In some cases, public health messaging itself has been identified as a barrier due to its rigid nature and its lack of flexibility in guidelines [ 13 ]. Hence, while the literature on women’s perceptions regarding breastfeeding and their experiences with breastfeeding has been growing [ 14 , 15 , 16 ], it offers various, and sometimes contradictory, explanations on how and why women initiate and maintain breastfeeding and what role public health messaging plays in women’s decision to breastfeed.

The complex array of the barriers shaping women’s experiences of breastfeeding can be broadly categorized utilizing the socioecological model, which suggests that individuals’ health is a result of the interplay between micro (individual), meso (institutional), and macro (social) factors [ 17 ]. Although previous studies have explored barriers and supports to breastfeeding, the majority of articles focus on specific geographic areas (e.g. United States or United Kingdom), workplaces, or communities. In addition, very few articles focus on the analysis of the interplay between various micro, meso, and macro-level factors in shaping women’s experiences of breastfeeding. Synthesizing the growing literature on the experiences of breastfeeding and the factors shaping these experiences, offers researchers and public health professionals an opportunity to examine how various personal and institutional factors shape mothers’ breastfeeding decision-making. This knowledge is needed to identify what can be done to improve breastfeeding rates and make breastfeeding a more positive and meaningful experience for new mothers.

The aim of this scoping review is to synthesize evidence gathered from empirical literature on women’s perceptions about and experiences of breastfeeding. Specifically, the following questions are examined:

What does empirical literature report on women’s perceptions on breastfeeding?

What barriers do women face when they attempt to initiate or maintain breastfeeding?

What supports do women need in order to initiate and/or maintain breastfeeding?

Focusing on women’s experiences, this paper aims to contribute to our understanding of women’s decision-making and behaviours pertaining to breastfeeding. The overarching aim of this review is to translate these findings into actionable strategies that can streamline public health messaging and improve breastfeeding education and supports offered by health care providers working with new mothers.

This research utilized Arksey & O’Malley’s [ 18 ] framework to guide the scoping review process. The scoping review methodology was chosen to explore a breadth of literature on women’s perceptions about and experiences of breastfeeding. A broad research question, “What does empirical literature tell us about women’s experiences of breastfeeding?” was set to guide the literature search process.

Search methods

The review was undertaken in five steps: (1) identifying the research question, (2) identifying relevant literature, (3) iterative selection of data, (4) charting data, and (5) collating, summarizing, and reporting results. The inclusion criteria were set to empirical articles published between 2010 and 2020 in peer-reviewed journals with a specific focus on women’s self-reported experiences of breastfeeding, as well as how others see women’s experiences of breastfeeding. The focus on women’s perceptions of breastfeeding was used to capture the papers that specifically addressed their experiences and the barriers that they may encounter while breastfeeding. Only articles written in English were included in the review. The keywords utilized in the search strategy were developed in collaboration with a librarian (Table  1 ). PubMed, CINAHL, Sociological Abstracts, and PsychInfo databases were searched for the empirical literature, yielding a total of 2885 results.

Search outcome

The articles deemed to fit the inclusion criteria ( n  = 213) were imported into RefWorks, an online reference manager tool and further screened for eligibility (Fig.  1 ). After the removal of 61 duplicates and title/abstract screening, 152 articles were kept for full-text review. Two independent reviewers assessed the papers to evaluate if they met the inclusion criteria of having an explicit analytic focus on women’s experiences of breastfeeding.

Prisma Flow Diagram

Quality appraisal

Consistent with scoping review methodology [ 18 ], the quality of the papers included in the review was not assessed.

Data abstraction

A literature extraction tool was created in MS Excel 2016. The data extracted from each paper included: (a) authors names, (b) title of the paper, (c) year of publication, (d) study objectives, (e) method used, (f) participant demographics, (g) country where the study was conducted, and (h) key findings from the paper.

Thematic analysis was utilized to identify key topics covered by the literature. Two reviewers independently read five papers to inductively generate key themes. This process was repeated until the two reviewers reached a consensus on the coding scheme, which was subsequently applied to the remainder of the articles. Key themes were added to the literature extraction tool and each paper was assigned a key theme and sub-themes, if relevant. The themes derived from the analysis were reviewed once again by all three authors when all the papers were coded. In the results section below, the synthesized literature is summarized alongside the key themes identified during the analysis.

In total, 59 peer-reviewed articles were included in the review. Since the review focused on women’s experiences of breastfeeding, as would be expected based on the search criteria, the majority of articles ( n  = 42) included in the sample were qualitative studies, with ten utilizing a mixed method approach (Fig.  2 ). Figure  3 summarizes the distribution of articles by year of publication and Fig.  4 summarizes the geographic location of the study.

Types of Articles

Years of Publication

Countries of Focus Examined in Literature Review

Perceptions about breastfeeding

Women’s perceptions about breastfeeding were covered in 83% ( n  = 49) of the papers. Most articles ( n  = 31) suggested that women perceived breastfeeding as a positive experience and believed that breastfeeding had many benefits [ 19 , 20 ]. The phrases “breast is best” and “breastmilk is best” were repeatedly used by the participants of studies included in the reviewed literature [ 21 ]. Breastfeeding was seen as improving the emotional bond between the mother and the child [ 20 , 22 , 23 ], strengthening the child’s immune system [ 24 , 25 ], and providing a booster to the mother’s sense of self [ 1 , 26 ]. Convenience of breastfeeding (e.g., its availability and low cost) [ 19 , 27 ] and the role of breastfeeding in weight loss during the postpartum period were mentioned in the literature as other factors that positively shape mothers’ perceptions about breastfeeding [ 28 , 29 ].

The literature suggested that women’s perceptions of breastfeeding and feeding choices were also shaped by the advice of healthcare providers [ 30 , 31 ]. Paradoxically, messages about the importance and relative simplicity of breastfeeding may also contribute to misalignment between women’s expectations and the actual experiences of breastfeeding [ 32 ]. For instance, studies published in Canada and Sweden reported that women expected breastfeeding to occur “naturally”, to be easy and enjoyable [ 23 ]. Consequently, some women felt unprepared for the challenges associated with initiation or maintenance of breastfeeding [ 31 , 33 ]. The literature pointed out that mothers may feel overwhelmed by the frequency of infant feedings [ 26 ] and the amount as well as intensity of physical difficulties associated with breastfeeding initiation [ 33 ]. Researchers suggested that since many women see breastfeeding as a sign of being a “good” mother, their inability to breastfeed may trigger feelings of personal failure [ 22 , 34 ].

Women’s personal experiences with and perceptions about breastfeeding were also influenced by the cultural pressure to breastfeed. Welsh mothers interviewed in the UK, for instance, revealed that they were faced with judgement and disapproval when people around them discovered they opted out of breastfeeding [ 35 ]. Women recalled the experiences of being questioned by others, including strangers, when they were bottle feeding their infants [ 9 , 35 , 36 ].

Barriers to breastfeeding

The vast majority ( n  = 50) of the reviewed literature identified various barriers for successful breastfeeding. A sizeable proportion of literature (41%, n  = 24) explored women’s experiences with the physical aspects of breastfeeding [ 23 , 33 ]. In particular, problems with latching and the pain associated with breastfeeding were commonly cited as barriers for women to initiate breastfeeding [ 23 , 28 , 37 ]. Inadequate milk supply, both actual and perceived, was mentioned as another barrier for initiation and maintenance of breastfeeding [ 33 , 37 ]. Breastfeeding mothers were sometimes unable to determine how much milk their infants consumed (as opposed to seeing how much milk the infant had when bottle feeding), which caused them to feel anxious and uncertain about scheduling infant feedings [ 28 , 37 ]. Women’s inability to overcome these barriers was linked by some researchers to low self-efficacy among mothers, as well as feeling overwhelmed or suffering from postpartum depression [ 38 , 39 ].

In addition to personal and physical challenges experienced by mothers who were planning to breastfeed, the literature also highlighted the importance of social environment as a potential barrier to breastfeeding. Mothers’ personal networks were identified as a key factor in shaping their breastfeeding behaviours in 43 (73%) articles included in this review. In a study published in the UK, lack of role models – mothers, other female relatives, and friends who breastfeed – was cited as one of the potential barriers for breastfeeding [ 36 ]. Some family members and friends also actively discouraged breastfeeding, while openly questioning the benefits of this practice over bottle feeding [ 1 , 17 , 40 ]. Breastfeeding during family gatherings or in the presence of others was also reported as a challenge for some women from ethnic minority groups in the United Kingdom and for Black women in the United States [ 41 , 42 ].

The literature reported occasional instances where breastfeeding-related decisions created conflict in women’s relationships with significant others [ 26 ]. Some women noted they were pressured by their loved one to cease breastfeeding [ 22 ], especially when women continued to breastfeed 6 months postpartum [ 43 ]. Overall, the literature suggested that partners play a central role in women’s breastfeeding practices [ 8 ], although there was no consistency in the reviewed papers regarding the partners’ expressed level of support for breastfeeding.

Knowledge, especially practical knowledge about breastfeeding, was mentioned as a barrier in 17% ( n  = 10) of the papers included in this review. While health care providers were perceived as a primary source of information on breastfeeding, some studies reported that mothers felt the information provided was not useful and occasionally contained conflicting advice [ 1 , 17 ]. This finding was reported across various jurisdictions, including the United States, Sweden, the United Kingdom and Netherlands, where mothers reported they had no support at all from their health care providers which made it challenging to address breastfeeding problems [ 26 , 38 , 44 ].

Breastfeeding in public emerged as a key barrier from the reviewed literature and was cited in 56% ( n  = 33) of the papers. Examining the experiences of breastfeeding mothers in the United States, Spencer, Wambach, & Domain [ 45 ] suggested that some participants reported feeling “erased” from conversations while breastfeeding in public, rendering their bodies symbolically invisible. Lack of designated public spaces for breastfeeding forced many women to alter their feeding in public and to retreat to a private or a more secluded space, such as one’s personal car [ 25 ]. The oversexualization of women’s breasts was repeatedly noted as a core reason for the United States women’s negative experiences and feelings of self-consciousness about breastfeeding in front of others [ 45 ]. Studies reported women’s accounts of feeling the disapproval or disgust of others when breastfeeding in public [ 46 , 47 ], and some reported that women opted out of breastfeeding in public because they did not want to make those around them feel uncomfortable [ 25 , 40 , 48 ].

Finally, return to paid employment was noted in the literature as a significant challenge for continuation of breastfeeding [ 48 ]. Lack of supportive workplace environments [ 39 ] or inability to express milk were cited by women as barriers for continuing breastfeeding in the United States and New Zealand [ 39 , 49 ].

Supports needed to maintain breastfeeding

Due to the central role family members played in women’s experiences of breastfeeding, support from partners as well as female relatives was cited in the literature as key factors  shaping women’s breastfeeding decisions [ 1 , 9 , 48 ]. In the articles published in Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom, supportive family members allowed women to share the responsibility of feeding and other childcare activities, which reduced the pressures associated with being a new mother [ 19 , 20 ]. Similarly, encouragement, breastfeeding advice, and validation from healthcare professionals were identified as positively impacting women’s experiences with breastfeeding [ 1 , 22 , 28 ].

Community resources, such as peer support groups, helplines, and in-home breastfeeding support provided mothers with the opportunity to access help when they need it, and hence were reported to be facilitators for breastfeeding [ 19 , 22 , 33 , 44 ]. An increase in the usage of social media platforms, such as Facebook, among breastfeeding mothers for peer support were reported in some studies [ 47 ]. Public health breastfeeding clinics, lactation specialists, antenatal and prenatal classes, as well as education groups for mothers were identified as central support structures for the initiation and maintenance of breastfeeding [ 23 , 24 , 28 , 33 , 39 , 50 ]. Based on the analysis of the reviewed literature, however, access to these services varied greatly geographically and by socio-economic status [ 33 , 51 ]. It is also important to note that local and cultural context played a significant role in shaping women’s perceptions of breastfeeding. For example, a study that explored women’s breastfeeding experiences in Iceland highlighted the importance of breastfeeding in Icelandic society [ 52 ]. Women are expected to breastfeed and the decision to forgo breastfeeding is met with disproval [ 52 ]. Cultural beliefs regarding breastfeeding were also deemed important in the study of  Szafrankska and Gallagher (2016), who noted that Polish women living in Ireland had a much higher rate of initiating breastfeeding compared to Irish women [ 53 ]. They attributed these differences to familial and societal expectations regarding breastfeeding in Poland [ 53 ].

Overall, the reviewed literature suggested that women faced socio-cultural pressure to breastfeed their infants [ 36 , 40 , 54 ]. Women reported initiating breastfeeding due to recognition of the many benefits it brings to the health of the child, even when they were reluctant to do it for personal reasons [ 8 ]. This hints at the success of public health education campaigns on the benefits of breastfeeding, which situates breastfeeding as a new cultural norm [ 24 ].

This scoping review examined the existing empirical literature on women’s perceptions about and experiences of breastfeeding to identify how public health messaging can be tailored to improve breastfeeding rates. The literature suggests that, overall, mothers are aware of the positive impacts of breastfeeding and have strong motivation to breastfeed [ 37 ]. However, women who chose to breastfeed also experience many barriers related to their social interactions with significant others and their unique socio-cultural contexts [ 25 ]. These different factors, summarized in Fig.  5 , should be considered in developing public health activities that promote breastfeeding. Breastfeeding experiences for women were very similar across the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, and Australia based on the studies included in this review. Likewise, barriers and supports to breastfeeding identified by women across the countries situated in the global north were quite similar. However, local policy context also impacted women’s experiences of breastfeeding. For example, maintaining breastfeeding while returning to paid employment has been identified as a challenge for mothers in the United States [ 39 , 45 ], a country with relatively short paid parental leave. Still, challenges with balancing breastfeeding while returning to paid employment were also noticed among women in New Zealand, despite a more generous maternity leave [ 49 ]. This suggests that while local and institutional policies might shape women’s experiences of breastfeeding, interpersonal and personal factors can also play a central role in how long they breastfeed their infants. Evidently, the importance of significant others, such as family members or friends, in providing support to breastfeeding mothers was cited as a key facilitator for breastfeeding across multiple geographic locations [ 29 , 34 , 48 ]. In addition, cultural beliefs and practices were also cited as an important component in either promoting breastfeeding or deterring women’s desire to initiate or maintain breastfeeding [ 15 , 29 , 37 ]. Societal support for breastfeeding and cultural practices can therefore partly explain the variation in breastfeeding rates across different countries [ 15 , 21 ]. Figure  5 summarizes the key barriers identified in the literature that inhibit women’s ability to breastfeed.

Barriers to Breastfeeding

At the individual level, women might experience challenges with breastfeeding stemming from various physiological and psychological problems, such as issues with latching, perceived or actual lack of breastmilk, and physical pain associated with breastfeeding. The onset of postpartum depression or other psychological problems may also impact women’s ability to breastfeed [ 54 ]. Given that many women assume that breastfeeding will happen “naturally” [ 15 , 40 ] these challenges can deter women from initiating or continuing breastfeeding. In light of these personal challenges, it is important to consider the potential challenges associated with breastfeeding that are conveyed to new mothers through the simplified message “breast is best” [ 21 ]. While breastfeeding may come easy to some women, most papers included in this review pointed to various challenges associated with initiating or maintaining breastfeeding [ 19 , 33 ]. By modifying public health messaging regarding breastfeeding to acknowledge that breastfeeding may pose a challenge and offering supports to new mothers, it might be possible to alleviate some of the guilt mothers experience when they are unable to breastfeed.

Barriers that can be experienced at the interpersonal level concern women’s communication with others regarding their breastfeeding choices and practices. The reviewed literature shows a strong impact of women’s social networks on their decision to breastfeed [ 24 , 33 ]. In particular, significant others – partners, mothers, siblings and close friends – seem to have a considerable influence over mothers’ decision to breastfeed [ 42 , 53 , 55 ]. Hence, public health messaging should target not only mothers, but also their significant others in developing breastfeeding campaigns. Social media may also be a potential medium for sharing supports and information regarding breastfeeding with new mothers and their significant others.

There is also a strong need for breastfeeding supports at the institutional and community levels. Access to lactation consultants, sound and practical advice from health care providers, and availability of physical spaces in the community and (for women who return to paid employment) in the workplace can provide more opportunities for mothers who want to breastfeed [ 18 , 33 , 44 ]. The findings from this review show, however, that access to these supports and resources vary greatly, and often the women who need them the most lack access to them [ 56 ].

While women make decisions about breastfeeding in light of their own personal circumstances, it is important to note that these circumstances are shaped by larger structural, social, and cultural factors. For instance, mothers may feel reluctant to breastfeed in public, which may stem from their familiarity with dominant cultural perspectives that label breasts as objects for sexualized pleasure [ 48 ]. The reviewed literature also showed that, despite the initial support, mothers who continue to breastfeed past the first year may be judged and scrutinized by others [ 47 ]. Tailoring public health care messaging to local communities with their own unique breastfeeding-related beliefs might help to create a larger social change in sociocultural norms regarding breastfeeding practices.

The literature included in this scoping review identified the importance of support from community services and health care providers in facilitating women’s breastfeeding behaviours [ 22 , 24 ]. Unfortunately, some mothers felt that the support and information they received was inadequate, impractical, or infused with conflicting messaging [ 28 , 44 ]. To make breastfeeding support more accessible to women across different social positions and geographic locations, it is important to acknowledge the need for the development of formal infrastructure that promotes breastfeeding. This includes training health care providers to help women struggling with breastfeeding and allocating sufficient funding for such initiatives.

Overall, this scoping review revealed the need for healthcare professionals to provide practical breastfeeding advice and realistic solutions to women encountering difficulties with breastfeeding. Public health messaging surrounding breastfeeding must re-invent breastfeeding as a “family practice” that requires collaboration between the breastfeeding mother, their partner, as well as extended family to ensure that women are supported as they breastfeed [ 8 ]. The literature also highlighted the issue of healthcare professionals easily giving up on women who encounter problems with breastfeeding and automatically recommending the initiation of formula use without further consideration towards solutions for breastfeeding difficulties [ 19 ]. While some challenges associated with breastfeeding are informed by local culture or health care policies, most of the barriers experienced by breastfeeding women are remarkably universal. Women often struggle with initiation of breastfeeding, lack of support from their significant others, and lack of appropriate places and spaces to breastfeed [ 25 , 26 , 33 , 39 ]. A change in public health messaging to a more flexible messaging that recognizes the challenges of breastfeeding is needed to help women overcome negative feelings associated with failure to breastfeed. Offering more personalized advice and support to breastfeeding mothers can improve women’s experiences and increase the rates of breastfeeding while also boosting mothers’ sense of self-efficacy.

Limitations

This scoping review has several limitations. First, the focus on “women’s experiences” rendered broad search criteria but may have resulted in the over or underrepresentation of specific findings in this review. Also, the exclusion of empirical work published in languages other than English rendered this review reliant on the papers published predominantly in English-speaking countries. Finally, consistent with Arksey and O’Malley’s [ 18 ] scoping review methodology, we did not appraise the quality of the reviewed literature. Notwithstanding these limitations, this review provides important insights into women’s experiences of breastfeeding and offers practical strategies for improving dominant public health messaging on the importance of breastfeeding.

Women who breastfeed encounter many difficulties when they initiate breastfeeding, and most women are unsuccessful in adhering to current public health breastfeeding guidelines. This scoping review highlighted the need for reconfiguring public health messaging to acknowledge the challenges many women experience with breastfeeding and include women’s social networks as a target audience for such messaging. This review also shows that breastfeeding supports and counselling are needed by all women, but there is also a need to tailor public health messaging to local social norms and culture. The role social institutions and cultural discourses have on women’s experiences of breastfeeding must also be acknowledged and leveraged by health care professionals promoting breastfeeding.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].

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The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance of Jackie Stapleton, the University of Waterloo librarian, for her assistance with developing the search strategy used in this review.

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BB was responsible for the formal analysis and organization of the review. LK was responsible for data curation, visualization and writing the original draft. EN was responsible for initial conceptualization and writing the original draft. BB and LK were responsible for reviewing and editing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Nursing Essay Examples

Nursing Essay Examples That Will Help You Write a Stellar Paper

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Last updated on: Jan 29, 2024

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Many nursing students struggle with writing effective nursing essays, which are an essential part of their education and professional development.

Poor essay writing skills can lead to low grades and an inability to effectively communicate important information.

This blog provides a comprehensive guide to writing nursing essays with examples and tips for effective writing. Whether you are a nursing student or a professional looking to improve your writing skills, this blog has something for you. 

By following the tips and examples provided, you can write compelling nursing essays that showcase your dedication to the field.

Let’s get started.

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What is a Nursing Essay?

A nursing essay is a type of academic writing that aims to explore a particular topic related to nursing. It also presents a clear and concise argument or viewpoint supported by evidence. 

Nursing essays can take many forms, including:

• Descriptive essays
• Reflective essays
• Analytical essays
• Persuasive essays

What is the Importance of the Nursing Essay?

Nursing essays are important for several reasons. First, they help nursing students develop critical thinking skills by requiring them to analyze and evaluate information.

Second, they help students develop research skills by requiring them to locate and use credible sources to support their arguments. 

Third, nursing essays help students develop communication skills by requiring them to present their ideas clearly and concisely in writing. Finally, nursing essays are important for nursing education because they prepare students for the types of writing.

Paper Due? Why Suffer? That's our Job!

To help students better understand how to write nursing essays, it can be helpful to review examples.

Below are some examples of nursing essays.

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Nursing Essay Examples of Different Fields

Nursing is a diverse field with many different specialties and areas of focus. As a result, nursing essays can take many different forms and cover a wide range of topics. 

Given below are some examples of different types of nursing essays:

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If you're seeking additional examples of nursing essays, you're in luck! 

Below are some more examples that can help you gain a better understanding of nursing essays:

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How to Write a Nursing Essay

Writing a nursing essay can seem daunting, but with the right approach, it can be a rewarding experience.

Here are the key steps involved in writing a nursing essay:

Understanding the Topic and Question

The first step in writing a nursing essay is to carefully read and understand the topic and question. 

This will help you determine what information you need to research and include in your essay. Make sure you understand any key terms or concepts related to the topic. Consider different perspectives or viewpoints that may be relevant.

Researching the Topic

Once you have a clear understanding of the topic and question, it's time to research. 

Start by gathering information from credible sources such as academic journals, textbooks, and government websites. 

Consider both primary and secondary sources, and make sure to take detailed notes as you read.

Organizing and Outlining the Essay

Once you have completed your research, it's time to organize your ideas and create an outline for your essay. 

Start by identifying the main points or arguments you want to make, and then organize them into a logical order that flows well. 

Your outline should include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.

Writing the Essay

With your outline in place, it's time to start writing your essay. Make sure to follow your outline closely, and use clear and concise language that effectively communicates your ideas. 

Use evidence from your research to support your arguments, and cite your sources appropriately.

Editing and Revising the Essay

Once you have completed a first draft of your essay, take some time to edit and revise it. Look for any errors in grammar, spelling, or punctuation, and make sure your essay is well-organized and flows well. 

Consider asking a peer or instructor to review your essay and provide feedback.

What To Include In Your Nursing Essay

When writing a nursing essay, there are several key elements that you should include. Here are some important things to keep in mind:

• Introduction

Your introduction should provide a brief overview of the topic and purpose of your essay. It should also include a clear thesis statement that presents your main argument or point of view.

• Background Information

Provide some background information on the topic to help the reader better understand the context of your essay. This can include relevant statistics, historical information, or other contextual details.

• Evidence and Examples

Use evidence and examples from your research to support your arguments and demonstrate your knowledge of the topic. Make sure to cite your sources appropriately and use a variety of sources to strengthen your argument.

• Analysis and Evaluation

Provide analysis and evaluation of the evidence and examples you've presented. This can include discussing strengths and weaknesses, comparing and contrasting different viewpoints, or offering your own perspective on the topic.

Your conclusion should summarize the main points of your essay and restate your thesis statement. It should also offer some final thoughts or suggestions for further research or action.

Nursing Essay Topic Ideas

Choosing a topic for your nursing essay can be challenging, but there are many areas in the field that you can explore. Here are some nursing essay topic ideas to consider:

• The role of technology in nursing practice
• The impact of cultural diversity on healthcare delivery
• Nursing leadership and management in healthcare organizations
• Ethical issues in nursing practice
• The importance of patient-centered care in nursing practice
• The impact of evidence-based practice on nursing care
• The role of nursing in promoting public health
• Nursing education and the importance of lifelong learning
• The impact of nursing shortages on healthcare delivery
• The importance of communication in nursing practice

These are just a few ideas to get you started. You can also explore other topics related to nursing that interest you or align with your academic or professional goals. 

Remember to choose a topic that is relevant, interesting, and feasible to research and write about.

Tips for Writing an Effective Nursing Essay

Writing a successful nursing essay requires careful planning, research, and attention to detail. Here are some tips to help you write an effective nursing essay:

• Writing Concisely and Clearly

Nursing essays should be written in clear and concise language, avoiding unnecessary jargon or technical terms. Use simple language and short sentences to help ensure that your ideas are communicated clearly and effectively.

• Stating a Clear Thesis Statement

Your thesis statement should clearly state your main argument and provide a roadmap for the rest of your essay. It should be clear, concise, and located at the end of your introduction.

• Using Proper Citation and Referencing

Citing and referencing your sources is crucial in any academic writing, including nursing essays. Make sure to use proper citation and referencing styles, such as APA or MLA. Include a reference list or bibliography at the end of your essay.

• Seeking Feedback and Revising

Before submitting your nursing essay, seek feedback from peers, professors, or writing tutors. Use their feedback to revise and improve your essay. Make sure that it is well-structured, coherent, and effectively communicates your point of view.

By following these tips, you can write a nursing essay that demonstrates your knowledge and skills in the field.

In conclusion, writing a successful nursing essay requires careful planning, research, and attention to detail. 

To showcase your knowledge in the field of nursing, it is important to have a clear understanding of the topic at hand. When writing your nursing essay, be sure to include relevant examples, incorporate current research, and use proper citation and referencing. 

And remember , seeking feedback and revising your essay is key to ensuring that it effectively communicates your ideas and arguments.

If you need help with your nursing essay or any other type of academic writing, consider using our AI essay writer . 

Our nursing essay writing service can provide personalized support to help you succeed in your academic goals.

So, why wait? Contact us to get college essay writing help today! 

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Free Breastfeeding Essay Example

Type of paper: Essay

Topic: Law , Criminal Justice , Parents , Breastfeeding , Family , Children , Health , Women

Words: 1200

Published: 03/21/2020

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The breastfeeding of a baby by the mother is an important act of nurture that deserves to be encouraged for the interests of both the child and maternal health. Mothers are supposed to breastfeed their babies sparingly to assure them of normal health and proper growth and development. Many organizations such as the WHO, the CDC as well as the American Academy of Pediatrics encourage extended baby breastfeeding as a way of ensuring the health of both the child and the mother and as a way of mitigating public health problems (Ketan & Ketan 2005). Doctors and medical experts usually state that for the first six months of a baby’s life, he or she should be exclusively fed the mother’s milk. This is because the mother’s milk contains all the nutrients that are required for the baby’s growth and development during this crucial stage of life (Lawrence & Lawrence, 2010). In addition, breastfeeding enables the mother and the baby to establish an unbreakable bond and connection that is actually exhibited throughout the child’s life (Ketan & Ketan 2005). There are no designated times for breastfeeding. For instance, a mother cannot plan to be breastfeeding her baby at particular times of the day and not breastfeeding at other times. Breastfeeding is, in fact, an activity that often occurs or takes place randomly whenever the baby gets hungry. Unfortunately, mothers have increasingly found themselves unable to conduct this basic act of nurture due to several legal restrictions and hurdles. Mothers sometimes find themselves unable to breastfeed their babies especially when they are in an environment that discourages or completely disallows breastfeeding of babies (Li et al., 2004). This can be equated to denying a baby of its basic right of food. Breastfeeding a baby is a harmless activity that does not encompass any element of indecency as many of the individuals and organizations who oppose breastfeeding, for instance in public places claim. Many mothers in the state of Indiana occasionally find themselves in trouble when they are caught breastfeeding in what are deemed to be “inappropriate places’. Many may even find themselves being publicly embarrassed and being publicly told to leave certain premises when they are caught breastfeeding and are deemed to be engaging in immoral or lewd conduct (Li et al., 2004). This has not only been happening in Indiana but also in other states throughout the country. There has been increased advocacy for new laws that remove some of these restrictive measures of breastfeeding and mothers to be given freedom to breastfeed their babies without any restrictions It is proposed that a new law be passed in the state of Indian giving all mothers the freedom to breastfeed their babies at any location or place where they are legally allowed or authorized to be. This means that if a mother and a baby are currently in a location that they have the legal authorization to be in, the mother has the right and freedom to breastfeed her baby at any time and the organization or individual who is in charge of the location has no right whatsoever to prohibit the mother from breastfeeding the baby. It is proposed that the new law also makes it clear that the breastfeeding by a mother or the exposure of the mother’s breast should not be considered as unlawful, indecent, lewd or immoral. It should henceforth be considered as a basic act of nurture that facilitates the attainment of good health to the child, mother and the public in general since this child will be a key member of the public in the future and for him to be useful member of this society, he or she must have good health. This law shall prohibit any entity or individual from harassing, restricting and penalizing a mother who has breastfed her child. In addition, the law will restrict individuals or entities from requesting mothers to move to different locations to breastfeed the baby if the mother and the baby are authorized to be in that particular location at that particular time. Requesting a mother to move will comprise of law violation. It is also proposed that a mother who is currently breastfeeding should be excused for state and federal duties that she is obligated to until she has stopped breastfeeding. This includes jury duty. The mother will not be obliged to the mandatory jury duty until it has been established that she is no longer breastfeeding. At the workplace, it is proposed that mothers be given sufficient break time to express milk for their babies. The employer shall take the initiative of providing an efficient space or setting where the mother can conduct this activity in privacy. No mother shall be denied a break after a sufficient working time to express milk for the baby. Any employer who violates this law can be subjected to a significant legal penalty. Any individual who goes against the stipulations of this law should be subjected to civil court action, and an applicable fine should be enforced. A mother who makes an official complaint to the district attorney or prosecutor or the state attorney should be listened to, and if viable, court action should be taken against the individual accused of contravening the law. The departments of children and human services in the state should be at the forefront of developing as well as distributing various material that give information on the rights of a woman to breastfeed her child whether it is in a private or public space. Organizations that particularly feature public accommodation elements should be properly educated on why breastfeeding is an important activity that should never be discouraged. This proposal is the first step towards improving maternal and should health in the state of Indiana. Many individuals do not realize the benefits that can be accrued from proper breastfeeding. It is not just the baby who benefits but the mother benefits also. This leads to an overall achievement of maternal and child health. The enactment of such a law in one state will without a doubt stimulate or encourage another state to move towards the same direction. It is unimaginable the number of states where mothers and their children have been silently suffering due to restrictions against breastfeeding when the activity is indeed a basic act of nurture that every individual in the society goes through. For this proposal to grow and become a bill that can be brought before the house, it will require the support of not only mothers who are the main stakeholders but nurses and other health experts throughout the state. Public health organizations as well as women and child welfare organizations should take an active part in supporting this proposal so that it can eventually become law.

Ketan, G., & Ketan, S. (2005). American Academy of Pediatrics: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk. Pediatrics, 115(2), 496-506. Lawrence, R. A., & Lawrence, R. M. (2010). Breastfeeding: a guide for the medical professional. Elsevier Health Sciences. Li, R., Hsia, J., Fridinger, F., Hussain, A., Benton-Davis, S., & Grummer-Strawn, L. (2004). Public beliefs about breastfeeding policies in various settings. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 104(7), 1162-1168.

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