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When it comes to legal topics for research papers, students have plenty of options. Whether you're interested in exploring issues related to criminal, corporate, or constitutional law, there are many topics from which you can choose. The first step is the selection of a subject that you find exciting and engaging. This part will provide the foundation for excellent law research paper topics. Students need to understand law topics they can work on by exploring what a perfect legal research topic covers. In this article by our law essay writing service , we provide engaging, easy, unique, and trending legal topics to help you choose one which fits your interests. We have also classified different legal topics into their respective branches: business, banking, finance, civil rights, constitutional, corporate, criminal, international, education, immigration, entertainment, employment, family, environmental and animal laws. This post will act as a stepping stone to writing a successful paper in any of these legal fields. Let us begin by understanding legal research paper topics.

What Are Legal Research Paper Topics

Legal research paper topics focus on analyzing and interpreting laws and their historical development. The papers will look into legal issues, including constitutional, criminal, civil rights, labor, international, and environmental laws. These topics can provide an exciting and essential lens through which you can analyze and discuss various policies. Such knowledge is crucial in helping students identify changes that a country has gone through over time, develop an understanding of the legal system, and build solid arguments on legal issues. You will need to identify how to select a topic for your paper, which is why our professional paper writers suggest searching for legal topics for research paper thoroughly before you begin writing.

What Makes a Good Legal Research Topic?

Good law research paper topics can be framed around a legal issue, case study, or legislative development. You want to select an excellent legal research topic that meets the following criteria:

• Relevance: The topic should be relevant to current events, policies, or practices.
• Uniqueness: Choose a unique and interesting topic so your research will stand out from the rest.
• Manageable scope: Ensure you select an area with adequate learning resources for the intended project.
• Accessibility: Ensure that you can easily access resources related to the topic.
• Practicality: Select a topic that can be applied to real-world scenarios.
• Clarity of purpose: Identify the goal of your research and make sure your chosen topic aligns with it.
• Accountability: Choose a topic where research results can be verified and replicated.
• Sustainability: Consider the long-term implications of the chosen topic to ensure it will be relevant in the future.

How to Choose Topics in Law?

In the process of selecting law topics , it is essential to consider a personal purpose for which you are writing. For example, are you looking to inform, explore, or argue a position? Once you have identified the goal, you can choose an appropriate topic more easily.

Step 1:  Start familiarizing yourself with relevant acts and legislations as well as legal concepts through internet and library research. This will help you narrow your focus while identifying a potential topic.

Step 2:  Do extensive research to determine current legal issues related to your topic. Use various sources such as books, newspapers, magazines, websites, databases, etc.

Step 3:  Make sure you select an area or concept that is manageable in scope and has enough resources for your intended project.

Step 4:  Think of how you can make your topic more exciting or unique. Questions that should be considered include "What point of view could I take?" or "How can I approach the topic differently?"

Step 5:  Brainstorm and develop a list of possible law research topics to choose from. Once you have identified several potential issues, evaluate them based on your research to determine which topic you should select.

Properly following these steps, you can find a good law research paper topic that is interesting and relevant to the specific field. In case you require expert assistance with the writing process upon topic selection, feel free to approach our academic writing service. Our writers are well-versed in different fields, including law, and can produce outstanding studies upon ‘ write my research paper for me ’ request.

Law Research Paper Topics

Law project topics allow students to choose from matters related to legal issues. These topics are often comprehensive in scope and require extensive research for the student to make a convincing argument in their papers. Look at this list of potential law research paper topics that students can use to write their essays:

• Right of self-defense in the United States.
• Immigration regulations and their impact on society.
• Use of DNA evidence in criminal justice systems.
• Anti-discrimination regulations in different countries.
• Intellectual property rights protection in the digital age.
• Cybercrime and its impact on businesses.
• Impact of tax laws on companies.
• Freedom of expression in the media.
• Juvenile justice: a comparison across different countries.
• Corporate social responsibility and its effect on business reputation.
• Human rights versus national security.
• Use of technology in law enforcement.
• International trade and its impact on globalization.
• Social media censorship regulations.
• Human trafficking as a modern form of slavery.

Interesting Legal Topics

Different students have different interests, and legal topics are no exception. Your own ideas can be an excellent starting point for you to decide which path to take for the research. Below are some interesting law topics we have written for you to choose from:

• Worldwide legal systems: structures, history, principles, and processes.
• Legal theory and its implications in genetics.
• Legal developments in technology, including implications and trends.
• Legal concepts between countries, including similarities and differences in systems and principles.
• Legal effects in cyber security and liabilities associated with data protection.
• Legal issues related to gender equality.
• Legal developments in international human rights and legal obligations.
• Legal frameworks and regulations governing environmental protection.
• Legal issues related to corporate governance and protections for shareholders.
• Developments in labor laws , including theories of worker protection.
• Legal frameworks driving international trade and underlying economic regulation principles.
• Legal concepts related to intellectual property and rewards for innovators.
• Legal issues pertaining to constitutional regulations and implications of executive power.
• Legal developments in taxation and obligations concerning taxes imposed by the government.
• Theories developed through legal precedents and decisions from various jurisdictions.

Trending Legal Topics

Today, with changes in laws, technology, and other factors altering the legal aspect of everyday life, we find a significant number of trends that affect legal decisions. Students are looking for great topic ideas for law research paper that will help them connect their essays to everyday changes and attain a good grade. Whether it's a recent legal issue or an emerging topic law, there is plenty of material available to explore when looking for a topic to write about. Please see some current law topics that may inspire your next research paper:

• Impact of social media on legal decision-making.
• Proposals to overhaul immigration regulations.
• Drone regulations and their implications on companies' investment in technology.
• Growing influence of artificial intelligence on the legal profession.
• Digital copyright laws and their impact on innovation.
• The role of genetics in criminal justice proceedings.
• Impact of climate change on international regulations.
• Pros and cons of legalizing recreational marijuana.
• Differences between state and federal regulations regarding gun control.
• How technology is changing the legal practice.
• Privacy issues in the workplace.
• Recent changes in tax laws and their impact.
• Role of technology in criminal trials.
• Impact of social media on employment regulations.
• Growing use of alternative dispute resolution methods in the legal system.

Unique Law Research Topic

Uniqueness is everything for students in research papers since an outstanding topic can be a stepping stone to scoring high grades. If you are looking for law paper topics that will grab your reader's attention while still attracting the professor's interest, look no further. We have compiled a list of 15 unique topics for law research paper as an easy way to get you started:

• The impact of corporate social responsibility in legal settings.
• Online privacy and cybersecurity: challenges and regulations.
• Legal implications of artificial intelligence development.
• The role of cybercrime in a digital age.
• An analysis of international human rights policies.
• Environmental regulations and their implications for global sustainability.
• The importance of the fourth amendment in the United States constitution.
• An analysis of the impact of tax laws on businesses.
• The role of technology in criminal law enforcement.
• Exploring the implications of intellectual property laws.
• The use of social media and its effects on privacy rules and regulations.
• Regulations governing cryptocurrency markets.
• Data protection regulations: a global analysis.
• Drug regulations and their impact on society.
• Exploring the role of international humanitarian code in conflict resolution.

These topics will surely get you started on an intriguing research paper! With their help, you will write a captivating essay to engage and inform your readers.

Easy Legal Topics for Research Papers

Choosing easy legal paper topics can help you develop a practical as well as an efficient research paper for your studies. However, students studying law-related courses can find it challenging to pick suitable legal topics for research paper. To make this task easier, here are some issues you can choose from to write an excellent law paper:

• Should the death penalty be banned?
• Acts regulating cyber crime.
• The right to privacy and digital security.
• Legal principles of animal protection.
• The role of the U.S. justice system in protecting the mentally ill.
• The impact of international conventions on national laws.
• Freedom of expression and censorship issues.
• Defining hate speech.
• Access to authorized services for underprivileged groups.
• Is domestic violence a private matter or a public issue?
• Drug abuse among juveniles and the role of the justice system.
• Ethical issues in medical law.
• Laws affecting refugees and asylum seekers.
• Human rights violations in war-torn countries.
• Efforts by the legal system to counter cybercrime.

Best Legal Research Topics in Different Law Branches

Law has a range of branches from which students can select ideas for their papers. Legal research topics for law students can be pretty challenging, especially when your professor requires you to tackle a topic in a specific branch. Branches for law topics to use in legal research paper highlighted in this blog include laws in business, banking and finance, civil rights, constitutional, corporate, criminal, international, immigration, education, entertainment, employment, family, environmental, and animal law topics. See below for the specialized categories of law topics for essays.

Business Law Topics for Research Papers

Business law forms the foundation for modern legal studies, providing frameworks that govern businesses and corporate operations. The business law research paper topics you select should be highly relevant to business and legal frameworks. Here are some legal topics to write about:

• Different business contracts and their legal implications.
• Business strategies for protecting intangible property rights.
• The role of corporate boards in business decision-making processes.
• Code of conduct for federal employees: rights and responsibilities.
• Businesses' responsibilities in recognizing as well as enforcing collective bargaining agreements.
• Business regulations limiting companies' ability to engage in anti-competitive practices.
• Legal considerations for corporate consolidation business deals.
• Business regulations when conducting business across borders.
• The moral implications of business decisions and policies.
• The importance of business regulations for organizations and institutions.

Find more  business law topics for research paper  by browsing one more blog.

Banking and Finance Law Topics

The banking sector is crucial for our economic system, and banking laws are vital to its proper functioning. Banks and financial organizations help us store, exchange, and manage money, and students in the banking and finance law field learn the regulations governing these activities. Let us look at these ten banking and finance law research topics that you can choose from:

• The impact of new technologies on financial regulations.
• Regulatory responses to banking crises around the world.
• How usury laws affect interest rates and redit accessibility.
• An analysis of recent bank mergers and aquisitions.
• Investigating a link between financial stability and monetary policy.
• An analysis of banking secrecy laws in different countries.
• The impact of money laundering regulations on financial systems.
• How terrorism financing regulations affect bank security.
• A comparative study of consumer protection laws in banking systems.
• Examining the effects of tax havens on the global banking system.

>> View more: Financial Research Topics

Civil Rights Topics of Law

The civil rights movement and the laws that followed have had a lasting impact on our lives today. Many of these issues remain relevant, so it is essential to research civil rights topics better to understand the complexities as well as implications of civil rights. Here are ten civil rights research paper topics to help you get started:

• The civil rights movement and its legacy.
• The role of civil disobedience in civil rights reform.
• Voting rights and racial discrimination.
• Education equality through civil rights regulations.
• Limitations to civil liberties within the bill of rights.
• Civil rights protection for LGBTQ+ individuals.
• Immigration laws and civil rights violations.
• Racial disparities in the criminal justice system.
• Women's civil rights issues.
• The role of civil engagement in civil rights reform.

Constitutional Law Research Paper Topics

Constitutional law is a complex and fascinating field of study that examines how constitutional rights are enforced, interpreted, as well as applied in different jurisdictions. Provided legal essay topics are an excellent starting point. If you're looking for constitutional law topics for research papers to write about, here are some ideas to get you started:

• The role of the Supreme Court in protecting constitutional rights.
• How states can limit constitutional rights and the applicability of constitutional principles to state regulations.
• The implications of constitutional amendments on protection for vulnerable populations.
• Examine the constitutional right to privacy in relation to technology and data collection practices.
• The constitutional framework for constitutional protections of religious freedom.
• The protection of constitutional rights in the context of police searches and seizures.
• An analysis of constitutional laws regarding the right to bear arms and gun control regulations across different states.
• Examine constitutional protections for freedom of speech and the implications of hate speech laws.
• The constitutional framework for reproductive rights, including access to abortion services.
• An exploration of constitutional regulations on voting rights and electoral integrity in different jurisdictions.

Combine this area with some historical facts for example. History research paper topics  that we created for students may help. 

Corporate Law Paper Topics

Research in corporate law can provide insight into the structure that shapes corporate entities, their operations, as well as corporate accountability. Here are ten corporate law research paper topics to consider for your next research project:

• How does corporate social responsibility (CSR) affect corporate performance?
• What systems are in place to ensure corporate accountability?
• Impact of financial regulation on corporate compliance and risk management.
• The legal implications of corporate mergers & acquisitions activities.
• Role of contract laws in governing corporate agreements.
• How does corporate tax law influence corporate decisions?
• Legal protections for corporate I.P. rights.
• Types of corporate fraud and misconduct and available remedies.
• Corporate law considerations for multinational corporate entities.
• Corporate securities regulation and its implications for corporate activity.

Criminal Law Topics for Essays

Criminal law focuses on studying the implications of criminal behavior and activities. These law research paper topics list can help you find a clear direction for criminal essays. Criminologists in practice and students can choose from the list of legal topics for essay we have outlined below:

• Criminal justice reform impact on indigenous people.
• How does the justice system treat people of different backgrounds and identity?
• Impact of immigration on criminal activity.
• Cybercrime: an analysis of law enforcement practices.
• Exploring sentencing policies for juvenile offenders.
• Assessing the effectiveness of restorative justice processes.
• Defense strategies in criminal trials.
• Role of media representations in shaping perceptions of crime.
• Future of capital punishment as a deterrent for serious crimes.
• The impact of dna technologies on criminal investigations and prosecutions.

>> Read more: Criminal Justice Research Paper Topics

International Law Research Topics

You can brainstorm different legal research questions from the branch of international law to help you choose one to focus on. This field covers international agreements, organizations, dispute resolution, as well as criminal justice issues. This makes it a wide-ranging body of research with many potential areas of study. Here are ten international topics for research papers to consider:

• The impact of globalization on international trade.
• How do international organizations contribute to peacekeeping and conflict resolution?
• How the law of the sea affects maritime disputes.
• How do international regulations protect global environmental resources?
• Organizations' role in establishing international legal norms.
• Legal obligations ensuring fair international trade.
• Laws and their role in addressing international criminal activity.
• Challenges arising from attempts to enforce international law in the developing countries.
• What is the importance of international law?
• Laws providing international protection to refugees.

Immigration Law Topics for Research Paper

Globalization has helped create a diverse population in many countries but intensified immigration. Exploring the following law research paper ideas will help you pick a good topic for your paper. Here are ten immigration law research paper topics to get you started:

• Immigration law and human rights.
• Challenges of establishing immigration regulations in the U.S.
• Immigration policy role in fighting terrorism.
• Unauthorized immigrants' impact on local economies.
• Refugee protection under international law .
• Family-based immigration policies.
• Challenges faced by immigrant students in K-12 education.
• The legality of immigration detention.
• Rights and responsibilities of undocumented workers.
• Impact of immigration regulations impact on national security.

Education Law Topics for Legal Research Papers

The legal field of education examines issues related to educational institutions as well as students themselves. It covers student rights, teacher/staff responsibilities, disciplinary procedures, school safety, harassment, and funding. You will definitely find education law fascinating after reading through these topics, which also gives you a chance to choose one topic that interests you most. Here are ten legal writing topics to explore in this field:

• The legal rights of school administrators and teachers.
• Student legal rights in disciplinary actions.
• Legal requirements for special education students.
• Parental legal rights and responsibilities in school matters.
• Legal aspects of student privacy issues in classrooms and online.
• Legal issues related to the use of technology in schools.
• Legal issues related to school safety and security.
• Legal implications of religious expression in public schools.
• Legal aspects of the No Child Left Behind act.
• Legal requirements for student access to educational resources.

There is one more blog in our library that will provide you with more ideas in this field. Browse different research questions on education and come up with something interesting. 

Entertainment Law Research Topics

Entertainment law covers the connection between entertainment, intellectual property rights, and business. Students need to have several law research paper topic ideas to explore legal issues surrounding entertainment. Here are ten entertainment law essay topics to explore:

• Impact of digital music streaming on copyright rules and regulations.
• Importance of privacy rights in social media.
• Legal implications of celebrity endorsements.
• Overview of film production agreements.
• Music publishers' role in the entertainment industry.
• A study of intellectual property rights and the impact on organizational creativity.
• Regulation of online gaming platforms from a legal perspective.
• Role of trademark regulation in sports broadcasting.
• How to protect a brand in entertainment industry from unauthorized use.
• Consumer protection laws and their impact on the music industry.

Employment Law Research Paper Topics

Writing a research paper on employment law provides an opportunity to explore current areas related to employment rights and responsibilities. The following are some potential employment law paper topics:

• The history and development of employment regulation in the U.S.
• Employment discrimination laws and their efficacy in reducing workplace discrimination.
• How employment laws affect contract negotiations.
• A comparison between employment regulations in the united states and other countries.
• State employment rules and their impact on employment practices.
• Legal implications of employment-at-will.
• Employment law and the impact of recent employment legislation.
• How employment code have changed over time to address employment disputes.
• The relationship between employment law and employment unions.
• How employment regulations have evolved to address remote employment arrangements.

Family Law Legal Topics to Write About

In everyday life, family law deals with relationships between family members, including marriage, adoption, and child custody. It covers various issues, from divorce to prenuptial agreements. If you are looking for legal topics for research paper in family law to write about, here are some suggestions:

• Legal process of adoption and its implications.
• Parent's rights in a divorce.
• Legal aspects of prenuptial agreements.
• Post-divorce legal issues: alimony, child custody, and visitation rights.
• Regulations governing surrogacy and assisted reproductive technology.
• Financial responsibilities during a divorce or separation.
• Legal rights of same-sex couples in adoption and divorce.
• Legal implications of domestic abuse.
• Grandparent visitation rights after divorce.
• Legal process of estate planning and inheritance in family law cases.

Environmental Law Research Paper Topics

Environmental law focuses on studying as well as implementing important environmental regulations, such as pollution control or wildlife conservation. These environmental research paper topics can guide writing an essay that will definitely help you get a good grade. Here are ten potential legal research paper topics to explore in this field:

• Global warming: legal implications in developed countries.
• Environmental regulations impact on private property.
• An analysis of the EPA's regulation of air quality.
• International regulations role in combating marine pollution.
• An examination of endangered species legislation.
• A comparison between the U.S. and E.U. environmental regulations.
• Economic implications of carbon taxes.
• An evaluation of international efforts to combat climate change.
• A study of U.S. environmental regulations and their impact on businesses.
• The use of international courts for resolving disputes related to the environment.

Animal Law Topics to Research

Animal law is increasingly gaining attention as animal rights lawyers and activists fight for recognition in the justice system. We consider animals an essential part of nature, and their protection has become vital. With this growing interest, research papers are becoming more popular among students as well as animal advocates. To help you get started on your animal law research paper topics, here is a list to explore:

• Animal sentience and its implications for animal law.
• Legal recognition of animal rights.
• Current status of animal welfare practices in the U.S.
• International animal protection laws and regulations.
• Judicial decisions on an animal cruelty case.
• Effectiveness of animal rights advocacy groups.
• Animal experimentation: ethical considerations and legal implications.
• What is the impact of the animal rights movement on society?
• The role of animal law in environmental protection.
• Animal hoarding and the legal consequences of owning multiple animals.

Final Thoughts on Law & Legal Topics for Research Papers

When it comes to legal research paper topics, there is no shortage of ideas. From criminal and civil laws to international issues, the legal field presents a wide range of potential topics for your research paper. Be sure to narrow down your topic to ensure that you can adequately cover the issue you are writing about in your essay. Additionally, consulting resources, including scholarly articles, is important as you conduct your research. Doing so will help ensure that your paper provides adequate as well as accurate information. With the right law research topic, you can write an effective as well as engaging essay to help you stand out in the profession.

Contact our professional writing service and get help with research paper writing from academic pros. Our experts have solid experience in academic writing and always deliver papers beyond expectations. 

Joe Eckel is an expert on Dissertations writing. He makes sure that each student gets precious insights on composing A-grade academic writing.

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Law Research Paper Topics: 150 Impactful Ideas for Law Students

Legal matters always tend to influence almost every kind of reader, which is an excellent opportunity for legal students. An impressive law topic helps you to create a strong foothold for your entire legal research paper. Thus, you cannot risk your research paper by choosing poor law research paper topics.

With so many variations in law subjects, students find it hard to select the most interesting legal topic. So in this article, you will get some of the best creative legal topics to write about. Keep reading this article for some unique and innovative law research paper topics.

But before moving forward to our selected legal topics to write about, let’s discuss some pre- topic selection tips. These tips will provide you with the initial guidance regarding the selection of your law research paper topics.

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Law Research Paper Topic Selection Tips From Our Expert Writers

Don’t let yourself fall into irrelevant, unnecessary law research topic ideas. They will only make an impression of “fillers, ” resulting in obsolete content. Your legal research paper topic must be able to demonstrate your ideas and concerns in a concise manner with excellent communication skills.

Analyzing Different Legal Research Paper Topics

Whether you are a business student looking for business research topics   or a law student searching for law research paper topics,   the most appropriate approach is a thorough analysis of your favourite subjects. Law subjects such as business law, administrative law, constitutional law, etc., include various interesting legal topics. Select the most interesting subjects and break them into different topics. You can start by analyzing:

• The current legal developments
• A novel case where courts have split on their exposition of the law
• Reading previous scholarly publications
• Suggestions b
• y your supervisors
• A thorough update on the current affairs
• Digging into different topic ideas

Mind-Mapping

Make a mind map of each of those pieces of information. Highlight the main points on a paper, and add their supporting details. By practicing this, you will get to understand a rough figure of how much information you can get on the following topic.

Check Reference Material from the Library

The increasing accessibility of internet usage has made it even more convenient for a large section of students. This method will ensure that your research topic consists of various information sources. It ensures that your research will not be interrupted due to the lack of resources.  

Novel Cases Topic Ideas

The most common approach for selecting a legal research paper topic is focusing on the cases raised as a novel law issue. To identify these topics, you can browse the legal developments. You can also go through the recent legal matters before the Supreme Court or the highest authorized courts in different nations.

Consider Your Daily Routines

Sit down calmly and think about the issues and matters in the world that don’t fit right with you. Is there anything that excites you? If yes, you can also consider those topics for your research.

We hope that you have found your ideal law research paper topic. However, if you still cannot decide on your topic, don’t worry- we have crystallized some of the advanced

150 Advanced Law Research Paper Topics

Business law topics for research paper.

Business law is a branch of civil law which deals with different rules and regulations which govern businesses. Research paper topics in business law are equally challenging and awarding as well.

So here’s a list of some exciting topics in business law that you can consider for your research paper.

• Detailed analysis of the copyright laws
• The impact of online retailing on international markets
• Study on white collar crime
• Conflicts of interests between private and public sector
• Shareholder rights
• The contract laws
• A detailed handbook on business law and the parliament
• Statutory research on employment law for business
• The trademark law and trade secrets
• A detailed study on the non-profit organizations
• The true nature of business law
• A concise survey of the business law of The United States
• The classification of business regulations in different nations
• The importance of business laws for institutions and organizations
• The formation and regulation of business law in the United Kingdom
• Comparative examination between the equity and doctrines of business law
• The role of the constitution in developing the business law
• Text, cases, and readings on international business law
• Business laws in the United States
• Relationship between business law and moral growth
• A detailed study on business law and moral growth
• Understanding the history of business law corporations and their developments

Constitutional Law Research Paper Topics

Constitutional law refers to the fundamental principles used by the government for exercising its authority. Here are some essential constitutional law research paper topics:

• Comparative examination between constitutional and administrative law
• A detailed study on constitutional law
• The doctrine of constitutional law
• The politics of constitutional law in the United Nations
• The nature of constitutional law in America
• Internet and its impact on freedom of speech
• The detailed study on the pros and cons of federalism
• The rights of victims of self-incrimination
• An evaluation of press freedom
• A critical analysis of press freedom in the United Nations
• Legal analysis on the flag burning issue
• A comparative examination of constitutional and state laws
• Comparison of constitutional law in America and India
• The pros and cons of constitutional law in different nations
• The politics and critical changes of the First Amendment
• Comparison between the bill of right for Britain and Australia

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International Law Research Topic suggestions

International law research topics include the study of rules, principles, and relations of different countries with one another and with its citizen or states.

This is the list of the most impressive international law research topics that you can use for your research paper:

• The limits of international law in theory and practice
• International law and its importance for businesses
• Why must countries respect international law
• The epochs of the international law system
• Why do nations and citizens obey international law
• Exploring the code-based ethics
• An introduction to international criminal court
• International jurisdiction
• The self-defeating international law
• Principals used to formulate international laws and proceedings
• International relations among different nations
• False confessions: causes and consequences on international law
• The issue of false confession in international law
• The traditional justifications- issues and consequence
• The international and national legislation
• Forecasting the future of international law via the internet
• The economic and spirit analysis of international law
• An economic analysis of international law and orders

Civil Rights Legal Research Topics

These rights guarantee equal social opportunities to all citizens regardless of caste, gender, sex, and race. Law topics for civil rights can develop great content. If you are someone who’s always been fascinated by civil laws, then the below-given list will surely be helpful to you.

• Civil justice in different nations
• The unhappy history of civil rights in the United Nations
• The journey of America from civil rights to human rights
• The oral history and the origin of the civil rights movements
• The forgotten promises of civil rights
• Study on civil liberties and racial discrimination
• The United Nations patriot right
• The state firearm laws
• The history of sexual discrimination and orientation in the United States.

Cyber Law Research Topic Ideas

Cyberlaw, also known as the IT law, deals with the internet’s relationship with information technology and electronic elements, such as computers and the internet.

Here are some of the current cyber law research topics, have a look at each before choosing any law topic.

• The role of cyber law and security in the United Nations
• The future of cyberterrorism and cybercrime
• Cybercrimes and their enforcement in America
• Global perception of cyber law
• The study of cyber laws in the United Nations
• Identifying the certainties of cyber laws and cybercrimes in the future
• The role of cyber law in the regulation of cyber crimes
• A study about awareness of cyber laws in the United Kingdom
• An analysis of cyber crimes and the enforcement of cyber laws
• The issues and challenges a government face with their cyber crimes

Commercial Legal Topics for Research Paper

Commercial law is a body of law designed to regulate the conduct of individuals and merchants and support businesses in making money in trade, sales, and commerce from their products and services.

• Commercials partnerships: the associated dangers and potential results
• pre-incorporation contracts: a company liability
• The effects of pre-incorporation agreements on German company law
• The significance of mediating the role of corporate social responsibility in organizational growth
• A detailed study on the US commercial laws
• The difficulties in the codification of commercial law
• A case study of the USA: what did the USA do in its power to stop corruption
• The effectiveness of commercial law
• Supporting the commercial law for supporting the commercial transactions in the US

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Research Paper Topic Ideas for Tax Laws

Law research on taxes can be an excellent opportunity to write an extraordinary paper. If you are considering taxes as your subject, you can view the following topics under this subject.

Here are some inspiring legal research topics to get started with your legal research:

• The research methods and taxation history in the United States
• A comparative study on the indirect and direct taxes in the United States
• The Future agenda and research strategies in comparative taxation
• The future agenda and myth of environmental taxation
• The Political economy of taxation in the US
• Introduction to taxation in the Indian government
• Structural analysis of comparative income taxation
• The power of tax in the economy
• The idea of the single taxpayer: setting new agendas for research
• The international exchanges ideas on taxation in the USA economy

Criminal Law Research Paper Topic Ideas

Criminal law, as distinguished from civil law. It is the body of law concerned with criminal offences and includes punishing individuals who commit them. Writing a research paper on criminal law will open numerous gates of opportunities for you.

Let’s have a look at these criminal law legal topics for your paper:

• A detailed study on Criminal psychology
• What is the reason behind different punishments for one crime
• The role of sociology in preventing criminal offenses
• The ethical and legal issues of criminal activities in the United Kingdom
• Domestic violence in modern times
• The impact of intensive bail supervision on repeat domestic violence offenders
• A study on criminal cartel offenses in the United Kingdom
• A handbook on DNA testing, fingerprints, and polygraphs
• Compulsory self-incrimination as a privilege
• Structural analysis of criminal violations of sexual abuse
• Criminologists in ancient times versus in modern times
• An analysis of cases and concepts of criminal procedures
• A worldwide perspective on the death penalty
• Public bail as a national disaster
• Criminal law in America versus in other nations
• Lie detector and the law behind it
• The dimension of male and female rape legislation

Also Read – Nursing Research Topics

Interesting legal topics for Medical law

Medical law is the body of law concerned with patients’ and medical professionals’ rights and responsibilities. The core of medical law focuses on confidentiality, negligence, and other torts regarding medical treatments.

We have provided some fascinating legal research topics to write about if you are interested in medical law.

Let’s have a look at them:

• Family and medical leave act (FMLA)
• An analysis of medical Malpractices
• Mental health laws in the United States
• Refusal of medical law and the common laws behind it
• Medical laws at the time of world war2
• Medical laws and ethics: Great debates behind it
• Law of abortion in the United States
• A systematic review of medical cannabis
• Almost a revolution in the mental health law around the world
• American health law around world war2

Environmental Legal Topics to Write About

We hope you must have found your law topic by now. If not, then don’t worry. We still have a few more interesting legal topics for your research paper. Let’s have a look at the below-given topics:

• The growth of environmental science towards a sustainable future
• The making of international environmental law
• The politics and policies behind international environmental law
• A detailed study on environmental and wildlife crimes
• Climate change and environmental laws in Great Britain
• Economic theory and environmental law policy in America
• International environmental law: crime, policy, and justice
• The biological weapons and policies by international environmental law
• How has global environmental law changed in today’s era
• The environmental law and climate changes in Australia
• Environmental regulations and policies in Canada
• How is the Uber industry affecting the ecology of America

Some Additional Interesting Legal Topics

Last but not least, we have crystallized some of your paper’s critical national and international law research topics. In this section, you will get a mixture of every kind of legal research paper topic. So if you are still confused about your research paper topic, look at the below-given law topic.

• Children custody in the Us law
• Multi banking law
• Policies and practices involved in education law
• Active and passive euthanasia: a right to die with dignity
• The current US environmental laws
• Organ donation: International and national practices regarding it
• Practices of organ donation in America
• Separation of banking and commerce in different nations
• Employment laws and policies in the United States
• The impossibility of religious freedom laws
• The  #Metoo movement and its consequences in different nations
• A comparative analysis of terrorism laws in different nations
• The anti-discrimination law The drawbacks of traditional jurisdictions
• Employment law for disabled individuals in the UK
• Forecasting the future with digital legislation
• Sexual harassment policy in America
• The right to religious freedom in International laws

Final Thoughts

You just finished reading more than 150 law research paper topics. To gain brilliant scores for your research paper, selecting an exceptional legal research topic is crucial. These unique lists of topics will surely help you score high grades in your academic research.

Our native experts from Edumagnate.com  have selected every topic according to current legal requirements. They can also help you with different legal research questions or some additional business law project ideas for your research paper. These questions or topics will help you to frame your research work into a big picture, making you stand out in the crowd.

In case you have any difficulty in writing a legal research paper, you can have a look at our article – A Detailed Guide to Write an Enticing Law Research Paper . This article will help you elaborate on legal research papers’ structure and format.

By Alex Brown

I'm an ambitious, seasoned, and versatile author. I am experienced in proposing, outlining, and writing engaging assignments. Developing contagious academic work is always my top priority. I have a keen eye for detail and diligence in producing exceptional academic writing work. I work hard daily to help students with their assignments and projects. Experimenting with creative writing styles while maintaining a solid and informative voice is what I enjoy the most.

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How to do legal research in 3 steps

Knowing where to start a difficult legal research project can be a challenge. But if you already understand the basics of legal research, the process can be significantly easier — not to mention quicker.

Solid research skills are crucial to crafting a winning argument. So, whether you are a law school student or a seasoned attorney with years of experience, knowing how to perform legal research is important — including where to start and the steps to follow.

What is legal research, and where do I start? 

Black's Law Dictionary defines legal research as “[t]he finding and assembling of authorities that bear on a question of law." But what does that actually mean? It means that legal research is the process you use to identify and find the laws — including statutes, regulations, and court opinions — that apply to the facts of your case.

In most instances, the purpose of legal research is to find support for a specific legal issue or decision. For example, attorneys must conduct legal research if they need court opinions — that is, case law — to back up a legal argument they are making in a motion or brief filed with the court.

Alternatively, lawyers may need legal research to provide clients with accurate legal guidance . In the case of law students, they often use legal research to complete memos and briefs for class. But these are just a few situations in which legal research is necessary.

Why is legal research hard?

Each step — from defining research questions to synthesizing findings — demands critical thinking and rigorous analysis.

1. Identifying the legal issue is not so straightforward. Legal research involves interpreting many legal precedents and theories to justify your questions. Finding the right issue takes time and patience.

2. There's too much to research. Attorneys now face a great deal of case law and statutory material. The sheer volume forces the researcher to be efficient by following a methodology based on a solid foundation of legal knowledge and principles.

3. The law is a fluid doctrine. It changes with time, and staying updated with the latest legal codes, precedents, and statutes means the most resourceful lawyer needs to assess the relevance and importance of new decisions.

Legal research can pose quite a challenge, but professionals can improve it at every stage of the process . 

Step 1: Key questions to ask yourself when starting legal research

Before you begin looking for laws and court opinions, you first need to define the scope of your legal research project. There are several key questions you can use to help do this.

What are the facts?

Always gather the essential facts so you know the “who, what, why, when, where, and how” of your case. Take the time to write everything down, especially since you will likely need to include a statement of facts in an eventual filing or brief anyway. Even if you don't think a fact may be relevant now, write it down because it may be relevant later. These facts will also be helpful when identifying your legal issue.

What is the actual legal issue?

You will never know what to research if you don't know what your legal issue is. Does your client need help collecting money from an insurance company following a car accident involving a negligent driver? How about a criminal case involving excluding evidence found during an alleged illegal stop?

No matter the legal research project, you must identify the relevant legal problem and the outcome or relief sought. This information will guide your research so you can stay focused and on topic.

What is the relevant jurisdiction?

Don't cast your net too wide regarding legal research; you should focus on the relevant jurisdiction. For example, does your case deal with federal or state law? If it is state law, which state? You may find a case in California state court that is precisely on point, but it won't be beneficial if your legal project involves New York law.

Where to start legal research: The library, online, or even AI?

In years past, future attorneys were trained in law school to perform research in the library. But now, you can find almost everything from the library — and more — online. While you can certainly still use the library if you want, you will probably be costing yourself valuable time if you do.

When it comes to online research, some people start with free legal research options , including search engines like Google or Bing. But to ensure your legal research is comprehensive, you will want to use an online research service designed specifically for the law, such as Westlaw . Not only do online solutions like Westlaw have all the legal sources you need, but they also include artificial intelligence research features that help make quick work of your research

Step 2: How to find relevant case law and other primary sources of law

Now that you have gathered the facts and know your legal issue, the next step is knowing what to look for. After all, you will need the law to support your legal argument, whether providing guidance to a client or writing an internal memo, brief, or some other legal document.

But what type of law do you need? The answer: primary sources of law. Some of the more important types of primary law include:

• Case law, which are court opinions or decisions issued by federal or state courts
• Statutes, including legislation passed by both the U.S. Congress and state lawmakers
• Regulations, including those issued by either federal or state agencies
• Constitutions, both federal and state

Searching for primary sources of law

So, if it's primary law you want, it makes sense to begin searching there first, right? Not so fast. While you will need primary sources of law to support your case, in many instances, it is much easier — and a more efficient use of your time — to begin your search with secondary sources such as practice guides, treatises, and legal articles.

Why? Because secondary sources provide a thorough overview of legal topics, meaning you don't have to start your research from scratch. After secondary sources, you can move on to primary sources of law.

For example, while no two legal research projects are the same, the order in which you will want to search different types of sources may look something like this:

• Secondary sources . If you are researching a new legal principle or an unfamiliar area of the law, the best place to start is secondary sources, including law journals, practice guides , legal encyclopedias, and treatises. They are a good jumping-off point for legal research since they've already done the work for you. As an added bonus, they can save you additional time since they often identify and cite important statutes and seminal cases.
• Case law . If you have already found some case law in secondary sources, great, you have something to work with. But if not, don't fret. You can still search for relevant case law in a variety of ways, including running a search in a case law research tool.

Once you find a helpful case, you can use it to find others. For example, in Westlaw, most cases contain headnotes that summarize each of the case's important legal issues. These headnotes are also assigned a Key Number based on the topic associated with that legal issue. So, once you find a good case, you can use the headnotes and Key Numbers within it to quickly find more relevant case law.

• Statutes and regulations . In many instances, secondary sources and case law list the statutes and regulations relevant to your legal issue. But if you haven't found anything yet, you can still search for statutes and regs online like you do with cases.

Once you know which statute or reg is pertinent to your case, pull up the annotated version on Westlaw. Why the annotated version? Because the annotations will include vital information, such as a list of important cases that cite your statute or reg. Sometimes, these cases are even organized by topic — just one more way to find the case law you need to support your legal argument.

Keep in mind, though, that legal research isn't always a linear process. You may start out going from source to source as outlined above and then find yourself needing to go back to secondary sources once you have a better grasp of the legal issue. In other instances, you may even find the answer you are looking for in a source not listed above, like a sample brief filed with the court by another attorney. Ultimately, you need to go where the information takes you.

Step 3: Make sure you are using ‘good’ law

One of the most important steps with every legal research project is to verify that you are using “good" law — meaning a court hasn't invalidated it or struck it down in some way. After all, it probably won't look good to a judge if you cite a case that has been overruled or use a statute deemed unconstitutional. It doesn't necessarily mean you can never cite these sources; you just need to take a closer look before you do.

The simplest way to find out if something is still good law is to use a legal tool known as a citator, which will show you subsequent cases that have cited your source as well as any negative history, including if it has been overruled, reversed, questioned, or merely differentiated.

For instance, if a case, statute, or regulation has any negative history — and therefore may no longer be good law — KeyCite, the citator on Westlaw, will warn you. Specifically, KeyCite will show a flag or icon at the top of the document, along with a little blurb about the negative history. This alert system allows you to quickly know if there may be anything you need to worry about.

Some examples of these flags and icons include:

• A red flag on a case warns you it is no longer good for at least one point of law, meaning it may have been overruled or reversed on appeal.
• A yellow flag on a case warns that it has some negative history but is not expressly overruled or reversed, meaning another court may have criticized it or pointed out the holding was limited to a specific fact pattern.
• A blue-striped flag on a case warns you that it has been appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court or the U.S. Court of Appeals.
• The KeyCite Overruling Risk icon on a case warns you that the case may be implicitly undermined because it relies on another case that has been overruled.

Another bonus of using a citator like KeyCite is that it also provides a list of other cases that merely cite your source — it can lead to additional sources you previously didn't know about.

Perseverance is vital when it comes to legal research

Given that legal research is a complex process, it will likely come as no surprise that this guide cannot provide everything you need to know.

There is a reason why there are entire law school courses and countless books focused solely on legal research methodology. In fact, many attorneys will spend their entire careers honing their research skills — and even then, they may not have perfected the process.

So, if you are just beginning, don't get discouraged if you find legal research difficult — almost everyone does at first. With enough time, patience, and dedication, you can master the art of legal research.

Thomson Reuters originally published this article on November 10, 2020.

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Law Research Paper Topics: Exploring Legal Frontiers

Table of contents

• 1 How to Pick a Legal Research Topic?
• 2.1 Civil Rights Topics of Law
• 2.2 Business Law Topics for Research Papers
• 2.3 Banking and Finance Law Topics
• 2.4 Constitutional Law Research Paper Topics
• 2.5 Criminal Law Topics for Essays
• 2.6 International Law Research Topics
• 2.7 Employment Law Research Paper Topics
• 2.8 Family Law Legal Topics to Write About
• 2.9 Environmental Law Research Paper Topics
• 2.10 Animal Law Topics to Research
• 2.11 Artificial Intelligence Law
• 2.12 Data Privacy and Cybersecurity
• 2.13 Medical Ethics and Health Law

Delving into law topics for research paper can be as challenging as rewarding. Crafting a paper that informs and engages requires a nuanced approach to selecting an intriguing and substantive subject. Many themes await scholarly exploration in legal studies, from the ever-evolving landscape of civil rights to the intricate nuances of international law. This guide aims to illuminate the path for students and researchers, providing a scaffold to build a compelling narrative around legal inquiries that resonate with contemporary issues and academic rigors.

How to Pick a Legal Research Topic?

Selecting topics for law research paper is an exercise of intellectual curiosity and scholarly contribution. Start with what piques your interest – issues you find yourself drawn to or questioning. Assess their impact on society and their place within academic discourse. Dive into the latest legal journals and case studies to uncover fresh perspectives and uncharted areas of law. Engage with your academic circle to sharpen your topic, ensuring it’s manageable and substantive. Choose a subject that promises a rich exploration and genuinely enthuses you. Your enthusiasm will drive the comprehensive analysis and persuasive arguments that will distinguish your work.

List of Law Topics for Research Paper

Well-chosen legal research topics can set your law research paper apart. Consider these avenues: the legal ramifications of artificial intelligence, privacy laws in the digital age, the intersection of mental health and criminal defense, or the evolving landscape of international trade law.

Civil Rights Topics of Law

Civil rights law continues to evolve as society changes. These topics delve into how worldwide legal systems address new civil rights challenges.

• Analyzing the Efficacy of Affirmative Action in the 21st Century
• Voter ID Laws: Ensuring Integrity or Suppressing Rights?
• The Legal Battle Over LGBTQ+ Adoption Rights
• Disability Rights in Employment: A Legal Review
• The Impact of Racial Profiling on Civil Liberties
• Free Speech in the Digital Age: A Legal Perspective
• Religious Apparel in the Workplace: A Civil Rights Analysis
• The Evolution of Gender Equality Laws in Sports
• Policing the Police: Legal Responses to Excessive Force
• Housing Discrimination and the Law: Current Challenges

Business Law Topics for Research Papers

Business law topics examine the complex and dynamic relationship between the law and business practices in the modern economy.

• Navigating Intellectual Property Rights in Global Trade
• Legal Strategies for Preventing Corporate Espionage
• Antitrust Laws and Big Tech: A Modern Analysis
• Corporate Social Responsibility: Legal Implications and Benefits
• The Legality of Non-Compete Clauses in Employee Contracts
• Cross-Border Mergers: Legal Challenges and Strategies
• Legal Pitfalls in Online Business Ventures
• Environmental Regulations Impacting Business Operations
• Whistleblower Protections in the Corporate Sector
• Arbitration vs. Litigation in Business Disputes

Banking and Finance Law Topics

These controversial topics in law explore the intricate legal frameworks that govern the ever-evolving financial and banking sectors worldwide.

• Cryptocurrency Regulation: Legal Challenges and Opportunities
• The Legality of High-Frequency Trading Practices
• International Banking Laws Against Money Laundering
• Consumer Protection in Online Banking Services
• Legal Aspects of Crowdfunding Investments
• Insider Trading Laws: An International Perspective
• The Role of Law in Preventing Financial Crises
• Sovereign Debt Disputes and International Law
• Regulation of Derivatives: Legal Perspectives
• Implementing Basel III Standards: A Legal Approach

Constitutional Law Research Paper Topics

Constitutional law remains a cornerstone in legal discussions, with these topics focusing on its application in current societal debates.

• Same-Sex Marriage and Constitutional Law Developments
• The Second Amendment: A Modern Legal Analysis
• Freedom of the Press vs. National Security Concerns
• Constitutional Changes in the Era of Digital Privacy
• Legal Interpretations of Executive Powers in the 21st Century
• The Constitutionality of Drone Surveillance
• Separation of Church and State in Contemporary Legal Cases
• Affirmative Action and Equal Protection Under Law
• The Role of Judicial Review in Modern Governance
• Eminent Domain: Balancing Public Interest and Private Rights

Criminal Law Topics for Essays

Criminal law topics for research paper reflect the complexities of maintaining justice and order in society while protecting the rights of the accused.

• Decriminalization of Drug Use: A Legal Perspective
• Cyberstalking Laws and Victim Protection
• The Legal Response to White-Collar Crime in the Digital Age
• Criminal Justice Reform and Rehabilitation Programs
• The Death Penalty: A Comparative Legal Study
• Forensic Science in Criminal Trials: Legal Considerations
• Juvenile Delinquency: Legal Interventions and Outcomes
• Legal Defenses in High-Profile Criminal Cases
• Human Trafficking and International Criminal Law
• Sentencing Guidelines: A Critical Legal Review

International Law Research Topics

International law governs the conduct of states and international organizations, presenting a range of topics for exploration in this globalized world.

• The Law of the Sea: Navigating Maritime Disputes
• International Humanitarian Law in Modern Warfare
• The Legal Framework of Global Climate Agreements
• Extraterritorial Jurisdiction: A Legal Quandary
• The Role of the International Criminal Court
• Trade Sanctions and International Law
• Sovereignty vs. Human Rights: Legal Conflicts on the Global Stage
• Legal Mechanisms for Protecting Endangered Species Internationally
• The Legality of Unilateral Military Interventions
• Diplomatic Immunity: Principles and Controversies

Employment Law Research Paper Topics

Employment law covers the rights and duties between employers and workers, and the topics showcase how these adapt to modern trends.

• Legal Implications of Remote Work Policies
• Discrimination Law in the Gig Economy
• Sexual Harassment Laws in the Workplace
• Workers’ Rights in the Age of Automation
• The Legalities of Employee Surveillance
• Unionization in the Tech Industry: A Legal Review
• Minimum Wage Laws and Economic Impact
• Occupational Safety Laws and Their Enforcement
• Employee Privacy Rights Against Corporate Interests
• Age Discrimination in Hiring Practices

Family Law Legal Topics to Write About

Family law is central to society’s fabric, and these topics address the legal complexities of family relationships and their protection under the law.

• The Legal Status of Surrogacy Across Different Jurisdictions
• Child Custody Laws and the Best Interests of the Child
• Legal Challenges in Cross-Border Adoption
• Divorce Law and the Division of Assets
• Domestic Violence and Protective Order Efficacy
• The Rights of Unmarried Couples Under Law
• Paternity Laws and Disputes
• Legal Implications of Parental Alienation
• Same-Sex Couple Rights in Family Law
• Child Support Enforcement Across Borders

Environmental Law Research Paper Topics

Environmental law aims to reconcile economic growth with the need to protect the environment, offering a range of pertinent research topics.

• Legal Strategies for Combating Deforestation
• Clean Air Act: A Legal Evaluation
• The Role of Law in Protecting Endangered Species
• Water Rights and Legal Disputes
• Environmental Impact Assessments: Legal Requirements and Outcomes
• Fracking Laws and Community Health Concerns
• Climate Change Litigation and Corporate Accountability
• Waste Management Laws and Policies
• Legal Remedies for Oil Spill Disasters
• Renewable Energy Laws and Sustainable Development

Animal Law Topics to Research

Animal research topics in law are an emerging field examining how the legal system addresses the complex issues related to animal rights and welfare.

• Legal Protections for Wildlife in Urban Areas
• The Legality of Animal Testing in Cosmetic Industries
• Endangered Species Act: Legal Successes and Challenges
• Animal Welfare Laws in Agricultural Practices
• Legal Rights of Animals in Entertainment
• Pet Ownership Disputes and the Law
• The Trade of Exotic Animals: Legal and Ethical Dimensions
• Animal Cruelty Laws and Enforcement Issues
• Service Animals and Disability Rights
• Wildlife Trafficking and International Law

Artificial Intelligence Law

Artificial intelligence law ideas for students examine the intersection of rapidly advancing technology and existing legal frameworks, a field ripe for academic inquiry.

• Autonomous Vehicles and Liability Laws
• AI in Healthcare: Legal and Ethical Considerations
• Intellectual Property Rights for AI Creations
• Legal Personhood for AI: A Futuristic Debate
• AI and Privacy Laws: Adapting to New Realities
• AI in the Courtroom: Legal Implications
• Bias in AI Decision-Making and the Law
• Regulation of AI in Financial Services
• AI and Employment Law: Shifting Paradigms
• AI in National Security: Legal Frameworks

Data Privacy and Cybersecurity

Data privacy and cybersecurity trending legal topics deal with the challenges of protecting personal information in the digital realm, a vital concern for governments, corporations, and individuals.

• The Right to be Forgotten in the Digital Age
• Cross-Border Data Transfer Laws
• Cybersecurity Laws and the Protection of Critical Infrastructure
• Legal Responses to Data Breaches
• Data Privacy Laws for Children and Adolescents
• Encryption Laws and National Security
• Legal Implications of Biometric Data Use
• Cyberbullying and Legal Recourse
• Consumer Data Rights and Corporate Responsibilities
• The GDPR: A Model for Global Data Privacy Laws

Medical Ethics and Health Law

Medical ethics and health law address the sensitive and often controversial legal issues that arise in the provision and management of healthcare.

• End-of-Life Decision-Making and Legal Rights
• Genetic Information Non-Discrimination Act: A Legal Analysis
• Legalities of Alternative Medicine Practices
• Vaccine Mandates and Public Health Law
• Mental Health Law and Patient Autonomy
• Reproductive Rights and the Law
• Legal Aspects of Organ Donation and Transplantation
• Medical Malpractice: Prevention and Litigation
• Health Insurance Laws and Access to Care
• The Legalities of Medical Confidentiality

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U.S. States

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Research Process

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How to Conduct Legal Research

September 21, 2021

Conducting legal research can challenge even the most skilled law practitioners.

As laws evolve across jurisdictions, it can be a difficult to keep pace with every legal development. Equally daunting is the ability to track and glean insights into stakeholder strategies and legal responses. Without quick and easy access to the right tools, the legal research upon which case strategy hinges may face cost, personnel, and litigation outcome challenges.

Bloomberg Law’s artificial intelligence-driven tools drastically reduce the time to perform legal research. Whether you seek quick answers to legal research definitions, or general guidance on the legal research process, Bloomberg Law’s Core Litigation Skills Toolkit has you covered.

What is legal research?

Legal research is the process of uncovering and understanding all of the legal precedents, laws, regulations, and other legal authorities that apply in a case and inform an attorney’s course of action.

Legal research often involves case law research, which is the practice of identifying and interpreting the most relevant cases concerning the topic at issue. Legal research can also involve a deep dive into a judge’s past rulings or opposing counsel’s record of success.

Research is not a process that has a finite start and end, but remains ongoing throughout every phase of a legal matter. It is a cornerstone of a litigator’s skills.

[Learn how our integrated, time-saving litigation research tools allow litigators to streamline their work and get answers quickly.]

Where do I begin my legal research?

Beginning your legal research will look different for each assignment. At the outset, ensure that you understand your goal by asking questions and taking careful notes. Ask about background case information, logistical issues such as filing deadlines, the client/matter number, and billing instructions.

It’s also important to consider how your legal research will be used. Is the research to be used for a pending motion? If you are helping with a motion for summary judgment, for example, your goal is to find cases that are in the same procedural posture as yours and come out favorably for your side (i.e., if your client is the one filing the motion, try to find cases where a motion for summary judgment was granted, not denied). Keep in mind the burden of proof for different kinds of motions.

Finally, but no less important, assess the key facts of the case. Who are the relevant parties? Where is the jurisdiction? Who is the judge? Note all case details that come to mind.

What if I’m new to the practice area or specific legal issue?

While conducting legal research, it is easy to go down rabbit holes. Resist the urge to start by reviewing individual cases, which may prove irrelevant. Start instead with secondary sources, which often provide a prevailing statement of the law for a specific topic. These sources will save time and orient you to the area of the law and key issues.

Litigation Practical Guidance provides the essentials including step-by-step guidance, expert legal analysis, and a preview of next steps. Source citations are included in all Practical Guidance, and you can filter Points of Law, Smart Code®, and court opinions searches to get the jurisdiction-specific cases or statutes you need.

Searching across Points of Law will help to get your bearings on an issue before diving into reading the cases in full. Points of Law uses machine learning to identify key legal principles expressed in court opinions, which are easily searchable by keyword and jurisdiction. This tool helps you quickly find other cases that have expressed the same Point of Law, and directs you to related Points of Law that might be relevant to your research. It is automatically updated with the most recent opinions, saving you time and helping you quickly drill down to the relevant cases.

How do I respond to the opposing side’s brief?

Whether a brief is yours or that of the opposing party, Bloomberg Law’s Brief Analyzer is an essential component in the legal research process. It reduces the time spent analyzing a brief, identifying relevant authorities, and preparing a solid response.

To start, navigate to Brief Analyzer available from the Bloomberg Law homepage, within the Litigation Intelligence Center , or from Docket Key search results for briefs.

Simply upload the opposing side’s brief into the tool, and Brief Analyzer will generate a report of the cited authorities and arguments contained in the brief.

You can easily view a comparison with the brief and analysis side by side. It will also point you directly to relevant cases, Points of Law, and Practical Guidance to jump start your research.

[ How to Write a Legal Brief – Learn how to shorten the legal research cycle and give your legal brief a competitive advantage.]

How to optimize your search.

Crafting searches is a critical skill when it comes to legal research. Although many legal research platforms, including Bloomberg Law, offer natural language searching, terms and connectors (also called Boolean) searching is still a vital legal research skill and should be used when searching across court opinions, dockets, Points of Law, and other primary and secondary sources.

When you conduct a natural language search, the search engine applies algorithms to rank your results. Why a certain case is ranked as it is may not be obvious. This makes it harder to interpret whether the search is giving you everything you need. It is also harder to efficiently and effectively manipulate your search terms to zero in on the results you want. Using Boolean searching gives you better control over your search and greater confidence in your results.

The good news? Bloomberg Law does not charge by the search for court opinion searches. If your initial search was much too broad or much too narrow, you do not have to worry about immediately running a new and improved search.

Follow these tips when beginning a search to ensure that you do not miss relevant materials:

• Make sure you do not have typos in your search string.
• Search the appropriate source or section of the research platform. It is possible to search only within a practice area, jurisdiction, secondary resource, or other grouping of materials.
• Make sure you know which terms and connectors are utilized by the platform you are working on and what they mean – there is no uniform standard set of terms of connectors utilized by all platforms.
• Include in your search all possible terms the court might use, or alternate ways the court may address an issue. It is best to group the alternatives together within a parenthetical, connected by OR between each term.
• Consider including single and multiple character wildcards when relevant. Using a single character wildcard (an asterisk) and/or a multiple character wildcard (an exclamation point) helps you capture all word variations – even those you might not have envisioned.
• Try using a tool that helps you find additional relevant case law. When you find relevant authority, use BCITE on Bloomberg Law to find all other cases and/or sources that cite back to that case. When in BCITE, click on the Citing Documents tab, and search by keyword to narrow the results. Alternatively, you can use the court’s language or ruling to search Points of Law and find other cases that addressed the same issue or reached the same ruling.

[Bloomberg Law subscribers can access a complete checklist of search term best practices . Not a subscriber? Request a Demo .]

How can legal research help with drafting or strategy?

Before drafting a motion or brief, search for examples of what firm lawyers filed with the court in similar cases. You can likely find recent examples in your firm’s internal document system or search Bloomberg Law’s dockets. If possible, look for things filed before the same judge so you can get a quick check on rules/procedures to be followed (and by the same partner when possible so you can get an idea of their style preferences).

Careful docket search provides a wealth of information about relevant cases, jurisdictions, judges, and opposing counsel. On Bloomberg Law, type “Dockets Search” in the Go bar or find the dockets search box in the Litigation Intelligence Center .

If you do not know the specific docket number and/or court, use the docket search functionality Docket Key . Select from any of 20 categories, including motions, briefs, and orders, across all 94 federal district courts, to pinpoint the exact filing of choice.

Dockets can also help you access lots of information to guide your case strategy. For example, if you are considering filing a particular type of motion, such as a sanctions motion, you can use dockets to help determine how frequently your judge grants sanctions motions. You can also use dockets to see how similar cases before your judge proceeded through discovery.

If you are researching expert witnesses, you can use dockets to help determine if the expert has been recently excluded from a case, or whether their opinion has been limited. If so, this will help you determine whether the expert is a good fit for your case.

Dockets are a powerful research tool that allow you to search across filings to support your argument. Stay apprised of docket updates with the “Create Alert” option on Bloomberg Law.

Dive deeper into competitive research.

For even more competitive research insights, dive into Bloomberg Law’s Litigation Analytics – this is available in the Litigation tab on the homepage. Data here helps attorneys develop litigation strategy, predict possible outcomes, and better advise clients.

To start, under Litigation Analytics , leverage the Attorney tab to view case history and preview legal strategies the opposition may practice against you. Also, within Litigation Analytics, use the Court tab to get aggregate motion and appeal outcome rates across all federal courts, with the option to run comparisons across jurisdictions, and filter by company, law firm, and attorney.

Use the Judge tab to glean insights from cited opinions, and past and current decisions by motion and appeal outcomes. Also view litigation analytics in the right rail of court opinions.

Docket search can also offer intel on your opponent. Has your opponent filed similar lawsuits or made similar arguments before? How did those cases pan out? You can learn a lot about an opponent from past appearances in court.

How do I validate case law citations?

Checking the status of case law is essential in legal research. Rely on Bloomberg Law’s proprietary citator, BCITE. This time-saving tool lets you know if a case is still good law.

Under each court opinion, simply look to the right rail. There, you will see a thumbnail icon for “BCITE Analysis.” Click on the icon, and you will be provided quick links to direct history (opinions that affect or are affected by the outcome of the case at issue); case analysis (citing cases, with filter and search options), table of authorities, and citing documents.

How should I use technology to improve my legal research?

A significant benefit of digital research platforms and analytics is increased efficiency. Modern legal research technology helps attorneys sift through thousands of cases quickly and comprehensively. These products can also help aggregate or summarize data in a way that is more useful and make associations instantaneously.

For example, before litigation analytics were common, a partner may have asked a junior associate to find all summary judgment motions ruled on by a specific judge to determine how often that judge grants or denies them. The attorney could have done so by manually searching over PACER and/or by searching through court opinions, but that would take a long time. Now, Litigation Analytics can aggregate that data and provide an answer in seconds. Understanding that such products exist can be a game changer. Automating parts of the research process frees up time and effort for other activities that benefit the client and makes legal research and writing more efficient.

[Read our article: Six ways legal technology aids your litigation workflow .]

Tools like  Points of Law ,  dockets  and  Brief Analyzer  can also increase efficiency, especially when narrowing your research to confirm that you found everything on point. In the past, attorneys had to spend many hours (and lots of money) running multiple court opinion searches to ensure they did not miss a case on point. Now, there are tools that can dramatically speed up that process. For example, running a search over Points of Law can immediately direct you to other cases that discuss that same legal principle.

However, it’s important to remember that digital research and analytical tools should be seen as enhancing the legal research experience, not displacing the review, analysis, and judgment of an attorney. An attorney uses his or her knowledge of their client, the facts, the precedent, expert opinions, and his or her own experiences to predict the likely result in a given matter. Digital research products enhance this process by providing more data on a wider array of variables so that an attorney can take even more information into consideration.

[Get all your questions answered, request a Bloomberg Law demo , and more.]

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Harvard Empirical Legal Studies Series

5005 Wasserstein Hall (WCC) 1585 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA02138

Contact the Graduate Program

The  Harvard Empirical Legal Studies (HELS) Series  explores a range of empirical methods, both qualitative and quantitative, and their application in legal scholarship in different areas of the law. It is a platform for engaging with current empirical research, hearing from leading scholars working in a variety of fields, and developing ideas and empirical projects.

HELS is open to all students and scholars with an interest in empirical research. No prior background in empirical legal research is necessary. If you would like to join HELS and receive information about our sessions, please subscribe to our mailing list by completing the HELS mailing list form .

If you have any questions, do not hesitate to contact the current HELS coordinator,  Tiran Bajgiran.

All times are provided in U.S. Eastern Time (UTC/GMT-0400).

Spring 2024 Sessions

Empire and the shaping of american constitutional law.

Aziz Rana, BC Law

Monday, Mar. 25, 12:15 PM Lewis 202

This talk will explore how US imperial practice has influenced the methods and boundaries of American constitutional study.

Historical Approaches to Neoliberal Legality

Quinn Slobodian, Boston University

Thursday, Mar. 28, 12:15 PM Lewis 202

Fall 2023 Sessions

On critical quantitative methods.

Hendrik Theine , WU, Vienna/Univ. of Pennsylvania Monday, Nov. 6, 12:30 PM Lewis 202

Economic inequality is a profound challenge in the United States. Both income and wealth inequality increased remarkably since the 1980s. This growing concentration of economic inequality creates real-world political and societal problems which are increasingly reflected by social science scholarship. Among those detriments is for instance the increasing economic and political power of the super-rich. The research at hand takes a new radical look at media discourses of economic inequality over four decades in various elite US newspapers by way of quantitative critical discourse analysis. It shows that up until recently, there was minimal media coverage of economic inequality, but interest has steadily increased since then. Initially, the focus was primarily on income inequality, but over time, it has expanded to encompass broader issues of inequality. Notably, the discourse on economic inequality is significantly influenced by party politics and elections. The study also highlights certain limitations in the discourse. Critiques of inequality tend to remain at a general level, discussing concepts like capitalist and racial inequality. There is relatively less focus on policy-related discussions, such as tax reform, or discussions centered around specific actors, like the wealthy and their charitable contributions.

Spring 2023 Sessions

How to conduct qualitative empirical legal scholarship.

Jessica Silbey , Professor of Law at Boston University Yanakakis Faculty Research Scholar

Friday, March 31, 12:30 PM WCC 3034

This session explores the benefits and some limitations of qualitative research methods to study intellectual property law. It compares quantitative research methods and the economic analysis of law in the same field as other kinds of empirical inquiry that are helpful in collaboration but limited in isolation. Creativity and innovation, the practices intellectual property law purports to regulate, are not amenable to quantification without identifying qualitative variables. The lessons from this session apply across fields of legal research.

Fall 2022 Sessions

How to read quantitative empirical legal scholarship.

Holger Spamann , Lawrence R. Grove Professor of Law

Friday, September 13, 12:30 PM WCC 3007

As legal scholars, what tools do we need to read critically and engage productively with quantitative empirical scholarship? In the first session of the 2022-2023 Harvard Empirical Legal Studies Series, Harvard Law School Professor Holger Spamann will compare and discuss different quantitative studies. This session will be a first approximation to be able to understand and eventually produce empirical legal scholarship. All students and scholars interested in empirical research are welcome and encouraged to attend.

How do People Learn from Not Being Caught? An Experimental Investigation of a “Non-Occurrence Bias”

Tom Zur , John M. Olin Fellow and SJD candidate, HLS

Friday, November 4, 2:00 PM WCC 3007

The law and economics literature on specific deterrence has long theorized that offenders rationally learn from being caught and sanctioned. This paper presents evidence from a randomized controlled trial showing that offenders learn differently when not being caught as compared to being caught, which we call a “non-occurrence bias.” This implies that the socially optimal level of investment in law enforcement should be lower than stipulated by rational choice theory, even on grounds of deterrence alone.

Empirical Legal Research: Using Data and Methodology to Craft a Research Agenda

Florencia Marotta-Wurgler , NYU Boxer Family Professor of Law Faculty Director, NYU Law in Buenos Aires

Monday, November 14, 12:30 PM Lewis 202

Using a series of examples, this discussion will focus on strategies to conduct empirical legal research and develop a robust research agenda. Topics will include creating a data set and leveraging to answer unexplored questions, developing meaningful methodologies to address legal questions, building on existing work to develop a robust research agenda, and engaging the process of automation and scaling up to develop large scale data sets using machine learning approaches. 

Resources for Empirical Research

• HLS Library Empirical Research Service
• Harvard Institute for Quantitative Social Research (IQSS)
• Harvard Committee on the Use of Human Subjects
• Qualtrics Harvard
• Harvard Kennedy School Behavioral Insights Group

Past HELS Sessions

Holger Spamann (Lawrence R. Grove Professor of Law) – How to Read Quantitative Empirical Legal Scholarship?

Katerina Linos (Professor of Law at UC Berkeley School of Law) – Qualitative Methods for Law Review Writing

Aziza Ahmed (Professor of Law at UC Irvine School of Law) – Risk and Rage: How Feminists Transformed the Law and Science of AIDS

Amy Kapczynski and Yochai Benkler –(Professor of Law at Yale; Professor of Law at Harvard) Law & Political Economy and the Question of Method

Jessica Silbey – (Boston University School of Law) Ethnography in Legal Scholarship

Roberto Tallarita – (Lecturer on Law, and Associate Director of the Program on Corporate Governance at Harvard) The Limits of Portfolio Primacy

Susan S. Silbey – (Leon and Anne Goldberg Professor of Humanities, Sociology and Anthropology at MIT) HELS with Susan Silbey: Analyzing Ethnographic Data and Producting New Theory

Cass R. Sunstein  (University Professor at Harvard) – Optimal Sludge? The Price of Program Integrity

Scott L. Cummings  (Professor of Legal Ethics and Professor of Law at UCLA School of Law) – The Making of Public Interest Lawyers

Elliot Ash  (Assistant Professor of Law, Economics, and Data Science at ETH Zürich) – Gender Attitudes in the Judiciary: Evidence from U.S. Circuit Courts

Kathleen Thelen  (Ford Professor of Political Science at MIT) – Employer Organization in the United States: Historical Legacies and the Long Shadow of the American Courts

Omer Kimhi  (Associate Professor at Haifa University Law School) – Caught In a Circle of Debt – Consumer Bankruptcy Discharge and Its Aftereffects

Suresh Naidu  (Professor in Economics and International and Public Affairs, Columbia School of International and Public Affairs) – Ideas Have Consequences: The Impact of Law and Economics on American Justice

Vardit Ravitsky  (Full Professor at the Bioethics Program, School of Public Health, University of Montreal) – Empirical Bioethics: The Example of Research on Prenatal Testing

Johnnie Lotesta  (Postdoctoral Democracy Fellow at the Ash Center for Democratic Governance and Innovation at the Harvard Kennedy School) – Opinion Crafting and the Making of U.S. Labor Law in the States

David Hagmann  (Harvard Kennedy School) – The Agent-Selection Dilemma in Distributive Bargaining

Cass R. Sunstein  (Harvard Law School) – Rear Visibility and Some Problems for Economic Analysis (with Particular Reference to Experience Goods)

Talia Gillis  (Ph.D. Candidate and S.J.D. Candidate, Harvard Business School and Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and Harvard Law School) – False Dreams of Algorithmic Fairness: The Case of Credit Pricing

Tzachi Raz (Ph.D. Candidate in Economics at Harvard University) – There’s No Such Thing as Free Land: The Homestead Act and Economic Development

Crystal Yang (Harvard Law School) – Fear and the Safety Net: Evidence from Secure Communities

Adaner Usmani (Harvard Sociology) – The Origins of Mass Incarceration

Jim Greiner (Harvard Law School) – Randomized Control Trials in the Legal Profession

Talia Shiff  (Postdoctoral Fellow, Weatherhead Center for International Affairs and Department of Sociology, Harvard University) – Legal Standards and Moral Worth in Frontline Decision-Making: Evaluations of Victimization in US Asylum Determinations

Francesca Gino (Harvard Business School) – Rebel Talent

Joscha Legewie (Department of Sociology, Harvard University) – The Effects of Policing on Educational Outcomes and Health of Minority Youth

Ryan D. Enos (Department of Government, Harvard University) – The Space Between Us: Social Geography and Politics

Katerina Linos (Berkeley Law, University of California) – How Technology Transforms Refugee Law

Roie Hauser (Visiting Researcher at the Program on Corporate Governance, Harvard Law School) – Term Length and the Role of Independent Directors in Acquisitions

Anina Schwarzenbach (Fellow, National Security Program, the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School) – A Challenge to Legitimacy: Effects of Stop-and-Search Police Contacts on Young People’s Relations with the Police

Cass R. Sunstein (Harvard Law School) – Willingness to Pay to Use Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, Instagram, Snapchat, and More: A National Survey

Netta Barak-Corren (Hebrew University of Jerusalem) – The War Within

James Greiner & Holger Spamann (Harvard Law School) – Panel: Why​ ​Does​ ​the​ ​Legal​ ​Profession​ ​Resist​ ​Rigorous​ ​Empiricism?

Mila Versteeg (University of Virginia School of Law) (with Adam Chilton) – Do Constitutional Rights Make a Difference?

Susan S. Silbey (MIT Department of Anthropology) (with Patricia Ewick) – The Common Place of Law

Holger Spamann (Harvard Law School) – Empirical Legal Studies: What They Are and How NOT to Do Them

Arevik Avedian (Harvard Law School) – How to Read an Empirical Paper in Law

James Greiner (Harvard Law School) – Randomized Experiments in the Law

Robert MacCoun (Stanford Law School) – Coping with Rapidly Changing Standards and Practices in the Empirical Sciences (including ELS)

Mario Small (Harvard Department of Sociology) – Qualitative Research in the Big Data Era

Adam Chilton (University of Chicago Law School) – Trade Openness and Antitrust Law

Jennifer Lerner (Harvard Kennedy School and Department of Psychology) – Anger in Legal Decision Making

Sarah Dryden-Peterson (Harvard Graduate School of Education) – Respect, Reciprocity, and Relationships in Interview-Based Research

Charles Wang (Harvard Business School) – Natural Experiments and Court Rulings

Guhan Subramanian (Harvard Law School) – Determining Fair Value

James Greiner (Harvard Law School) – Randomized Control Trials and the Impact of Legal Aid

Maya Sen (Harvard Kennedy School) – The Political Ideologies of Law Clerks and their Judges

Daria Roithmayr (University of Southern California Law School) – The Dynamics of Police Violence

Crystal Yang (Harvard Law School) – Empiricism in the Service of Criminal Law and Theory

Oren Bar-Gill (Harvard Law School) – Is Empirical Legal Studies Changing Law and Economics?

Elizabeth Linos (Harvard Kennedy School; VP, Head of Research and Evaluation, North America, Behavioral Insights Team) – Behavioral Law and Economics in Action: BIT, BIG, and the policymaking of choice architecture

Meira Levinson (Harvard School of Education) – Justice in Schools: Qualitative Sociological Research and Normative Ethics in Schools

Howell Jackson (HLS) – Cost-Benefit Analysis

Michael Heise (Cornell Law School) – Quantitative Research in Law: An Introductory Workshop

Susan Silbey (MIT) – Interviews: An Introductory Workshop

Kevin Quinn (UC Berkeley) – Quantifying Judicial Decisions

Holger Spamman (Harvard Law School) – Comparative Empirical Research

James Greiner (Harvard Law School) – Randomized Controlled Trials in the Research of Legal Problems

Michael Heise (Cornell Law School) – Quantitative Research in Law

James Greiner (Harvard Law School) – A Typology of Empirical Methods in Law

David Wilkins (Harvard Law School) – Mixed Methods Work and the Legal Profession

Tom Tyler (Yale Law School) – Fairness and Policing

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• A Research Guide
• Research Paper Topics

120 Law Research Paper Topics

How to choose a topic for your law research paper:.

Business Law Research Paper Topics:

• The impact of intellectual property laws on innovation in the technology industry
• The legal implications of data breaches and cybersecurity in the business sector
• The role of corporate social responsibility in shaping business law and regulations
• The legal challenges of international business transactions and cross-border disputes
• The impact of antitrust laws on competition and market dynamics
• The legal framework for protecting consumer rights in e-commerce
• The legal implications of employee privacy rights in the digital age
• The role of business law in regulating corporate governance and preventing corporate misconduct
• The legal challenges of regulating emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and blockchain
• The legal implications of environmental regulations on business operations and sustainability
• The role of business law in promoting fair trade and preventing unfair business practices
• The legal challenges of regulating online platforms and the sharing economy
• The impact of labor laws on employee rights and workplace regulations
• The legal implications of international trade agreements and their impact on domestic businesses
• The role of business law in protecting intellectual property rights in the creative industries

Criminal Law Research Paper Topics:

• The impact of mandatory minimum sentencing laws on the criminal justice system
• The role of forensic evidence in criminal investigations and trials
• The effectiveness of rehabilitation programs in reducing recidivism rates
• The ethical implications of using plea bargaining in criminal cases
• The relationship between mental illness and criminal behavior
• The use of technology in preventing and investigating cybercrimes
• The impact of racial profiling on the criminal justice system
• The legal and ethical considerations of the death penalty
• The role of eyewitness testimony in criminal trials
• The impact of drug policies on crime rates and public health
• The legal and social implications of juvenile justice reform
• The use of DNA evidence in exonerating wrongfully convicted individuals
• The role of criminal law in addressing domestic violence
• The impact of hate crime legislation on preventing and prosecuting hate crimes
• The legal and ethical considerations of surveillance and privacy rights in criminal investigations

International Law Research Paper Topics:

• The impact of international human rights law on state sovereignty
• The role of international criminal law in addressing war crimes and crimes against humanity
• The effectiveness of international environmental law in combating climate change
• The legal implications of cyber warfare in the context of international law
• The challenges and opportunities of international trade law in the era of globalization
• The role of international humanitarian law in protecting civilians during armed conflicts
• The legal framework for the protection of cultural heritage in times of armed conflict
• The legal implications of state-sponsored terrorism under international law
• The role of international law in addressing the refugee crisis and protecting the rights of refugees
• The legal aspects of territorial disputes and the role of international law in resolving them
• The impact of international investment law on foreign direct investment and economic development
• The legal framework for the protection of indigenous peoples’ rights under international law
• The role of international law in addressing transnational organized crime
• The legal implications of the use of force in self-defense under international law
• The challenges and opportunities of international law in regulating emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and autonomous weapons

Law Enforcement Research Paper Topics:

• The impact of community policing on crime rates
• Racial profiling and its effects on law enforcement practices
• The use of body-worn cameras in improving police accountability
• The role of technology in modern law enforcement
• The effectiveness of intelligence-led policing in preventing terrorism
• Police use of force: examining policies and training methods
• The relationship between mental health and law enforcement interactions
• The impact of social media on law enforcement investigations
• Police corruption and strategies for prevention
• The role of law enforcement in addressing domestic violence
• The use of predictive policing algorithms in crime prevention
• The challenges and benefits of implementing restorative justice in law enforcement
• The role of law enforcement in combating human trafficking
• The impact of drug decriminalization on law enforcement efforts
• The effectiveness of community-based alternatives to incarceration in reducing recidivism rates

Constitutional Law Research Paper Topics:

• The impact of the First Amendment on freedom of speech in the digital age
• Analyzing the constitutionality of affirmative action policies in higher education
• The role of the Supreme Court in shaping the interpretation of the Second Amendment
• Exploring the constitutionality of warrantless surveillance programs in the United States
• The constitutional implications of the death penalty in the context of cruel and unusual punishment
• Analyzing the constitutionality of presidential executive orders and their limits
• The constitutional rights of non-citizens and the balance between national security and civil liberties
• The impact of the Fourth Amendment on privacy rights in the era of technological advancements
• The constitutionality of restrictions on religious freedom in the United States
• Analyzing the constitutional implications of the war on drugs and its impact on individual rights
• The role of the judiciary in protecting reproductive rights and the constitutionality of abortion laws
• The constitutional implications of the use of military force and executive power in times of war
• Analyzing the constitutionality of campaign finance regulations and their impact on free speech
• The constitutional rights of LGBTQ+ individuals and the evolution of marriage equality
• The balance between national security and civil liberties in the context of surveillance and intelligence gathering

Environmental Law Research Paper Topics:

• The role of international environmental law in addressing climate change
• The effectiveness of environmental impact assessments in ensuring sustainable development
• Legal implications of biodiversity conservation and protection
• The legal framework for regulating pollution from industrial activities
• The role of environmental justice in addressing environmental inequalities
• Legal challenges and opportunities in transitioning to renewable energy sources
• The legal implications of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture
• The role of environmental law in protecting and managing water resources
• Legal frameworks for addressing marine pollution and protecting marine ecosystems
• The legal aspects of waste management and recycling
• The role of environmental law in promoting sustainable urban development
• Legal challenges in regulating and mitigating air pollution
• The legal framework for protecting indigenous rights and traditional knowledge in environmental conservation
• The role of environmental law in addressing deforestation and promoting sustainable forestry practices
• Legal implications of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and blockchain, in environmental governance

Family Law Research Paper Topics:

• The impact of divorce on children’s mental health
• The role of domestic violence in child custody disputes
• Same-sex marriage and adoption rights: A comparative analysis
• The legal implications of surrogacy and assisted reproductive technologies
• Parental alienation syndrome: Legal and psychological perspectives
• The effectiveness of prenuptial agreements in protecting individual assets
• The legal rights of grandparents in child custody battles
• The impact of substance abuse on child custody determinations
• The legal and ethical considerations of international child abduction cases
• The role of family courts in protecting victims of domestic violence
• The legal implications of cohabitation and common-law relationships
• The impact of social media on divorce proceedings and child custody disputes
• The legal rights of unmarried fathers in child custody cases
• The role of child support in ensuring the financial well-being of children
• The legal and ethical considerations of assisted suicide in cases of terminal illness within families

Employment Law Research Paper Topics:

• Discrimination in the workplace: Analyzing the impact of anti-discrimination laws on employment practices
• The gig economy and its implications for employment law: Examining the legal challenges faced by gig workers
• Workplace harassment and its legal consequences: Investigating the effectiveness of anti-harassment policies
• The role of social media in employment law: Exploring the legal boundaries of monitoring employees’ online activities
• Employee privacy rights in the digital age: Analyzing the balance between employers’ interests and employees’ privacy expectations
• The impact of minimum wage laws on employment rates: Evaluating the economic effects of minimum wage legislation
• Non-compete agreements and their enforceability: Assessing the legal limitations and implications of non-compete clauses
• Workplace safety regulations and their enforcement: Examining the effectiveness of occupational health and safety laws
• The legal implications of workplace drug testing: Analyzing the balance between employers’ interests and employees’ privacy rights
• The rights of employees with disabilities: Investigating the legal obligations of employers to accommodate disabled workers
• Whistleblower protection laws and their effectiveness: Assessing the legal safeguards for employees who report wrongdoing
• The legal implications of employee surveillance: Analyzing the boundaries of workplace monitoring and its impact on employee rights
• Employment contracts and their enforceability: Examining the legal requirements and limitations of employment agreements
• The legal obligations of employers in cases of workplace violence: Investigating the duty of employers to provide a safe working environment
• The impact of technology on employment law: Exploring the legal challenges posed by automation, artificial intelligence, and robotics in the workplace

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190 Unique Law Research Topics for Students to Consider

Table of Contents

If you are a law student, then obviously as a part of your studies you must write an excellent academic paper on any top law research topics. Right now, do you want to write a brilliant law research paper? Are you searching for the best law research topic ideas? If yes, then continue reading this blog post and get interesting law topics for your academic writing.

Law Research Paper Writing

A law research paper is a type of research paper that focuses on any legal topic in the world. The legal topics are nothing but the topic that deals with the legal issues that are resolved in the court.

In general, every country will have its own legal regulations and policies. More commonly, the basic rights and humanity will be the same for all the countries in the world, but specifically, you need to consider the cultural and historical peculiarities of a country while writing a law research paper.

Remember, the law is a sensitive subject and hence, when writing legal research papers, utmost care should be given. You shouldn’t add too much philosophy to it. Your research paper should answer your law essay topics properly with pure black-and-white facts.

You may think that writing a law research paper is easy. But actually, it is not. For writing an intense legal research paper, you must have a unique legal research topic. Particularly, when writing law papers, you should first research and find the legal questions relevant to your topic, analyze the various legal precedents, and present the answer to your legal question in the form of a memo by properly citing all the sources you have used for references.

Law Research Paper Topic Selection Tips

If you want to write a law research paper, then a good law research topic is what you need. Basically, the law is a complex subject, and hence choosing the right research topic from them is challenging. While selecting the legal research topic, be sure to keep the following tips in mind.

• Your topic should not be too broad.
• It should be informative to your audience.
• The topic should be catchy and relevant to modern law.
• It should contain relevant supporting materials online or in local libraries.
• The topic should deal with relevant legal precedents.
• It should answer all the legal essay questions.
• Your topic should have real-life cases to illustrate your points.

List of the Best Law Research Paper Topics

Law is a popular discipline among humanitarian sciences that have a wide range of research areas. Some common law research areas include business law, commercial law, environmental law, international law, medical law, constitutional law, cyber law, family law and so on.

As law is a broad subject with endless research topics, it might be difficult for you to choose the most interesting idea from them. So, to make things easier, we have sorted different categories of law and listed some outstanding law research topics for you.

Have a look at the below-mentioned list of law research paper topic ideas and identify aprofound legal research topic of your choice.

Business Law Research Topics

• What’s the true nature of business law?
• Equity and the doctrines of business law
• Morality and its relation to business law
• Business laws and the parliament
• The formulation of business regulations in Islam
• Why are business regulations essential for institutions and organizations?
• Business laws in Africa
• How crucial is the constitution for the creation of business law?
• Business law as a profession
• The classification of the business regulations
• Describe the Law of Contracts in the United States
• Discuss the fundamentals of UK contract law for businesses
• Critical evaluation of the role of the judiciary bodies in corporate law
• Disclose an insight into contract laws with respect to the application of verbal and non-verbal agreements
• Importance of collective bargaining agreements and laws on labor relations
• How to deal with corruption in business law?
• Discuss the difference between the EU and the UK after the implementation of the Brexit Contract Law
• Discuss the protections provided to the minority shareholders in the corporate law regime of India
• Compare and contrast the legal aspects of corporate M&A (mergers and acquisitions) in the United States and Australia
• Analysis of the role of the Federal Trade Commission’s Bureau of Competition in regulating the anti-competitive practices in the market
• Compare and contrast the legal aspects of e-commerce in the US and the UK
• Critical analysis of the role played by the Arbitration and conciliation act in resolving business disputes
• Compare and contrast the company law act in Australia and Canada
• Discuss how anti-money laundering laws of a country impact businesses
• Describe the implications of digital payment systems

Commercial Law Research Paper Topics

• What are the dangers and potential results of commercial partnerships?
• A comprehensive analysis of pre-incorporation contracts: How do they work?
• Reviewing the use of international commercial law in energy projects across the globe.
• Assessing the mediating role of corporate social responsibility in companies’ performance.
• Evaluating the commercial laws that should be used against dishonest managers.
• Reviewing the US commercial laws: What should be changed or added?
• Evaluating the regulations aimed at stopping corruption: A case study of the UK.
• Reviewing the implications of international commercial law in UK commercial laws.
• Assessing the effectiveness of international commercial law programs in UK universities.
• Evaluating the effectiveness of commercial law to support commercial transactions in the US.
• Critical analysis of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
• Discuss the benefits of Commercial Law
• Analyze the difficulties faced by businesses due to pursuing Regular or Commercial Lease
• Describe the effect of business law on commercial transactions and licensing
• Critical analysis of the labor law in Tanzania
• Develop a comparative study on international labor standards that regulate multinational companies in developing countries

Constitutional Law Research Topics

• The Internet and its impact on Free Speech
• The pros and cons of federalism
• What’s the freedom of the press?
• The desecration and flag burning
• A comparison between constitutions and state laws
• What are the rights of victims of self-incrimination?
• The pros and cons of Constitutionalism
• All about gun control and its history in the US
• What are the key changes that the First Amendment has brought?
• What changes did the Bill of Rights bring?

Criminal Law Research Topics

• Why does one crime have a set of different punishments?
• The roots of criminologists’ work and their work in modern times
• Can sociology have an impact on preventing crime?
• The ethical and legal issues related to criminal activity in your country.
• The real truth behind domestic violence
• What is quantitative criminology, and how does it differ from other types of crime?
• When does the international criminal court come into play?
• Analyzing the use of lie detectors in criminal justice: How effective are the lie detectors?
• A deeper look at the history of the death penalty.
• The key differences between male and female rape legislation
• Evaluating crime-related factors that should not be presented in a court of law.
• A thematic review of criminal theory: Exploring the link between crime and morality.
• What are the best ways to protect witnesses from retaliation in criminal cases?
• Is criminal profiling by law enforcement truly helpful in identifying serial killers?
• How does the criminal justice system keep an eye on police with body cameras?

Read more: Criminal Justice Research Topics Idea for students

Research Topics on Family Law

• Evaluating the impacts of the law on divorce: Has it increased the cases of divorce or reduced them?
• Review the important implications and reasons for changes to family law in the last 20 years.
• Assessing the factors that hinder couples from pursuing a divorce.
• The global issues and legal aspects of marriage and divorce of mentally unstable individuals.
• Explore divorce and social consequences across family law and religious perspectives.
• Analyze the legal foundations of parenting and civil partnerships.
• Assessing human rights in states that follow religious laws for families: A case study of India.
• Compare the divorce rights for women in Pakistan and the UK.
• How does culture impact decision-making on transgender marriages and divorce in the US?
• Evaluating the compatibility of child justice with family justice: A case study of the UK.

Cyber Law Research Topics

• The main cyber laws and enforcement today
• What are the skills of an excellent cyber lawyer?
• How can the government impact cyberterrorism?
• Cybercrime and cyberterrorism
• The penalties for cybercrime
• All about private data, revenge porn, blackmailing, and our internet privacy
• Is it the government’s job to analyze the flow of network traffic?
• Cyberlaw trends and how the online community sticks to them.
• The Internet Era and identity theft: Is it a crime of modern times?
• Categories of cybercrime and the main cybersecurity strategies against violators.

Read more: Interesting Cybercrime Research Topics To Deal With your paper

Research Ideas on Environmental Law

• The environmental influence on the rate of crime
• How has global environmental law changed today?
• The importance of environmental law for the health of current generations.
• Biological weapons and their regulations by international environmental law.
• Will the Uber industry impact the ecology in America?
• The current environmental regulations in the United States
• Sustainability and environmental compliance due to environmental law and economic reality.
• All about the environmental regulations in Canada
• Waste management in countries with a high economic level.
• Environmental law in Australia and climate change

Employment Law Research Topics

• A comprehensive review of employment contracts and job contracts in the US manufacturing industry.
• A legal viewpoint of employee mobility between European Union countries.
• Equal employment opportunities: Comparing gender differences in the UK and US regulations.
• Compare the UK laws before and after exiting the European Union.
• Reviewing legal perspectives of social work employment: A case study of California, USA.
• A comparative analysis of employment laws in the automotive industry in the US and UK.
• Analyze the impact of trade unions and their work in the UK.
• The convergence of employment laws and religion in the USA: A literature review.
• Evaluating the efficiency of workplace sexual harassment: A case study of the US and UK.
• A critical evaluation of the employment law of disabled individuals in the US.

Law Research Topics on Intellectual Property

• Evaluating laws for intellectual property rights protection on the internet.
• A comprehensive assessment of the economic impacts of intellectual property rights
• Evaluating the fair dealing in terms of copyright law: A case study of the US.
• How has EU law impacted the intellectual property regime in the UK?
• Can the emerging technological advancements operate smoothly with the current intellectual property laws in the US?
• Demystifying the relationship between intellectual property laws and EU regulations?
• Comparing and contrasting the intellectual property regimes in the UK and the US.
• Evaluating the implications of Brexit on the protection of intellectual property rights in the UK.
• Is the EU intellectual property law safe and fair for users and owners?
• Does the EU copyright law provide ample balance between the needs of inventors and users?
• Comparison of the institutions and regulations governing intellectual property in China and India
• An in-depth analysis of the UK’s invention and patenting system: Can the existing, rigid system stimulate innovation?
• Critical analysis of the development of copyright and moral rights in the legal system of Europe
• Infringement of foreign copyright and jurisdiction of the European Court
• Critical analysis of the economic rationale of Trademarks
• Analyze the emerging role of patents in innovation and intellectual property protection in the software industry
• Peer-to-Peer Technology: Analysis of contributory infringement and fair use
• Trademark protection is and ought to be the need of businesses to protect their brand value: Explain
• What do fair pricing and fair dealing with copyright regulations mean?
• Trade-Related Aspects of IP Rights: A Workable Instrument for Enforcing Benefit Sharing

International Law Research Paper Topics

• The principles used to formulate international criminal laws.
• Ethical systems and international relations
• Problems of code-based ethics
• How do different countries deal with false confessions?
• Different treatment of terrorism as a crime in different countries
• Diplomats and their protection of international morality.
• Did the US involvement in Iraq provide justice or violate the law?
• Laws on mental health in different countries
• The issues of traditional justification
• The question of ethics in the international legal context.
• International Human Rights Court Hearings: Evaluating the importance of precedence.
• What are the problems of enforcing international law in developing countries?
• Evaluating the efficiency of International Tribunals in solving war crimes.
• Digital and internet legislation: Forecasting the future.
• Assessing the relationship between public safety and civil liberties in international laws.

Medical Law Research Topics

• The common law towards refusal of medical treatment.
• Evaluating the laws governing organ transplantation: A case study of the US .
• How do ethics and medical law coexist?
• Ethics and Medical Laws in World War II
• Law application in medicine: Exploring the antecedents and practice.
• Evaluating the ethical and legal challenges of using biobanks.
• Exploring the legal aspects of electronic fetal monitoring.
• How do lawsuits affect medical practitioners’ commitment to offering lifesaving treatments?
• Unregistered medical intervention in the UK: What are the legal implications?
• Morality and law in the abortion debate.
• In accordance with international environmental law, biological weapons are prohibited.
• Will the Uber industry have an impact on American ecology?
• United States environmental laws are in effect today.
• Due to environmental legislation and economic reality, sustainability, and environmental compliance.
• anything about Canadian environmental laws.
• evaluating aspects of crime that shouldn’t be discussed in court.
• What are the best strategies for shielding witnesses in criminal cases from reprisals?
• A more thorough examination of the death penalty’s past
• Examining the connection between crime and morality is the focus of this examination of criminal theory.
• A case study of London’s examination into the difficulties in determining the type and distribution of crime.

A Few More Medical Law Research Ideas

• How to balance the rights of defendants and victims when using anonymity in sexual offense litigation.
• Slavery, prostitution, and human trafficking. the methods used globally to eradicate it.
• Is identity theft a modern-day crime? prevention of identity theft in the post-Internet era.
• criminality and psychology. Are some people more likely than others to breach the law?
• Social control theory against the self-control hypothesis
• False confessions and how they are handled in various nations.
• The environment’s impact on crime rates is one of the theories behind shattered windows.
• Similarities and disparities between mental diseases and crime in various nations.
• education, criminal behavior, and intelligence.
• From the beginning to the present, criminologists’ fieldwork.
• How does quantitative criminology differ from other types of crime? What is it?
• When is the use of the international criminal court appropriate?
• Examining the effectiveness of lie detectors in the criminal justice system:
• A more thorough investigation of the death penalty’s past.
• The main distinctions between male and female rape laws
• Assessing criminal-related variables that shouldn’t be brought up in court.
• What effects has EU law had on the UK’s system of intellectual property?
• Can the advancing technologies coexist peacefully with the US’s current intellectual property laws?
• Explaining the connection between EU rules and intellectual property laws?

Trending Law Research Topics

• Discuss the role of genetics in criminal justice proceedings.
• Write about the recent changes in tax laws and their impact on India.
• Differences between state and federal regulations regarding gun control.
• Discuss the growing influence of artificial intelligence on the legal profession.
• Explain the role of technology in criminal trials.
• Analyze international human rights policies.
• Write about the Freedom of expression and censorship issues.
• Discuss the Legal issues related to school safety and security.
• Analyze the regulation of online gaming platforms from a legal perspective.
• Write about the Legal implications of celebrity endorsements.

Wrapping Up

In order to get top grades for your law research paper, a peculiar topic is mainly needed. Especially, by choosing an idea from the list of 150+ law research topics suggested in this blog post, you can write a top-quality academic paper and make your work stand out in the crowd. In case you find it difficult to write a legal research paper, then immediately reach out to us for professional  Law assignment help . We have a team of academic writers who are experts in the field of law to assist you in completing your law research paper on any impressive topic as per requirements.

Simply, book your order and get an original law research paper beyond your expectations.

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Scholarly Research for Law Students

Step 1: selecting a topic.

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• Step 3: Research
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Choosing a topic to write about can be difficult. It is important that the paper is novel, meaning that your contribution does not duplicate ideas found in a published work. The topic should also be appropriate for your paper's length, not too narrow nor too broad. 

Fortunately, you don't have to have a fully developed topic right away. You might need to start with something general and refine it as you conduct preliminary research. 

The best topic is one that will hold your interest. See if you can think of anything from your previous work or life experiences. If not, check out current developments. You can search for potential topics using the resources below.

To Narrow Down Your Topic, Look for Conflict

Here is some useful advice from the book Modern Legal Scholarship (p.5) : 

"As you explore potential topics, keep in mind that some of the best topics for a scholarly piece investigate conflict—where the rule of law, a policy, a rule, or a right goes too far; where it does not go far enough; or where it clashes with another law, policy, rule, or right. If you have a general idea for your topic, but do not know specifically what to write about, look for the conflict."

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Law360  provides legal news, analysis, and commentary on over 60 practice areas, industries, and topics. Jurisdiction-specific feeds are available, including a feed dedicated to Pennsylvania. Other special feeds cover tax, employment, insurance, and real estate.

You can access Law360 using the product selector cube in Lexis+. You can view the latest news on the main page or switch to a newsletter tailored to a particular topic.  

How to Access Law360

1. Click on the  Product Selector  cube.

2. Select  Law360.

3. This is the main  Law360  screen, which shows the top news stories. To see a subject-specific page, click on  See All Sections.

4. Here is the list of available newsletters.

1. From the main Lexis+ page, select  Legal News Hub.

2. Here is the  Legal News Hub.  You can do a keyword search or select  All Sections  to see a list of subject-oriented news feeds.

1. Click on  Newsletters  in  Law360.

2. Provide your email address and then make your selections. You will also need to save at the bottom of the screen by clicking  Sign Up Now.    

Bloomberg Law News

There are more than 45 subject-based channels available on Bloomberg Law News. In-depth consideration of legal and regulatory developments and trends is provided by Bloomberg Law Analysis. Both news and analysis can be delivered via email newsletters.

In addition to the subject-based channels, Bloomberg Law provides access to U.S. Law Week, which is a popular general legal news resource that also provides in-depth information on the U.S. Supreme Court.

Bloomberg Law News can be found by selecting News & Analysis from the Browse menu on the left side of the screen. Sign up by clicking the Subscribe to Newsletter link at the top of the page in a subject-based feed.

How to Access Bloomberg Law News

1. Bloomberg Law News under Featured or News & Analysis at the top of the screen (and then select Bloomberg Law News ).

2. To see a list of subject-specific news feeds, click on the caret.

3. Click on Crypto to see that specific news feed.

4. This is an example of a subject-specific news page.

1. Select  Subscribe to Newsletters  from the home page.  Make sure that you are signed into your law school account. The home page that you see before you log in to your law-school specific access is different!

2. On the  Subscription Management  page, you can toggle newsletters on and off.

3. In the alternative, if you are looking at a news page, you can select  Subscribe to Newsletter.

Westlaw Today

Westlaw Today provides legal news stories from several sources, including Reuters, The Hill, CQ Roll Call, Practical Law, and JD Supra. It also includes news and in-depth attorney analysis pieces unique to the site.

You can find Westlaw Today by clicking on the arrow next to the Westlaw Precision logo.

By default, Westlaw Today displays the day’s top news stories, but you can filter to show stories related to a specific practice area. Westlaw Today lets you choose from different topic-oriented daily email news feeds.

One nice feature is that you can group all the topics you subscribe to into one email (as opposed to receiving separate emails for each one). You can also get company-specific email alerts, breaking news alerts, and The Daily Docket. The Daily Docket not only provides information on law firms and general legal news but also highlights recent notable decisions.

How to Access Westlaw Today

2. Next, select Westlaw Today.

3. The main Westlaw Today page shows you the top news stories. To see the news related to a particular topic, tab over to Practice Areas and make your selection.

4. Here is the Appellate Practice Area page.

2. Enter your email address.

List of Newsletters

Current awareness and background tools.

• Bloomberg Law: In Focus
• The Law Professors Blog Network
• Jotwell Reviews of scholarly articles and books organized by topic
• American Legal Blogger A joint project of the ABA and LexBlog. Blogs by law firms and others organized by topic.

A selection of editorially curated resources covering emerging issues. Resources include news, commentary, litigation filings, regulatory developments, and practice tools.

Here is a list of topics covered by In Focus Resources: 

• Abortion Law
• Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Child Labor
• Communications Law
• Contract Drafting
• Core Skills - Litigation
• Coronavirus
• Deal Points
• DEI in Employment
• Drug Pricing
• ERISA Class Actions
• ESG Investing Principles under ERISA
• Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA)
• Federal Government Contracting
• Gender Identity
• Gig Workers Enhanced
• Immigration Issues for Employers
• Info Blocking & Interoperability
• International Privacy Laws Enhanced
• Law Student Development
• Lawyer Well-Being
• Litigation Finance
• Noncompetes
• Opioid Litigation & Regulation
• Pay Transparency
• Pregnancy & Lactation Accommodation
• Remote Work
• SEC Regulation Best Interest
• SEC Rulemaking
• SECURE 2.0 Retirement Expansion
• Sexual Harassment
• Social Media
• State Consumer Privacy Laws
• Surprise & Balance Billing
• TCPA & Telemarketing Compliance

General News

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• Complementary Access to the Wall Street Journal Available to all Penn State students, faculty, and staff.
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• Lewis & Clark Law School
• Boley Law Library
• Legal Research Basics
• Find a Paper Topic

Legal Research Basics: Find a Paper Topic

• Find an Article
• Find a Book
• Current Awareness Tools
• Reference Works
• Research Assistant Training

Current Awareness Services in Print

Some services providing analysis of current development in the field and reports of recently decided cases are available in print in the Law Library. Searching the catalog for these tools can be difficult at times. Consider using “reporter” and your legal topic as a keyword search. Other words that may prove useful include “weekly,” “alert,” “current,” “news,” “analysis,” or “newspaper” and then use one of these in conjunction with “law” or “legal.”

Social Media Tools for Current Awareness

Social media is another great place to discover and keep up on the latest legal issues.

There are a number of law blogs ("blawgs") in specialized subject areas written by attorneys, professors, judges, students, and other legal specialists. Use the links below to find a blog of an interest. 

• LexBlog Subscribe to email newsletters for any of its  collections by topic
• ABA Journal Blawg Directory
• BlawgSearch
• Law Professor Blogs Network

Finding a Paper Topic

Finding a topic is the first and often the most vexing challenge for law students writing a paper, note or comment for a class or law review. Choosing a paper topic that is neither too broad nor too narrow, both pertinent and topical, and not over nor under written about can be an exercise in frustration. Here we present a number of strategies to help you find the right topic for your law school paper.

Ready to get started? Check out the resources on this page, as well as the resources on the Finding & Researching Your Paper Topic guide, which includes slides from a recent workshop. 

Current Awareness Tools Online

Practicing attorneys use current awareness tools to stay up-to-date with breaking news, statutory and regulatory changes and appellate court opinions in their field of practice. You should learn how to use these tools in law school. 

• American Society of International Law Insights ASIL Insights provides brief, balanced accounts of the international law issues raised by newsworthy late-breaking events.
• Circuit Split Roundup Monthly circuit splits as reported in U.S. Law Week. Log in with your L&C Law School Bloomberg Law account. Don't have one? Contact the Reference Desk at [email protected]. You will search the US Law Week for "circuit splits reported".
• E&E News This link opens in a new window E&E News is a subscription-based news organization that reports on essential energy and environment issues in five daily publications: E&E Daily, Climatewire, Energywire, Greenwire, and E&E News PM.
• Environmental Law Reporter (ELR) This link opens in a new window Find environmental law news and analysis; the ELR Update; laws & regulations; federal, state & international materials; briefs & pleadings. For subscriber access to the Guidance & Policy Documents section, ask a law librarian for username and password.
• In Focus This link opens in a new window Browse Bloomberg's editorially curated pages to find the latest news, commentary, litigation filings, regulatory developments, and practice tools on emerging issues and other topics of note to legal practitioners. Log in with your Bloomberg Law username and password. Don't have one? Ask at the reference desk.
• Law360 This link opens in a new window Login to with your Lexis account to access Law360.com and to sign up for newsletters: 1. Log into Lexis as usual at https://plus.lexis.com/ 2. Click on the 9-dot grid up top, then select Law 360
• LawMemo This link opens in a new window LawMemo provides labor and employment appellate law updates. Sign-up for your personal law school account and receive the Employment Law Memo, the NLRB Law Memo and the Arbitration Law Memo.
• Law Commons (bepress Digital Commons) Working papers and pre-prints from scholars and professionals at top law schools around the world, organized by subject or search.
• Portland Business Journal This link opens in a new window Unlimited and full-text access to the Portland Business Journal online. For off-campus access, go to https://bit.ly/2sY3Fnx and sign into your Primo account to view the login information. You must login with these credentials to view full-text articles from off campus.
• SSRN Legal Scholarship Network This link opens in a new window Working papers related to law, economics, and business in 61 different subject areas. Part of the larger Social Science Research Network (SSRN).
• Supreme Court Current Awareness Tools (L&C Law) SCOTUSblog, Supreme Court Today, U.S. Law Week, and more.
• Law.com (Bloomberg Law) Access law.com articles and over three dozen ALM legal news titles on Bloomberg Law.
• National Law Journal This link opens in a new window NLJ and other ALM publications are available through your Lexis account. NLJ covers Federal and state court litigation; the U.S. Supreme Court; legislative issues; verdicts; and more.

Writing Advice

• Submission of Law Student Articles for Publication Suggestions for law students who want to publish their law school research papers. Contains a chart of the policies of 194 law reviews.

Research Help

We're here to help. Contact a research librarian for help with an assignment, project, or resource. 

Hours: Mon-Fri, 11am -3pm 503-768-6688 [email protected] Reference Hours

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• URL: https://lawlib.lclark.edu/research

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• Writing a Student Note

Topic Selection

Choose a general area.

The first way to narrow the field of research is to choose an area that interests you. This area does not have to be the field in which you ultimately plan to practice or teach. But keep in mind that you will spend many hours—over the course of several months if not over a year—researching your topic and writing and editing your Note. Don’t sabotage yourself from the start by selecting an area where you think you “ought” to write but that isn’t going to keep you engaged throughout the process. At the same time, it bears emphasis that there is no such thing as a “perfect” Note topic. It is equally, if not more, important that you choose a topic that is discrete and narrow enough to be handled well within the confines of a Note. The real value in writing Note is the experience you gain in constructing a methodologically sound legal argument. In engaging in this kind of analysis you’ll find that your interest can be piqued by a wide array of topics, including some you may not have considered by focusing only in your favorite subject areas.

"If you're reading cases, or you're reading law review articles, or if you're reading anything else, you won't have any trouble knowing what to write because ideas will just come into your head." — Professor Barry Friedman

Immerse Yourself

Start reading. If you are unsure of the area in which you want to write, start by reading a broad range of articles in a variety of journals—preferring highly-ranked ones—to develop a sense of what areas may interest you, as well as the kinds of topics that warrant articles, and how law professors write. If you are confident of your area of interest, read within that area to get a sense of unanswered questions you may wish to address. As you read and become engaged with the ideas being discussed, you will begin to formulate your own thoughts on the subject.

Consult Experts

Your summer job can be a great way of finding a Note topic. Talk to your boss about your interest in writing—she may have a topic in mind already. Professors can also point you in the right direction, if you have a general topic interest and are looking to narrow your choices.

Interdisciplinary Work

If you have a background in an area other than law, put it to work for you. Consider whether there is literature in another field that might provide insights into legal problems or whether, for example, you can use your social science or empirical training to your advantage.

Circuit Splits

To search cases that cite circuit court splits on Westlaw or Lexis, search the federal court cases database using the term “circuit w/2 split!” plus the general topic area you are interested in, e.g., “sentencing.”

Consider Other Sources

There are many sources of potential topics. One starting point is recent cases, regulations or legislation. Of course, you will be writing much more deeply than a simple case note, but recent developments such as these may serve as potential jumping off points for your Note.

US Law Week, available for free via the Westlaw Law School site, is an excellent resource for your initial research. Each week, US Law Week publishes summaries of new judicial, legislative and regulatory developments. You can access these summaries by entering Westlaw’s US Law Week database and searching “digest.” For students looking to survey all areas of law, the “General Law” section may prove most helpful. However, if you already have a general sense of the area of law on which you wish to write—perhaps you are looking for a topic that will tie to a seminar you are taking—US Law Week also sorts the case summaries by subject matter ( i.e. , “Employment Law”).

You may also find potential articles by considering unanswered questions that have been discussed in class or in your text books.

Reading law-related blogs is also an excellent way to get a sense of which topics are generating debate in the legal community. Law Blog Central is a great place to get started, on this front. The site contains a central listing of many other useful law-related sites.

We also recommend the following sites as useful sources of potential topics:

• The American Constitution Society : https://www.acslaw.org/acsblog/
• The Legal Workshop : http://legalworkshop.org/
• PrawfsBlawg : https://prawfsblawg.blogs.com
• SCOTUSBlog : https://www.scotusblog.com
• Split Circuits : https://splitcircuits.blogspot.com
• The Volokh Conspiracy : https://reason.com/volokh/

Further Reading

Check out these sources for more suggestions on finding a topic:

• Academic Careers Program, https://www.law.nyu.edu/acp
• Elizabeth Fajans & Mary R. Falk, Scholarly Writing for Law Students: Seminar Papers, Law Review Notes, and Law Review Competition Papers (2d ed. 2000).
• Eugene Volokh, Academic Legal Writing: Law Review Articles, Student Notes, and Seminar Papers (2003). Also, check out Professor Volokh’s website: http://www2.law.ucla.edu/volokh/writing .
• Richard Delgado, How to Write a Law Review Article , 20 U. San Francisco L. Rev. 445 (1986).
• LexisNexis, Tutorial on Note Topic Selection, available at https://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/LawSchoolTutorials/20080711120255_small.pdf
• Westlaw, Survival Guide: Writing a Law Review Article, available at https://lscontent.westlaw.com/images/banner/SurvivalGuide/PDF08/08WritingLRArticle.pdf

© 2024 New York University School of Law. 40 Washington Sq. South, New York, NY 10012.   Tel. (212) 998-6100

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Specialized Research Topics in Law

Except where otherwise noted, this work is subject to a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , which allows anyone to share and adapt our material as long as proper attribution is given. For details and exceptions, see the Harvard Library Copyright Policy ©2021 Presidents and Fellows of Harvard College.

Human Rights Law Research Paper Topics

This page presents a comprehensive guide on human rights law research paper topics tailored for law students assigned with research paper tasks. The page aims to provide comprehensive guidance and resources to students studying law and assigned with research paper tasks in the field of human rights law. It presents a diverse range of research paper topics related to human rights law, covering ten distinct categories, each containing ten topics for exploration. Furthermore, the page includes an in-depth article on human rights law, tips on selecting compelling human rights law research paper topics, and guidelines for writing a successful research paper. The page also highlights the custom writing services offered by iResearchNet, tailored to meet students’ academic needs and requirements in the domain of human rights law.

100 Human Rights Law Research Paper Topics

In the realm of human rights law, the depth and breadth of research topics are vast, reflecting the complexities of the field and its dynamic nature. This comprehensive list of human rights law research paper topics spans ten categories, each presenting ten engaging and thought-provoking subjects for exploration. From international perspectives to domestic applications, these topics cover various dimensions of human rights law, shedding light on critical issues, ongoing challenges, and evolving debates. Whether students are interested in human rights advocacy, humanitarian law, discrimination, or constitutional protections, this list aims to inspire and equip them with the right tools to embark on their research journey.

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• Freedom of Expression and Hate Speech Laws: Striking a Balance
• The Right to Privacy in the Digital Age: Challenges and Protections
• Religious Freedom and the Clash of Beliefs in Pluralistic Societies
• LGBTQ+ Rights and the Pursuit of Equality: Legal Progress and Challenges
• Racial Profiling and Discrimination: Addressing Systemic Biases
• Women’s Rights and Gender Equality: Empowerment and Legal Reforms
• The Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Inclusion and Accessibility
• Juvenile Justice and Youth Rights: Restorative Approaches
• The Right to Education: Ensuring Access and Quality
• Combating Human Trafficking: Legal Frameworks and Anti-Trafficking Efforts
• Universal Human Rights Declarations and International Enforcement
• The Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Promoting Human Rights
• The United Nations Human Rights Council: Achievements and Limitations
• International Criminal Court and the Pursuit of Accountability for Atrocities
• The Impact of Customary International Law on Human Rights Norms
• Regional Human Rights Systems: Advancing Rights Protection in Specific Areas
• The Intersection of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law
• Diplomacy and Human Rights: Balancing National Interests and Global Responsibilities
• Economic Sanctions and Human Rights: Assessing Their Effectiveness and Consequences
• The Responsibility to Protect: Sovereignty and Humanitarian Interventions
• Income Inequality and Human Rights: Addressing Economic Disparities
• Access to Healthcare as a Human Right: Equity and Universal Coverage
• Housing Rights and Homelessness: Legal Strategies for Housing Security
• Environmental Justice and Human Rights: Protecting Vulnerable Communities
• Indigenous Rights and Land Restitution: Recognizing Past Injustices
• The Impact of Armed Conflicts on Human Rights and Refugee Crisis
• Discrimination and Marginalization of Minority Groups: Legal Responses
• Labor Rights and Worker Protections: Fair Employment Practices
• Human Rights and Access to Justice: Overcoming Barriers to Legal Remedies
• Rights of Migrants and Refugees: Challenges in Migration Policies
• Capital Punishment and Human Rights: Abolition and Alternatives
• The Right to a Fair Trial: Legal Safeguards and Due Process
• Prison Conditions and Human Rights: Rehabilitation vs. Punishment
• Police Accountability and Use of Force: Balancing Public Safety and Rights
• Juvenile Justice Reform: Rethinking Punishment for Young Offenders
• Human Rights Implications of Cybercrime and Cybersecurity Measures
• Counterterrorism Laws and Civil Liberties: Balancing Security and Rights
• The Rights of Victims and Witness Protection in Criminal Proceedings
• Criminalization of Drug Use and Human Rights: Health Approaches vs. Punitive Measures
• Human Rights and the Right to Legal Representation: Ensuring Access to Counsel
• Reproductive Rights and Women’s Health: Legal Battles and Access to Care
• Mental Health Law and Human Rights: Balancing Autonomy and Protection
• Access to Medicines and Patent Rights: Global Health Equity
• Medical Ethics and Human Rights: Informed Consent and Research Ethics
• LGBTQ+ Health Rights and Healthcare Disparities: Advocacy and Legal Reforms
• Disability Rights and Healthcare Accessibility: Accommodations and Inclusion
• The Right to Die with Dignity: Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia Laws
• Human Rights Implications of COVID-19 Pandemic Response: Balancing Public Health and Liberties
• Substance Use and Harm Reduction: Public Health Approaches and Legal Barriers
• Health Rights of Refugees and Displaced Persons: Challenges in Providing Care
• Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflicts: Legal Frameworks and Challenges
• The Right to Seek Asylum: International Refugee Law and Responsibilities
• War Crimes and International Justice: The Role of International Criminal Tribunals
• Human Rights Implications of Autonomous Weapons and Military Technologies
• The Role of Humanitarian Organizations in Conflict Zones: Safety and Access
• The Responsibility to Protect: Preventing Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity
• Human Rights and Internally Displaced Persons: Legal Recognition and Protections
• The Impact of Armed Conflicts on Children’s Rights: Child Soldiers and Protection Measures
• Gender-Based Violence in Armed Conflicts: Legal Responses and Accountability
• Humanitarian Interventions and the Sovereignty Debate: Balancing Global Responsibility and Non-Interference
• The Right to a Healthy Environment: Environmental Protections and Human Rights
• Climate Change and Human Rights: Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies
• Indigenous Rights and Environmental Conservation: Balancing Preservation and Development
• Environmental Justice and Communities of Color: Overcoming Environmental Racism
• The Impact of Extractive Industries on Human Rights and Environmental Preservation
• Biodiversity Conservation and Indigenous Peoples’ Rights: Conflict and Collaboration
• The Right to Water and Sanitation: Access and Equity in Water Management
• Land Rights and Environmental Protection: Balancing Development and Conservation
• Environmental Impact Assessments and Human Rights: Ensuring Accountability and Participation
• The Role of the International Court of Justice in Protecting Human Rights
• The United Nations Human Rights Council and its Effectiveness in Promoting Rights
• Human Rights in Regional Organizations: The European Court of Human Rights
• The Role of International NGOs in Monitoring and Advocating for Human Rights
• International Human Rights Mechanisms and State Compliance: Challenges and Achievements
• The Role of Human Rights in International Trade Agreements and Economic Cooperation
• Human Rights in Armed Conflict: The Geneva Conventions and Customary International Law
• International Criminal Law and Prosecution of Human Rights Violations
• The Role of the United Nations in Protecting Children’s Rights
• Human Rights and Peacekeeping Operations: Balancing Security and Rights
• Digital Privacy and Human Rights: Challenges in the Age of Big Data
• The Right to Freedom of Expression in the Digital Era: Censorship and Online Speech
• Human Rights Implications of Artificial Intelligence and Automation
• Surveillance and Human Rights: Balancing Security and Privacy
• The Right to Internet Access as a Human Right: Universal Connectivity and Digital Equity
• Online Harassment and Cyberbullying: Legal Protections and Remedies
• Data Protection and Human Rights: Ensuring Personal Information Security
• Intellectual Property Rights and Access to Knowledge: Copyright and Cultural Rights
• The Right to Information and Government Transparency: Open Data and Accountability
• The Use of Drones in Armed Conflicts: Ethical and Legal Implications
• The Role of Human Rights Activism in Advancing Social Change
• The Intersectionality of Human Rights: Addressing Multiple Forms of Discrimination
• Indigenous Rights Movements and Land Justice: Advocacy and Legal Strategies
• The LGBTQ+ Rights Movement: Progress and Challenges in the Fight for Equality
• Women’s Rights Movements and Legal Reforms: Empowerment and Gender Equality
• Disability Rights Advocacy and the Fight for Inclusion and Accessibility
• Youth-Led Movements for Climate Justice and Environmental Rights
• The Black Lives Matter Movement and Police Accountability: Demanding Justice and Reform
• Human Rights and Migrant Rights Movements: Standing for Justice and Dignity
• Human Rights and Corporate Accountability: Advocating for Corporate Social Responsibility

The field of human rights law presents a dynamic landscape with a plethora of research paper topics that delve into critical social, political, and ethical issues. The ten categories presented here offer students a panoramic view of the diverse and interrelated areas within human rights law. As they embark on their research endeavors, students have the opportunity to explore the complexities and implications of human rights from various perspectives, both nationally and globally. The ever-evolving nature of human rights law ensures that this field will continue to inspire and challenge scholars, advocates, and policymakers in their pursuit of justice, equality, and human dignity. Whether it is advocating for marginalized communities, addressing humanitarian crises, or examining the intersection of technology and human rights, these topics will empower students to contribute meaningfully to the discourse and advancement of human rights principles worldwide. The journey of human rights research is both transformative and empowering, offering the potential to effect positive change in the lives of millions.

Human Rights Law: Exploring the Range of Topics

Human rights law is a dynamic and critical field that addresses the fundamental rights and freedoms inherent to all human beings. Rooted in the belief in the inherent dignity and worth of every individual, human rights law seeks to protect and promote these rights, ensuring that all people can live in equality, freedom, and peace. As a multidimensional area of study, human rights law offers a wide range of research paper topics that delve into the complexities of international and domestic legal frameworks, the intersections between human rights and other fields of law, and the evolving challenges in safeguarding human rights in an ever-changing world.

• The Universality and Cultural Relativism of Human Rights : The concept of human rights raises intriguing questions about the universality of rights versus the cultural relativism of values. Research papers in this category may explore the tensions between universal human rights norms and cultural practices, analyzing how cultural contexts can impact the interpretation and implementation of human rights.
• Human Rights and Armed Conflicts : Armed conflicts present severe challenges to human rights, with civilian populations often suffering the most. Human rights law research paper topics in this area may focus on the protection of human rights during armed conflicts, including issues of war crimes, humanitarian law, and the role of international institutions in ensuring accountability for human rights violations.
• Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights : Economic, social, and cultural rights are essential components of human rights law, emphasizing access to education, healthcare, housing, and social security. Research papers may analyze the legal frameworks and challenges in implementing these rights, especially in the context of poverty, inequality, and socio-economic development.
• Human Rights and Refugees : The plight of refugees and asylum seekers is a pressing human rights issue worldwide. Research topics in this area may examine the legal protections and challenges faced by refugees, the role of international organizations in supporting displaced populations, and the impacts of immigration policies on human rights.
• Human Rights and Discrimination : Discrimination on various grounds, such as race, gender, religion, and disability, continues to be a significant human rights concern. Research papers may explore legal frameworks and strategies to combat discrimination, including the role of affirmative action, equality laws, and anti-discrimination policies.
• Freedom of Expression and Media Rights : Freedom of expression is a cornerstone of human rights law, and the media plays a crucial role in fostering democracy and accountability. Research topics in this category may delve into issues of media freedom, censorship, and the balance between free speech and hate speech.
• Human Rights and Technology : Advancements in technology bring both opportunities and challenges to human rights protection. Research papers in this area may examine issues such as digital privacy, surveillance, artificial intelligence, and the right to access information in the digital age.
• Human Rights and Health : Health is intricately linked to human rights, as access to healthcare is a fundamental right. Research topics may explore the right to health and the challenges in ensuring equitable access to healthcare services, especially in vulnerable populations.
• Gender and Human Rights : Gender equality is a central theme in human rights law, and research papers in this category may focus on women’s rights, LGBTQ+ rights, and the intersections between gender and other human rights issues.
• Human Rights and Business : The impact of business practices on human rights has become a significant area of concern. Research topics may explore corporate social responsibility, business and human rights initiatives, and the role of businesses in upholding human rights standards.

The realm of human rights law is vast and multifaceted, covering a wide array of topics and issues that demand critical examination and research. From armed conflicts to economic disparities, from refugees’ rights to media freedom, and from technology to health, the field of human rights law offers a rich landscape for exploration and advocacy. As students and scholars delve into these research paper topics, they engage in crucial discussions on human rights protection, social justice, and the promotion of dignity and equality for all. By striving for a deeper understanding of human rights and their complexities, we contribute to creating a more just, compassionate, and rights-respecting world. At iResearchNet, we are committed to supporting students in their academic pursuits by providing expert assistance and custom research paper writing services that adhere to the highest standards of quality and excellence. Together, let us explore the frontiers of human rights law and work towards a future where human rights are upheld and protected for every individual, without exception.

How to Choose a Human Rights Law Topic

Choosing a compelling and relevant research paper topic is a crucial step in the academic journey of students studying human rights law. As a multifaceted and evolving field, human rights law offers a vast array of topics to explore, each with its unique challenges and opportunities. However, the abundance of choices can also be overwhelming, leaving students unsure of where to begin. In this section, we will provide valuable insights and practical tips on how to select the most suitable and engaging human rights law research paper topics.

• Identify Your Interests and Passions : The first step in choosing a research paper topic is to reflect on your personal interests and passions within the field of human rights law. What particular human rights issues resonate with you the most? Are you drawn to topics related to gender equality, access to healthcare, refugees’ rights, or freedom of expression? Identifying your interests will not only make the research process more enjoyable but also enable you to invest the necessary time and effort into producing a compelling and meaningful paper.
• Conduct Preliminary Research : Before finalizing a research paper topic, it is essential to conduct preliminary research to gain a broader understanding of the current state of knowledge in the chosen area. Review academic journals, books, policy papers, and reports related to your potential topics. This preliminary research will not only help you refine your topic but also identify any gaps in the existing literature that you could address in your research.
• Consider the Scope and Feasibility : While it may be tempting to choose a broad and ambitious topic, it is essential to consider the scope and feasibility of your research. A topic that is too broad may lack focus, while a topic that is too narrow may limit your ability to find sufficient research material. Strike a balance between a topic that is comprehensive enough to explore in-depth and one that is manageable within the scope of your research project.
• Examine Current Debates and Controversies : Human rights law is often marked by ongoing debates and controversies surrounding certain issues. Exploring topics that are currently subject to heated discussions allows you to contribute to these debates and engage with cutting-edge research. Consider topics related to emerging challenges in human rights protection, the implications of new technologies on human rights, or the impact of global events on human rights law.
• Consult with Professors and Peers : Seek guidance and feedback from your professors, advisors, and peers during the topic selection process. Discussing your ideas with knowledgeable individuals can provide valuable insights and help you refine your research focus. They can also suggest additional resources and research directions that you may not have considered.
• Choose a Researchable and Original Topic : Select a research paper topic that is not only interesting but also researchable and original. Ensure that there is a sufficient amount of credible sources and data available for your chosen topic. Additionally, strive to bring a unique perspective or approach to your research to contribute new insights to the field of human rights law.
• Stay Updated on Current Events : Human rights issues are dynamic and influenced by current events and global developments. Keep yourself updated on recent news, legal developments, and policy changes related to human rights. Monitoring current events will help you identify timely and relevant research paper topics that address real-world challenges.
• Consider the Impact and Real-World Relevance : Choose a research paper topic that has practical significance and real-world relevance. Human rights law is not merely an academic exercise; it has a direct impact on the lives of individuals and communities worldwide. Consider topics that have the potential to contribute to positive change, promote human rights awareness, or address pressing human rights challenges.
• Be Open to Flexibility and Adaptation : As you delve deeper into your research, be open to adapting and refining your research paper topic based on new insights and findings. Sometimes, the direction of your research may evolve, and being flexible in your approach allows you to produce a more nuanced and comprehensive paper.
• Seek Inspiration from iResearchNet : At iResearchNet, we understand the significance of choosing the right research paper topic. Our team of expert writers and researchers is well-versed in various areas of human rights law and can provide valuable insights and inspiration to help you select the perfect topic for your research paper. With our assistance, you can embark on a journey of exploration and discovery, delving into the complexities and nuances of human rights law while making a meaningful contribution to the field.

Selecting a research paper topic in human rights law requires careful consideration and thoughtful reflection. By identifying your interests, conducting preliminary research, and staying updated on current events, you can choose a topic that is not only academically stimulating but also relevant and impactful. At iResearchNet, we are committed to supporting students in their academic pursuits by offering expert guidance and custom research paper writing services. Together, let us embark on a journey of academic excellence and advocacy, working towards a world where human rights are upheld and protected for all.

How to Write a Human Rights Law Research Paper

Writing a research paper in the field of human rights law requires careful planning, thorough research, and a clear understanding of the subject matter. As you embark on this academic endeavor, you will encounter various challenges and opportunities to delve deep into the complexities of human rights issues. In this section, we will provide you with a comprehensive guide on how to write a compelling and impactful human rights law research paper.

• Understand the Research Question : The first step in writing a research paper is to understand and define your research question. Your research question should be clear, focused, and specific, addressing a particular aspect of human rights law. It should guide your research and provide a framework for your paper.
• Conduct In-Depth Research : Human rights law is a multidisciplinary field that draws on legal principles, international treaties, ethical considerations, and socio-political aspects. To write an authoritative research paper, conduct in-depth research from a variety of credible sources, including academic journals, legal databases, government publications, and reputable websites. Take notes and organize your findings to support your arguments effectively.
• Create an Outline : Organize your research and ideas by creating a well-structured outline for your research paper. An outline helps you maintain a logical flow of information, ensuring that your paper is cohesive and coherent. Divide your paper into sections and subsections, each addressing a specific aspect of your research question.
• Develop a Strong Thesis Statement : Craft a clear and concise thesis statement that summarizes the main argument of your research paper. Your thesis statement should convey the purpose of your paper and guide readers on what to expect throughout the document.
• Introduction : Begin your research paper with an engaging introduction that provides background information on the human rights issue you are addressing. Introduce the significance of the topic, explain its relevance in the context of human rights law, and present your thesis statement.
• Literature Review : Incorporate a literature review section in your research paper to discuss the existing body of knowledge on the topic. Analyze and critically evaluate relevant studies, theories, and legal cases related to your research question. Identify any gaps or inconsistencies in the literature that your research aims to address.
• Methodology : If your research paper involves empirical research or data analysis, outline your methodology in this section. Describe the research design, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques you used to obtain results. Explain how your chosen methodology aligns with your research question and contributes to the overall understanding of the human rights issue.
• Analysis and Findings : Present your research findings and analyze the data in the context of your research question. Use evidence and examples from your research to support your arguments. Analyze the implications of your findings on the human rights issue and its potential impact on policies, laws, or practices.
• Discussion : In the discussion section, interpret your research findings and relate them to the existing body of knowledge. Address any limitations or challenges encountered during your research and suggest avenues for further exploration.
• Conclusion : Summarize the key points of your research paper in the conclusion section. Restate your thesis statement and highlight the main findings of your study. Discuss the implications of your research on human rights law and suggest potential areas for future research.
• Citations and Referencing : Properly cite all the sources used in your research paper following the required citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago). Accurate referencing is essential to give credit to the original authors and avoid plagiarism.
• Proofreading and Editing : Before submitting your research paper, thoroughly proofread and edit it to eliminate any grammatical errors, typos, or inconsistencies. Ensure that your paper adheres to the formatting and style guidelines provided by your instructor or academic institution.

Writing a human rights law research paper is a rewarding and intellectually stimulating experience. By understanding your research question, conducting in-depth research, and organizing your paper effectively, you can produce a compelling and impactful piece of academic work. Remember to stay focused on your thesis statement and support your arguments with credible evidence. At iResearchNet, we understand the challenges of writing a research paper and are here to support you with expert guidance and custom research paper writing services. Together, let us contribute to the advancement of human rights knowledge and advocate for a more just and equitable world.

iResearchNet’s Custom Research Paper Writing Services

At iResearchNet, we understand the significance of human rights law and its impact on shaping a just and equitable society. We recognize that students pursuing law studies often face various academic challenges, including the task of writing comprehensive and well-researched research papers on complex human rights issues. To support students in their academic journey and contribute to the advancement of human rights knowledge, we offer custom human rights law research paper writing services. Our team of expert degree-holding writers is dedicated to providing top-quality, customized solutions tailored to meet your specific research needs. With our comprehensive services, you can embark on a seamless and rewarding research paper writing experience.

• Expert Degree-Holding Writers : At iResearchNet, we have a team of expert writers with advanced degrees in law and human rights-related fields. Our writers possess extensive knowledge of human rights principles, international treaties, and legal frameworks, enabling them to craft well-informed and insightful research papers.
• Custom Written Works : We understand that each research paper is unique, and therefore, we offer fully custom-written papers designed to meet your specific requirements. Our writers conduct in-depth research on your chosen topic and tailor the paper to align with your research question and academic guidelines.
• In-Depth Research : Our writers are adept at conducting comprehensive and in-depth research from a variety of credible sources, ensuring that your research paper is well-supported with evidence and examples.
• Custom Formatting : We are well-versed in different citation styles, including APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian, and Harvard. Our writers meticulously follow the required formatting guidelines to ensure that your research paper adheres to the highest academic standards.
• Top Quality : We prioritize quality and excellence in every research paper we deliver. Our team of skilled editors reviews each paper to ensure it is free from errors and adheres to academic standards.
• Customized Solutions : We recognize that human rights law encompasses a wide range of topics and issues. Our custom writing services allow you to choose your preferred research topic and specify any particular requirements you have for the paper.
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• Timely Delivery : Punctuality is one of our core values. We are committed to delivering your research paper within the agreed-upon deadline, allowing you ample time for review and submission.
• 24/7 Support : Our customer support team is available 24/7 to address any inquiries, concerns, or updates regarding your research paper. Feel free to reach out to us at any time for prompt assistance.
• Absolute Privacy : At iResearchNet, we prioritize your privacy and confidentiality. All your personal information and research paper details are handled with the utmost confidentiality and stored securely.
• Easy Order Tracking : Stay updated on the progress of your research paper with our easy-to-use order tracking system. You can monitor the status of your paper and communicate directly with your assigned writer.
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With iResearchNet’s custom human rights law research paper writing services, you can unlock the full potential of your academic journey. Our team of expert writers is here to support you in exploring the complexities of human rights law and contributing to the advancement of this critical field. Whether you need assistance in choosing a research topic, conducting in-depth research, or crafting a well-structured paper, we are here to assist you every step of the way. Empower your human rights law research with iResearchNet and make a meaningful impact on the world.

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Sat / act prep online guides and tips, 113 great research paper topics.

General Education

One of the hardest parts of writing a research paper can be just finding a good topic to write about. Fortunately we've done the hard work for you and have compiled a list of 113 interesting research paper topics. They've been organized into ten categories and cover a wide range of subjects so you can easily find the best topic for you.

In addition to the list of good research topics, we've included advice on what makes a good research paper topic and how you can use your topic to start writing a great paper.

What Makes a Good Research Paper Topic?

Not all research paper topics are created equal, and you want to make sure you choose a great topic before you start writing. Below are the three most important factors to consider to make sure you choose the best research paper topics.

#1: It's Something You're Interested In

A paper is always easier to write if you're interested in the topic, and you'll be more motivated to do in-depth research and write a paper that really covers the entire subject. Even if a certain research paper topic is getting a lot of buzz right now or other people seem interested in writing about it, don't feel tempted to make it your topic unless you genuinely have some sort of interest in it as well.

#2: There's Enough Information to Write a Paper

Even if you come up with the absolute best research paper topic and you're so excited to write about it, you won't be able to produce a good paper if there isn't enough research about the topic. This can happen for very specific or specialized topics, as well as topics that are too new to have enough research done on them at the moment. Easy research paper topics will always be topics with enough information to write a full-length paper.

Trying to write a research paper on a topic that doesn't have much research on it is incredibly hard, so before you decide on a topic, do a bit of preliminary searching and make sure you'll have all the information you need to write your paper.

#3: It Fits Your Teacher's Guidelines

Don't get so carried away looking at lists of research paper topics that you forget any requirements or restrictions your teacher may have put on research topic ideas. If you're writing a research paper on a health-related topic, deciding to write about the impact of rap on the music scene probably won't be allowed, but there may be some sort of leeway. For example, if you're really interested in current events but your teacher wants you to write a research paper on a history topic, you may be able to choose a topic that fits both categories, like exploring the relationship between the US and North Korea. No matter what, always get your research paper topic approved by your teacher first before you begin writing.

113 Good Research Paper Topics

Below are 113 good research topics to help you get you started on your paper. We've organized them into ten categories to make it easier to find the type of research paper topics you're looking for.

Arts/Culture

• Discuss the main differences in art from the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance .
• Analyze the impact a famous artist had on the world.
• How is sexism portrayed in different types of media (music, film, video games, etc.)? Has the amount/type of sexism changed over the years?
• How has the music of slaves brought over from Africa shaped modern American music?
• How has rap music evolved in the past decade?
• How has the portrayal of minorities in the media changed?

Current Events

• What have been the impacts of China's one child policy?
• How have the goals of feminists changed over the decades?
• How has the Trump presidency changed international relations?
• Analyze the history of the relationship between the United States and North Korea.
• What factors contributed to the current decline in the rate of unemployment?
• What have been the impacts of states which have increased their minimum wage?
• How do US immigration laws compare to immigration laws of other countries?
• How have the US's immigration laws changed in the past few years/decades?
• How has the Black Lives Matter movement affected discussions and view about racism in the US?
• What impact has the Affordable Care Act had on healthcare in the US?
• What factors contributed to the UK deciding to leave the EU (Brexit)?
• What factors contributed to China becoming an economic power?
• Discuss the history of Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies  (some of which tokenize the S&P 500 Index on the blockchain) .
• Do students in schools that eliminate grades do better in college and their careers?
• Do students from wealthier backgrounds score higher on standardized tests?
• Do students who receive free meals at school get higher grades compared to when they weren't receiving a free meal?
• Do students who attend charter schools score higher on standardized tests than students in public schools?
• Do students learn better in same-sex classrooms?
• How does giving each student access to an iPad or laptop affect their studies?
• What are the benefits and drawbacks of the Montessori Method ?
• Do children who attend preschool do better in school later on?
• What was the impact of the No Child Left Behind act?
• How does the US education system compare to education systems in other countries?
• What impact does mandatory physical education classes have on students' health?
• Which methods are most effective at reducing bullying in schools?
• Do homeschoolers who attend college do as well as students who attended traditional schools?
• Does offering tenure increase or decrease quality of teaching?
• How does college debt affect future life choices of students?
• Should graduate students be able to form unions?

• What are different ways to lower gun-related deaths in the US?
• How and why have divorce rates changed over time?
• Is affirmative action still necessary in education and/or the workplace?
• Should physician-assisted suicide be legal?
• How has stem cell research impacted the medical field?
• How can human trafficking be reduced in the United States/world?
• Should people be able to donate organs in exchange for money?
• Which types of juvenile punishment have proven most effective at preventing future crimes?
• Has the increase in US airport security made passengers safer?
• Analyze the immigration policies of certain countries and how they are similar and different from one another.
• Several states have legalized recreational marijuana. What positive and negative impacts have they experienced as a result?
• Do tariffs increase the number of domestic jobs?
• Which prison reforms have proven most effective?
• Should governments be able to censor certain information on the internet?
• Which methods/programs have been most effective at reducing teen pregnancy?
• What are the benefits and drawbacks of the Keto diet?
• How effective are different exercise regimes for losing weight and maintaining weight loss?
• How do the healthcare plans of various countries differ from each other?
• What are the most effective ways to treat depression ?
• What are the pros and cons of genetically modified foods?
• Which methods are most effective for improving memory?
• What can be done to lower healthcare costs in the US?
• What factors contributed to the current opioid crisis?
• Analyze the history and impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic .
• Are low-carbohydrate or low-fat diets more effective for weight loss?
• How much exercise should the average adult be getting each week?
• Which methods are most effective to get parents to vaccinate their children?
• What are the pros and cons of clean needle programs?
• How does stress affect the body?
• Discuss the history of the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians.
• What were the causes and effects of the Salem Witch Trials?
• Who was responsible for the Iran-Contra situation?
• How has New Orleans and the government's response to natural disasters changed since Hurricane Katrina?
• What events led to the fall of the Roman Empire?
• What were the impacts of British rule in India ?
• Was the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki necessary?
• What were the successes and failures of the women's suffrage movement in the United States?
• What were the causes of the Civil War?
• How did Abraham Lincoln's assassination impact the country and reconstruction after the Civil War?
• Which factors contributed to the colonies winning the American Revolution?
• What caused Hitler's rise to power?
• Discuss how a specific invention impacted history.
• What led to Cleopatra's fall as ruler of Egypt?
• How has Japan changed and evolved over the centuries?
• What were the causes of the Rwandan genocide ?

• Why did Martin Luther decide to split with the Catholic Church?
• Analyze the history and impact of a well-known cult (Jonestown, Manson family, etc.)
• How did the sexual abuse scandal impact how people view the Catholic Church?
• How has the Catholic church's power changed over the past decades/centuries?
• What are the causes behind the rise in atheism/ agnosticism in the United States?
• What were the influences in Siddhartha's life resulted in him becoming the Buddha?
• How has media portrayal of Islam/Muslims changed since September 11th?

Science/Environment

• How has the earth's climate changed in the past few decades?
• How has the use and elimination of DDT affected bird populations in the US?
• Analyze how the number and severity of natural disasters have increased in the past few decades.
• Analyze deforestation rates in a certain area or globally over a period of time.
• How have past oil spills changed regulations and cleanup methods?
• How has the Flint water crisis changed water regulation safety?
• What are the pros and cons of fracking?
• What impact has the Paris Climate Agreement had so far?
• What have NASA's biggest successes and failures been?
• How can we improve access to clean water around the world?
• Does ecotourism actually have a positive impact on the environment?
• Should the US rely on nuclear energy more?
• What can be done to save amphibian species currently at risk of extinction?
• What impact has climate change had on coral reefs?
• How are black holes created?
• Are teens who spend more time on social media more likely to suffer anxiety and/or depression?
• How will the loss of net neutrality affect internet users?
• Analyze the history and progress of self-driving vehicles.
• How has the use of drones changed surveillance and warfare methods?
• Has social media made people more or less connected?
• What progress has currently been made with artificial intelligence ?
• Do smartphones increase or decrease workplace productivity?
• What are the most effective ways to use technology in the classroom?
• How is Google search affecting our intelligence?
• When is the best age for a child to begin owning a smartphone?
• Has frequent texting reduced teen literacy rates?

How to Write a Great Research Paper

Even great research paper topics won't give you a great research paper if you don't hone your topic before and during the writing process. Follow these three tips to turn good research paper topics into great papers.

#1: Figure Out Your Thesis Early

Before you start writing a single word of your paper, you first need to know what your thesis will be. Your thesis is a statement that explains what you intend to prove/show in your paper. Every sentence in your research paper will relate back to your thesis, so you don't want to start writing without it!

As some examples, if you're writing a research paper on if students learn better in same-sex classrooms, your thesis might be "Research has shown that elementary-age students in same-sex classrooms score higher on standardized tests and report feeling more comfortable in the classroom."

If you're writing a paper on the causes of the Civil War, your thesis might be "While the dispute between the North and South over slavery is the most well-known cause of the Civil War, other key causes include differences in the economies of the North and South, states' rights, and territorial expansion."

#2: Back Every Statement Up With Research

Remember, this is a research paper you're writing, so you'll need to use lots of research to make your points. Every statement you give must be backed up with research, properly cited the way your teacher requested. You're allowed to include opinions of your own, but they must also be supported by the research you give.

#3: Do Your Research Before You Begin Writing

You don't want to start writing your research paper and then learn that there isn't enough research to back up the points you're making, or, even worse, that the research contradicts the points you're trying to make!

Get most of your research on your good research topics done before you begin writing. Then use the research you've collected to create a rough outline of what your paper will cover and the key points you're going to make. This will help keep your paper clear and organized, and it'll ensure you have enough research to produce a strong paper.

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Christine graduated from Michigan State University with degrees in Environmental Biology and Geography and received her Master's from Duke University. In high school she scored in the 99th percentile on the SAT and was named a National Merit Finalist. She has taught English and biology in several countries.

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Class of 2024: JD Grad Goes from Health Policy Research to Shaping the Future of Health Law

Name: Danny McDermott   Degree: J.D.    Hometown: Tucson, AZ    Undergrad: University of Arizona  

What motivated you to pursue a degree in law, and how has that motivation evolved throughout your time in law school?   

Prior to law school, I worked for a health policy organization called the Kaiser Family Foundation. I was on a small team that studied the ACA’s individual markets, and we produced analysis that tended to fuel the debate over whether to protect or repeal the ACA. It felt a little powerless to put out findings only to watch them be used to support opposing arguments. Watching that struggle play out really solidified for me that if research is how we understand the world, the law is how we shape it. So I came to law school to get a degree with some “teeth,” so to speak.   

Why did you choose University of Arizona Law?     

Having attended the University of Arizona for undergrad , I knew firsthand how much emphasis the school places on fostering cooperation between departments and the community. I had heard from faculty and students that the law school was no different and goes to great lengths to leverage the strengths of Tucson and the entire University. I have certainly found that to be true.   

What area of law are you planning to specialize in, and what influenced this choice?   

I am planning to specialize in health law. That said, when friends ask me what “health law” even entails, I have a hard time answering concisely because it is such an expansive field. But that is why I love it. Each day presents novel questions, and even seasoned health care attorneys often face issues they are entirely unfamiliar with. Health law might be viewed as a “specialization,” but I think it is less niche and less subject to being pigeon-holed than other specialties since it tends to overlap with nearly every other area of the law.   

Which courses or professors had the most significant impact on your legal education and why?   

The writing professors—namely Professor Sylvia Lett and Professor Diana Simon —have been incredible resources for me. Not only do they teach the most foundational class in law school, but they give amazing career and life advice.   

Also, Professor Tara Sklar has been an invaluable mentor. Professor Sklar is the best and most generous networker I have ever met. I never had the chance to take a class with her, but she took a genuine interest in my career and connected me with several research and writing opportunities outside of school. She has been instrumental in helping me build my CV, skillset, and rolodex.   

What are your immediate plans post-graduation? (e.g., joining a firm, pursuing further studies, etc.)   

I will be working in-house as an Associate General Counsel for Tucson Medical Center (and their parent organization TMC HealthCare).  

How do you hope to make a difference in the legal field or in society through your career? Future career plans?   

I hold immense respect for lawyers who can synthesize or contribute to research and meaningfully connect it to their work and cases. For example, I have a lot of admiration for Sara Rosenbaum (at GW Law School) and her work advancing and defending legislation that prioritizes the physical and financial health of low-income families. I’m going to try my best to mold my career after lawyers like that.   

Looking back on your experience at the college, what would you have done differently?   

I probably would have gotten more involved on campus. I tend to keep to myself, and there’s a good chance most people who read this will have no idea who I am J   

What will you miss most about University of Arizona Law and/or Tucson?   

If it paid to be in school then I’d pursue degrees forever. I’m going to miss the privilege of coming to campus each day and getting to listen to sharp, interesting, and well-spoken professors speak about topics they are passionate about.   

What was your favorite school experience or extracurricular activity, and why?    

Being a writing fellow was super fun. I had the pleasure of getting to experience Professor Lett’s class a second time, and the student groups I got were great. Helping the 1Ls work through the legal writing process definitely helped polish my own writing, too.   

What are you most proud of while at Arizona Law?   

Generally, just saying “yes” to opportunities to work with professors and practicing attorneys. At times, I felt overextended, but each of these projects turned into connections that will benefit me later (particularly as I am starting my career).  

Message for your fellow Class of 2024:     

Congrats to everyone! I hope you get some time to decompress and relax before post-grad life kicks in.   

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This podcast episode presents a discussion of how law enforcement agencies can address the shortage of female representation among law enforcement agencies. Guests Dr. Jennifer Rineer, a research psychologist and program manager at RTI International’s Center for Policing Research and Investigative Science, and Maureen McGough, Chief of Staff at the Policing Project at NYU Law and co-founder of the 30x30 Initiative, discuss efforts to recruit more women in policing. The podcasters discuss the benefits that women can bring to law enforcement agencies, including the increase of legitimacy and trust within communities, as well as improving police department performance. Rineer and McGough discuss their research on the topic facing many police departments across the United States, and the steps that some organizations are taking to increase female representation in policing.

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A closer look at Republicans who favor legal abortion and Democrats who oppose it

The Republican Party platform states that “the unborn child has a fundamental right to life which cannot be infringed,” while the Democratic equivalent supports access to “safe and legal abortion.” But support for these positions is far from universal among Americans who identify with or lean toward each party, according to a recent Pew Research Center survey .

That raises the question: Who are the Republicans who support legal abortion and the Democrats who oppose it, and how else do they differ from their fellow partisans? One major difference involves religion. Republicans who favor legal abortion are far less religious than abortion opponents in the GOP, while Democrats who say abortion should be illegal in all or most cases are much more religious than Democrats who say it should be legal.

Instead of looking at the percentage of U.S. adults who support or oppose legal abortion, this analysis takes the opposite approach, examining the composition of supporters and opponents of legal abortion, including within each party. For instance, among Republicans who support legal abortion, what percentage are evangelicals, women or young people?

Pew Research Center conducted this study to take a closer look at views about abortion in the United States. This analysis takes a different approach than usual: Instead of looking at the share of adults who say abortion should be legal or illegal, it looks at the demographic and religious composition of people who support or oppose legal abortion. Results should be interpreted cautiously. For example, just because most Democrats who oppose legal abortion are not White does not mean that most Black, Hispanic or Asian Democrats oppose legal abortion. Our previously published report, “ America’s Abortion Quandary ,” includes data on many subgroups’ views toward abortion.

For this analysis, we surveyed 10,441 U.S. adults from March 7-13, 2022. Everyone who took part in the survey is a member of the Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses, which gives nearly all U.S. adults a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the  ATP’s methodology . Here are the questions used for this analysis, along with responses, and its methodology .

Among Republicans and independents who lean toward the Republican Party who say abortion should be illegal in all or most cases, a large majority (78%) identify as conservative. But that is not the case among Republicans who support legal abortion, 53% of whom describe their political ideology as moderate or liberal. Republicans who say abortion generally should be legal also are less likely to live in the South and more likely to live in the Northeast and West – parts of the country with higher levels of support for legal abortion in general.

The religious divide on abortion is strongly apparent within the GOP. Among Republicans who generally oppose legal abortion, 62% are Protestants, including around four-in-ten (39%) who are White evangelical Protestants. And about four-in-ten Republicans who generally oppose legal abortion (39%) are highly religious, according to a scale of religious commitment based on attendance at religious services, frequency of prayer and the importance of religion in respondents’ lives. By contrast, among Republicans who say abortion should be legal in all or most cases, just 35% are Protestants and a roughly equal share are religiously unaffiliated (34%); only 6% are highly religious.

There is a similar split within the Democratic Party when it comes to abortion and political ideology. Half of Democrats and Democratic leaners who say abortion should be legal in all or most cases identify as liberal, compared with 22% among Democrats who generally oppose legal abortion.

There also are differences among Democrats by race. A majority of Democrats who favor legal abortion (56%) are White, compared with 37% among Democrats who say abortion should be mostly or entirely illegal. About half of Democrats who say abortion should be mostly or entirely illegal are either Black (23%) or Hispanic (30%). (It is worth noting, however, that most Democrats in all racial/ethnic categories say abortion should be legal in all or most cases, including 86% of White Democrats, 75% of Black Democrats, 70% of Hispanic Democrats and 81% of Asian Democrats.)

Black and Hispanic Democrats tend to be more religious than White Democrats, and indeed, Democrats who oppose legal abortion are much more likely than those who support it to be highly religious and to identify as Christian (both Catholic and Protestant). Meanwhile, 43% of Democrats who favor legal abortion are religiously unaffiliated.

Among both Republicans and Democrats, people who support legal abortion skew somewhat younger than those who oppose it.

Examining the broader composition of legal abortion supporters, opponents in the U.S.

Overall, Democrats account for about two-thirds (68%) of U.S. adults who say abortion should be legal in all or most cases. That figure almost perfectly mirrors the Republican share of abortion opponents – 69% of those who say abortion should be illegal in all or most cases identify with or lean toward the Republican Party. At the same time, about one-in-four in each group buck this partisan pattern: 26% of those who favor legal abortion are Republicans, while 25% of abortion opponents are Democrats.

Those who say abortion should be legal in all cases, without exception, are considerably more likely to be Democrats than those who say it should be legal in most cases (81% vs. 62%). However, those who say abortion should be illegal in all cases are no more likely to be Republicans than those who say it should be illegal in most cases (67% vs. 69%).

A slim majority (57%) of those who say abortion should always be legal are women. At the other end of the spectrum, however, 55% of adults who say abortion should be illegal in all cases, with no exceptions, also are women.

Most supporters of legal abortion – including about two-thirds of those who say abortion should always be legal, with no exceptions – are under the age of 50. By comparison, Americans who say abortion should be mostly or entirely illegal are older, with 54% ages 50 or older.

A large majority of people who say abortion should be illegal in all or most cases are Christian, including 57% who are Protestant, 23% who are Catholic and 3% who are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, also known as Mormons. And on a scale designed to measure religious commitment based on attendance at religious services, prayer frequency and the importance of religion in one’s life, the vast majority in this group have either “high” (36%) or “medium” (56%) religious commitment; just 8% are “low” on the scale. And looking only at those who say abortion should be illegal in all cases with no exceptions, a clear majority (57%) are highly religious by this measure.

Meanwhile, nearly half of Americans who say abortion should be legal in all cases (47%) are low on the religious commitment scale, while just 4% are highly religious. About half of people at this end of the spectrum (52%) are religiously unaffiliated, including 14% who identify as atheist and 12% who are agnostic. Still, nearly four-in-ten in this group identify as Christian.

Note: Here are the questions used for this analysis, along with responses, and its methodology .

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Emerging Drug Trends

• Emerging drugs, which include designer drugs and new psychoactive substances , are substances that have appeared or become more popular in the drug market in recent years.
• Emerging drugs have unpredictable health effects . They may be as powerful or more powerful than existing drugs, and may be fatal.
• Because drug markets change quickly, NIDA supports the National Drug Early Warning System (NDEWS) , which tracks emerging substances. NIDA also advances the science on emerging drugs by supporting research on their use and on their health effects.

What are emerging drugs?

Emerging drugs are mind-altering substances that have become more common in recent years. They may be sold in drug markets or at convenience stores and online. Since 2013, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime has identified more than 1,000 emerging drugs worldwide. 1

These substances, which include designer drugs and new psychoactive substances , come from many sources. Some were first developed as potential treatments or research chemicals. Others originate in illicit labs and are created to mimic the effects of drugs regulated under the Controlled Substances Act . These emerging substances often produce similar effects and/or are chemically similar to illegal or prescription opioids, stimulants, benzodiazapines (“benzos”), or other existing types of drugs.

People may seek out these drugs for recreation or use them to self-medicate without medical supervision. They may also be added to other drugs without a buyer knowing it. As a result, the health effects of emerging drugs are largely unknown, potentially posing a public health threat and contributing to the overdose crisis . 2,3

NIDA monitors emerging drug trends through its Designer Drug Research Unit and through support for the National Drug Early Warning System (NDEWS) , which tracks drug-related emergency calls.

What are the effects of emerging drugs?

An emerging drug’s effects depend on the type of substance it is—for instance, if it is a new type of opioid , depressant , synthetic cannabinoid , psychedelic , or stimulant. Its effects may be unpredictable and unwanted, especially if it is an unknown ingredient in another drug. A person may not know what substance or substances they have really taken. And because these substances are new to the drug market, clinicians or researchers may not know their effects or how potent (powerful) they are until people begin to visit emergency departments or clinics with symptoms of negative health effects. 4

In addition, emerging substances are usually not included in emergency department drug tests and are not routinely included in the toxicology tests used after a fatal overdose. The delay in this data means there is also a delay in understanding how widespread use of the drug is, why and how these drugs have their effects, and how to care for people who experience negative effects of those substances.

NIDA researchers and grantees collaborate to identify how these emerging drugs work and their potential health effects, including those that have the potential to impact the overdose crisis. NIDA also supports the National Drug Early Warning System (NDEWS) to track emerging substances and their impact on drug-related emergency calls.

What are nitazenes?

Nitazenes are a class of lab-made (synthetic) opioids that may be as powerful or more powerful than fentanyl. 4   They were developed in research labs in the 1950s as potential pain relievers but never marketed. Nitazenes are most often sold as a white powder or tablets. People may not be aware that they have taken nitazenes, as they may be added to other substances, including fentanyl, heroin, and benzodiazepines. 5

Nitazenes began to re-emerge in the drug supply in 2019, after the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration banned fentanyl-related substances. 6,7 Researchers and authorities are monitoring nitazenes, including isotonitazene, protonitazene, etonitazene, N-piperidinyl etonitazene, and metonitazene. Many nitazenes are listed as Schedule 1 drugs under the Controlled Substances Act. 

Like all opioids , nitazenes can slow breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate to dangerously low levels, potentially contributing to overdose . Preliminary NIDA-supported research shows that the opioid overdose reversal medication naloxone is effective with isonitazene, metonitazene, and etonitazene, though it may require repeated doses. More research is needed to confirm these findings with additional nitazenes and in larger groups of people. Fentanyl test strips do not detect nitazenes.

What is tianeptine?

Tianeptine is an antidepressant medication that is not approved for use in the United States. NIDA-funded research suggests that most people take tianeptine in dietary supplements marketed as cognitive enhancers or nootropics, often sold in convenience stores and online. It may be blended with or taken at the same time as other nootropics (like phenibut and racetams) and is also used with substances such as kratom , kava, and gabapentin.

Tianeptine is not an opioid but at high doses it can have opioid-like effects, such as dangerous drops in blood pressure, heart rate, or breathing rate. Research shows that other effects include problems with brain, heart, and digestive function.

Research has shown that tianeptine can cause symptoms of a substance use disorder, including tolerance—which is when you need to take more of a drug for it to have the same level of effect—and withdrawal. Withdrawal from tianeptine has been associated with pain and problems with brain, heart, and digestive function. Early evidence suggests that tianeptine-related substance use disorder can be treated with medications for opioid use disorder , such as buprenorphine. 8

What are new psychoactive substances?

“New psychoactive substances” is a term used to describe lab-made compounds created to skirt existing drug laws . The category may include medications created by pharmaceutical companies or researchers that were never meant to reach the public .

These substances belong to a number of drug classes:

• Synthetic opioids. These drugs are chemically different from existing lab-made opioids like fentanyl . They include brorphine and U-47700. Researchers first identified brorphine in the unregulated drug supply in 2018. New synthetic opioids may slow breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate to dangerously low levels, potentially contributing to overdose. Emerging opioids can be as powerful or more powerful than fentanyl, which itself is 50 to 100 times more powerful than morphine.
• Synthetic cannabinoids , sometimes called “K2” or “Spice.” Lab-made cannabinoids are chemically similar to the cannabis plant but may have very different effects. Newer synthetic cannabinoids include ADMB-5,Br-BUTINACA and MDMB-4en-PINACA. MDMB-4en-PINACA has been associated with hallucinations, paranoia, and confusion. These substances have been found in people who died from accidental overdose. 9
• Synthetic cathinones , also known as “Bath Salts.” Lab-made cathinones are stimulants that are chemically related to, but not derived from, the khat plant. People sometimes take synthetic cathinones as a less expensive alternative to other stimulants, but cathinones have also been found as an added ingredient in other recreational drugs. Emerging cathinones include eutylone, N,N-dimethylpentylone (dipentylone), and pentylone. These substances have been found in people who died from overdose. 10
• Synthetic benzodiazapines. Benzodiazapenes are a class of lab-made depressants that include prescription medications such as diazepam (sometimes sold as Valium), alprazolam (sometimes sold as Xanax), and clonazepam (sometimes sold as Klonopin). Recent data show that new versions of recreationally manufactured bezodiazapines include bromazolam, disalkylgidazepam, and flubromazepam. 11

How does NIDA support research into emerging drugs?

NIDA supports research tracking the emergence of new drugs into the unregulated drug supply, including via the National Drug Early Warning System (NDEWS) , collaboration with other researchers, partners around the world, and social media. The Institute studies or supports research on changes in the lab-made drug supply and how these emerging substances work in the brain, as well as their health effects and potential as therapeutic treatments.

NIDA also researches ways to prevent substance use and misuse , and studies whether and how harm reduction methods may prevent, reverse, or reduce rates of overdose.

Latest from NIDA

Law enforcement seizures of psilocybin mushrooms rose dramatically between 2017-2022

Can science keep up with designer drugs?

Xylazine appears to worsen the life-threatening effects of opioids in rats

Find more resources on emerging drugs.

• See recent data on Overdose Rates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 
• Stay up to date on new and emerging substances at the National Drug Early Warning System website
• Early warning advisory on new psychoactive substances. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Accessed April 15, 2024. https://www.unodc.org/LSS/Page/NPS
• Singh VM, Browne T, Montgomery J. The emerging role of toxic adulterants in street drugs in the US illicit opioid crisis . Public Health Rep . 2020;135(1):6-10. doi:10.1177/0033354919887741
• Gladden RM, Chavez-Gray V, O'Donnell J, Goldberger BA. Notes from the field: overdose deaths involving eutylone (psychoactive bath salts) - United States, 2020 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2022;71(32):1032-1034. Published 2022 Aug 12. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7132a3
• Pergolizzi J Jr, Raffa R, LeQuang JAK, Breve F, Varrassi G. Old drugs and new challenges: A narrative review of nitazenes . Cureus . 2023;15(6):e40736. Published 2023 Jun 21. doi:10.7759/cureus.40736
• Ujváry I, Christie R, Evans-Brown M, et al. DARK classics in chemical neuroscience: Etonitazene and related benzimidazoles . ACS Chem Neurosci . 2021;12(7):1072-1092. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00037
• Benzimidazole opioids, other name: nitazenes. Drug Enforcement Agency. Issued January 2024. Accessed April 15, 2024. https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/benzimidazole-opioids.pdf
• Papsun DM, Krotulski AJ, Logan BK. Proliferation of novel synthetic opioids in postmortem investigations after core-structure scheduling for fentanyl-related substances . Am J Forensic Med Pathol . 2022;43(4):315-327. doi:10.1097/PAF.0000000000000787
• Trowbridge P, Walley AY. Use of buprenorphine-naloxone in the treatment of tianeptine use disorder . J Addict Med . 2019;13(4):331-333. doi:10.1097/ADM.0000000000000490
• Simon G, Kuzma M, Mayer M, Petrus K, Tóth D. Fatal overdose with the cannabinoid receptor agonists MDMB-4en-PINACA and 4F-ABUTINACA: A case report and review of the literature . Toxics . 2023;11(8):673. Published 2023 Aug 5. doi:10.3390/toxics11080673
• Ehlers PF, Deitche A, Wise LM, et al. Notes from the field: Seizures, hyperthermia, and myocardial injury in three young adults who consumed bromazolam disguised as alprazolam - Chicago, Illinois, February 2023 . MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 2024;72(5253):1392-1393. Published 2024 Jan 5. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm725253a5

Also in this issue:

• Investing in the Great Outdoors
• The End of the Student Loan Repayment Moratorium
• Ulrike Malmendier | Interview
• Tipping: From Scourge of Democracy to American Ritual
• When Economists Navigate by the Stars
• Back to Table of Contents

Ulrike Malmendier

On law versus economics, the long-term effects of inflation, and the remembrance of crises past

Image: Courtesy Noah Berger

Over the course of her career, much of the research of University of California, Berkeley economist Ulrike Malmendier has been in the areas of behavioral economics and behavioral corporate finance — looking at the effects of various psychological biases, such as overconfidence, on the decisions of consumers, investors, and executives.

Malmendier's more recent work has taken a turn that has made her the Marcel Proust of economics — focusing, like the French novelist, on the subjective nature of human experience and its enduring influence. In this research, she has been analyzing "experience effects": how individuals living through financial crises and other significant economic events respond to these experiences in their future financial behavior. In her view, a major difference between homo economicus (the hypothetical person of classical economics who is perfectly rational and perfectly informed) and actual people is that, as she puts it, "The homo economicus is more of a robot who processes data rather than a living organism whose mind and body absorb these experiences."

In addition to faculty appointments at Berkeley's economics department and Haas School of Business, she is faculty director of Berkeley's new O'Donnell Center for Behavioral Economics, which she co-founded with her husband and Berkeley economics colleague Stefano DellaVigna.

A native of Germany, where she studied ancient Roman law before moving to economics, Malmendier has seen her research published in, among other journals, the American Economic Review , the Quarterly Journal of Economics , and the Journal of Finance . She has received numerous awards, including, in 2013, the American Finance Association's prestigious Fischer Black Prize, awarded biennially to a leading finance scholar under the age of 40 for significant contributions to the field. She is also a fellow of the Econometric Society and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. The German federal government appointed her in 2022 to the five-member German Council of Economic Experts, sometimes called the Five Sages.

David A. Price interviewed Malmendier by phone in January.

EF: How did you become interested in economics?

Malmendier: There were a couple of motivations that played a role. One is that my father had experienced the after-effects of World War II in Germany, so he had a strong notion that you better go for a job where you could earn a safe living. I did pretty well in high school, yet my dad insisted that it would be better to first go to a bank and do one of these German-type apprenticeships. It was practical. I know how to evaluate you for a loan, open your account, and so on. And you study a little bit; I did a two-year degree in business economics. So I'm a publicly certified banker. It was very much a result of this scarring from the past, the idea that we never know what's going to happen.

When I actually started studying, I went to the University of Bonn. I was interested in both economics and law. I was initially more leaning toward law, specifically ancient Roman law; in fact, I ended up doing a whole Ph.D. in law. But since my bank experience, I had economics always in the back of my mind. In the Juridicum building in Bonn, where the law students are taught, the economics students are also taught. So I managed to also get into the economics program. Formally, it was actually not possible to enroll in both degree programs, but when somebody dropped out, I applied for their slot and got it.

What I experienced in the program was theory, mechanism design, the beauty of math, which kind of led me back into economics. The very mathematical, not very real-world-oriented way in which we were taught economics in Bonn just intellectually attracted me. I had some excellent teachers there. That's really the way I found my path into economics.

EF: That sounds like a big switch from law.

Malmendier: In the civil law systems like you have in Germany, and which go back to Roman law, it's not math, but it's pretty close. You really have to learn the whole big model and how to filter through the case at hand and come to the answer. It's quite stimulating intellectually in a way that seems very related to math. At 8 p.m. on Thursdays, we would meet in the Roman Law Institute, sit between the old books and then open up the Corpus Iuris Civilis , the big work of Roman law, and take a piece of the Latin text, translate it, and discuss the logic and how it flows. That was an exercise with an almost mathematical feel to it.

EF: Turning to your research, one of the things you've found is that people's likelihood of buying a home rather than renting is influenced by their experiences with inflation. Please explain.

Malmendier: I'll step back for the bigger picture here. In general, I have been very interested in the question of how our personal lifetime experiences tend to change us, tend to change the outlook we have of the world, the way we form beliefs. They might also influence our preferences, although my work is a bit more on the beliefs side.

I mentioned how my early life path was influenced by my dad experiencing World War II and how everything can get destroyed — the house gets destroyed, you lose all your possessions and savings, and maybe your country's currency isn't worth anything anymore. One way of looking at the effects of this is simply in terms of information: After such an experience, you have new data about what can happen. That's the traditional economic view. But I'd argue that there's an element beyond the intellectual. When it's your own life, you tend to put a lot of weight on what has happened to you. You're pushed toward overweighing outcomes that have happened to you.

I first worked on that in the context of the stock market, with a paper Stefan Nagel and I wrote on Depression babies in the U.S. We showed that people who experience big crashes of the stock market tend to shy away for years and decades from investing anything in the stock markets. We then turned to another experience, inflation.

Here, the example of Germany was our motivation. Within the EU, the Germans are somewhat notorious for being preoccupied with inflation being a terrible thing and distrusting the European Central Bank to handle it well. That's our reputation. But where does it come from? Many people think that it might have something to do with Germany going through the hyperinflation in the Weimar times and that experience affecting the German populace strongly — so strongly that the adverse reaction was even transmitted to the next generations.

With that big motivation in mind, we thought experience effects might also apply to inflation. Suppose I've lived through a period of high inflation, such as the Great Inflation in the U.S. of the late 1970s, early '80s. Even if I am an economist and work on monetary policy and inflation, I'm still going to be affected by that personal experience. If I'm asked to forecast inflation on the margin, I may overweigh what I saw happening; I may overweigh the probability that prices can spiral out of control.

If that's the case, it's going to influence my financial decision-making. I would want to protect myself against inflation. So how can I protect myself? I put my money into protected assets. In addition to gold and the stock market and so on, one way is to invest in real estate. And so one prediction is that people who are worried about their money being worth much less in the future might want, on the margin, to buy a home rather than rent.

Also, if I can finance this home purchase with a fixed-rate mortgage, so I'm borrowing at a fixed rate — but I think inflation will go up — I believe that it's going to be a good deal. I don't really like variable-rate mortgages at all in this case because I'm worried about the risk of nominal rates adjusting upward. So that's the link between inflation experience and making financial decisions that protect yourself against inflation.

EF: Many people are familiar with the idea that Depression-era youth were affected by that experience throughout their lives. How do you think the experiences of the past several years will tend to affect young Americans of today?

Malmendier: For starters, look at inflation, which started creeping up since 2021, and then in 2022 you were getting close to the double digits. There was such a sharp contrast between the long period of the Great Moderation and all of a sudden that price shock kicking in. For older people, who have seen high inflation before in the '80s or even the '70s, I'm predicting they're just taking that into the average of the long period of low inflation since the early 1980s and of their experience of high inflation in the 1970s and early 1980s. Given their long history of experiences, the new spike does not get too much weight. It just goes up a bit.

But for young people in the United States who basically had seen no inflation at all outside of textbooks, it's a different story. All of their life before they had experienced very low inflation, and then all of a sudden there's the spike. Initially, then, they might be a little slow to react. But if the spike in inflation lasts long enough — it isn't just a two-month blip — they realize, whoa, the world I live in is different than the world I thought I was living in, where high inflation happens only in textbooks.

So the weight they put on that experience increases and can in fact end up being much higher than for older generations because the new experience makes up a much larger part of their lives after it has happened for two years or so. Applied to the current situation, we are now moving slowly and steadily toward the 2 percent inflation target, and we might avoid the complete scarring effects.

One area where I do expect big experience effects from recent years is living through the COVID-19 crisis and many of us being relegated to working from home. I do expect there to be a lasting change in how we view the value of social interaction, the value of working from home versus working at your workplace.

The leadership here at the Haas School of Business, where I am right now, is encountering exactly this issue. They wonder why the same people who were happily coming in five days a week before COVID absolutely refuse to do so now. It's clearly an experience that has changed people. In the classical economic model, you would just talk about the information obtained from that experience and maybe the setup cost of learning Zoom. But that can't explain everything. We knew the length of our commutes before COVID.

And yet, personally experiencing what remote work and cutting out your commute means for your personal life makes an enormous difference. You have to experience it first, not because of lack of information, not because you cannot add and subtract hours spent in the car versus not, but because it just enters your decision-making differently if you have physically experienced it.

EF: If I'm, let's say, on the Federal Open Market Committee, am I also subject to these forces of experience?

Malmendier: Yes, you are. And that is maybe the most surprising aspect to many economists. Allow me to step back again: When behavioral economics and behavioral finance started playing more of a role in our profession, the applications initially focused on individual investors or individual consumers — the man or woman on the street, so to speak. We would have not thought that these biased beliefs play a role for the highly informed, highly trained, highly intelligent, successful leader of a company, a Federal Reserve Bank president, a Federal Reserve Board governor.

Even before I was working on the research on experience effects, I was wondering about that. Because biases reflect something our brain is wired to do, it doesn't need to be negatively correlated with intelligence. So my earliest work in behavioral finance in fact was about overconfident CEOs. And I vividly remember when presenting this paper on the job market two decades ago how certain audiences would tell me, look, I know several CEOs, they're very smart, how can you argue they are biased? But it turns out biases do apply, even to the most successful CEOs.

Going back to experience effects, our work here is based on basic neuroscience underpinnings: Namely, that as we are walking through life and making experiences, neurons fire and so cause connections between neurons, synapses, to form. When experiences are repeated and last longer, then these connections become stronger. So, if I've gone through a period of high inflation and seeing a price increase triggers fear and worry, well, that's also happening to highly informed and well-trained and knowledgeable policymakers, even at the very highest level. That's why their past personal experiences can help us to predict who is leaning more on the hawkish or the dovish side. We have actually found strong evidence of it.

And I've asked the same question about bankers. I've looked at the reports of banks' financial situations — provided thanks to the Fed — on how close they might have been to a bank run, how close they have been to financial distress, and whether that affects their lending behavior in later years. For instance, if a bank experienced the Russian debt default crisis in 1998, their situation during this crisis has a lasting influence on their future choice of exposure in these kind of debt markets.

EF: It seems like you're quite interested in the psychological level of explanation for economic behavior. What drew you to studying these kinds of issues?

Malmendier: Partly it goes back to those times at the University of Bonn, where I was initially sitting in my law lectures, and then I was venturing over to the very mathematical theoretical economics lectures. As beautiful as the modeling and analysis of equilibria was, I was struck by the sharp contrast between the human behavior we analyzed in my law classes and how human behavior was modeled in my economics lectures. In law, humans make mistakes and emotions play a role. For example, for how the penal code considers somebody's attempts to kill somebody, it matters whether that person was being driven by the moment or cold-bloodedly planned the murder. It makes a difference in how law assesses and penalizes this behavior. In economics, there was no consideration of motives or emotions.

And then, when I started studying at Harvard for my second Ph.D., the economics Ph.D., I was lucky that there was rising interest in behavioral economics. It was still a time when it was not broadly accepted, when advisers told me that I might not want to go on the job market with behavioral economics research, but it was slowly changing. For me, behavioral economics really clicked. It injected the psychological realism we need to make good predictions and have good suggestions for policy.

Now I'm trying to go beyond that. We see in classical economics the homo economicus who is perfectly optimizing — taking all the information and coming to the perfect decision. Behavioral economics came around and said, well, that's unrealistic. Let's inject some psychological realism. Let's introduce overconfidence, self-control problems, etc. And that was all good.

But here is the thing that was still missing: If you think about the homo economicus as a computer with a program that perfectly solves the problem at hand, behavioral economics was still kind of dealing with humans like computers. They now had flawed software or maybe occasionally short circuited. But however you program them initially — with overconfidence and so on — they are running that program for the rest of their lives.

This newer agenda on experience effects emphasizes much more that, no, humans are not just software, flawed or not flawed. They are living, breathing organisms. As they walk through life, they adapt and change their outlook on the world. That means that we as economists have a lot to learn, not just from social psychology, which was great for behavioral finance, but also from other fields — from neuroscience, from psychiatry, from endocrinology, etc. People who have lived through a monetary or financial crisis come out of that scarring experience with their brains rewired, and they will make different decisions.

They will keep overweighing this outcome happening again. But I think there's much more to learn. For example, the neuropsychiatrists tell us if you do live through a crisis but you feel like "you can do something about your situation" — what they call controllability — then you tend to do better. You don't tend to be so affected, so traumatized by it.

So I'm personally of the opinion that there's robust evidence in medicine, biology, neuropsychiatry, cognitive science, which we haven't incorporated as much as we should. I'm a bit on a mission to get economists more broadly, not just behavioral economists, to open up to that — of course, acknowledging that behavioral economics, the first round, got us a big step forward.

EF: Are there strategies that people can use to overcome the effects of their negative experiences and make better decisions?

Malmendier: Yes, absolutely.

For contrast, let me start, though, from the strategy that a lot of policymakers and economists believe in but that works much less well than we used to think. That strategy is teaching people. That's the strategy I naturally like as a professor. I used to think that if only I teach people about the equity premium puzzle and about diversification, then they will understand they need to put their money in a broadly diversified low-fee fund rather than having it in some savings account, or worse, checking account, etc., and they would all be better off.

Hence the emphasis on financial literacy. But so far, the process has been muted. Now, I still think financial literacy training is useful; it's important. But it tends to be less effective than we professors often hope compared to the effect of personal experiences with the stock market or other financial instruments.

Theoretical knowledge is just less powerful than we used to think. People might not act on information, and it is not because of asymmetric information, frictions, and access to information. All of that exists and is relevant. But even if you have full access to the relevant information, if you've understood it, if you've processed it, you might still not act on it unless you've seen it work in practice.

That brings me to the more direct answer to your question. If you feel that due to past info exposure, you are acting in a somewhat biased way, and you want to remedy it, the best recommendation is to slowly expose yourself to doing the alternative action or environment and personally experience the resulting outcome and in that way rewiring your brain.

From neuroscience, we don't just learn that life experiences rewire our brain and infer that, after a high-inflation period, we might be scared and get triggered when we see price increases. We also learn that throughout our lives, our brain has a high plasticity — maybe less than when we're young, but throughout our lives, we are pruning synapses that we don't need anymore, we are strengthening others, so we can affect how we think about the world. If we manage to expose ourselves to the right setting, that helps us not only to intellectually understand, but almost physically understand, why a certain type of decision is the right one. We change our wiring.

If somebody is really scared about the stock market, doesn't want to go there, the literature on experience-based learning would suggest something like a cognitive behavioral therapy approach. Namely, let's just take $50 or $100 and put it in a broadly diversified low-fee fund. In the worst case, that's not too much loss. After a year, we look back and see what happened to it and realize, huh, that wasn't so scary. That worked out pretty well even at a bad time. That way, we are rewiring our brain and maybe coming around to the conclusion that, to accumulate wealth, we should be doing more of that.

EF: In recent research, you've found that the experience of leading a company during the Great Recession tended to make CEOs age faster. What's going on there?

Malmendier: It's very connected to this high-level view I have of the evolution of what economics is about and should be about. The mind and the body are altered in many ways as we are walking through life. In the work on experience effects, I've mostly looked at how our beliefs are altered and how financial decisions or inflation expectations are then affected. But I mean it quite literally when I say we need to look at mind and body. Leading your company through that stressful period of the Great Recession probably makes you a different person beyond just having more information.

Working with people from our computer science department, I was exposed to machine learning and convolutional neural networks and learned about this subfield that looks at face recognition and visual machine learning. I thought we could apply it to detect signs of stress and aging. That led us to collect pictures of CEOs before and after crises and to show that we actually age in a crisis. In a severe enough crisis — if I take the usual corporate finance definition, the median firm in your industry undergoing a 30 percent or higher stock price decline — it makes you look an additional one year older.

And this visual effect really does seem to translate into effects on your health. While I couldn't get measurements of cortisol levels or heart rates or the like, I was able to get data on longevity. And what we saw is that if you look one year older, you are actually aging faster in the sense that you unfortunately die one year earlier. So it translated pretty much 1-to-1 into longevity.

What I'm hoping is that with this paper, we can further strengthen the point that we need to think about humans with all their biology. We have a lot to learn that's relevant for predicting career paths, education, all the usual outcome variables we economists are interested in.

EF: What are you working on now?

Malmendier: The physical realm of what crises do to you is something that is staying with me. I have been interested in digging deeper. What is the most stressful aspect of it all? What are the actual stressors? In a related project on CEOs, we ask what kinds of specific situations or decisions trigger these adverse effects in your body and on your health. For CEOs, it turns out to be layoff decisions. It's really hard on a leader to have to let a large fraction of their employees go, particularly if they've been with the company for a long time.

Also, going back to the inflation topic: The recent bout of inflation, not just here in the U.S., but also in Europe, has gotten me interested in how the lower-income parts of the population are affected by inflation. When studying inflation and inflation expectations, economists tend to look at the professional forecasters and market participants who have an impact on markets outcomes. The low-income populations are less studied. But they are, of course, the people for whom the marginal price increase in groceries has the highest marginal utility impact.

I'm trying to estimate to what extent inflation affects their consumption behavior. As goods become more expensive, what can they still afford? And what do they want to afford? That is, is the effect of inflation on their spending coming fully, or almost fully, through the channel of constraints, or do beliefs play a role? Also, is there a nonstandard element in their belief formation? There's a lot of research on hand-to-mouth consumers, about adjustment frictions of consumption that could play a role. But present-biased preferences could also play a role; limited attention could play a role.

We got access to a fairly new dataset on low-income consumers and are exploiting the recent bout of inflation as a source of variation. We ran a survey on that sample to tease out what factors play a role. So far, we are finding that, first of all, it's not just all constraints; beliefs do matter. And they are correlated with difficulties in managing debt. People who have difficulties managing their debt are reacting to inflation in an unexpected way, moving further toward overconsuming relative to what the data say they should be doing. This suggests there might be some nonstandard factor at play that got them into difficulties in managing debt to begin with.

That's what the preliminary results suggest. I hope to learn more about this population and the impact of inflation on them.

• Present Positions Cora Jane Flood Professor of Finance, Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley; Professor of Economics, University of California, Berkeley; Faculty Director, O'Donnell Center for Behavioral Economics, University of California, Berkeley
• Selected Additional Affiliations Research Affiliate, Centre for Economic Policy Research; Faculty Research Fellow, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA); Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research
• Education Ph.D. (2002), Harvard University; Ph.D. (2000), University of Bonn; B.A. (1996), University of Bonn; B.A. (1995), University of Bonn

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FCA to Permit Research Bundling

The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) is seeking views on proposed rules that would allow asset managers to opt for bundled payments for third-party investment research, reversing a significant aspect of the UK’s implementation of research rules under the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II).

The proposed rules outlined in the FCA’s Consultation Paper CP24/7 will allow for a new bundled payment option alongside existing payment options (i.e. payment by the asset manager out of its own resources or by the fund through the use of a dedicated research payment account (RPA)).

The proposals are designed to be compatible with rules governing research payments in other major jurisdictions, including the United States, making it easier for UK asset managers to access research in the same way across borders.

Firms in Scope of the Proposals

The FCA proposes to permit asset managers to use unbundled research by including a specific carve-out from the MiFID II inducement provisions contained in Chapter 2.3B of the FCA’s Conduct of Business Sourcebook (COBS), which currently only permit asset managers to receive investment research if that manager pays for the research via its own balance sheet or a RPA.

The proposed exemption in COBS 2.3B would allow the following firms to make use of bundled research as a payment option:

• MiFID investment firms .
• Alternative investment fund managers (AIFMs) and management companies of Undertakings for Collective Investment in Transferable Securities (UCITS), in respect of business performed under MiFID top-up permissions, i.e. services or activities that they perform for a client other than a fund for which they are appointed as the AIFM or UCITS management company.

Notably, the FCA’s proposals do not seek to mirror the changes to research payment rules for collective portfolio managers that do not carry on MiFID business, including AIFMs and UCITS management companies. 1

The FCA has indicated a separate consultation is planned for collective portfolio managers and has indicated that its policy intention is to ensure consistency across all rules on research and inducements for investment firms and collective portfolio managers.

Conditions For Receiving Bundled Research

Under the consultation, asset managers that choose to receive research bundled with execution costs would need to satisfy certain conditions, including establishing formal policies, written agreements with research providers, structured cost allocation methods, budgeting, periodic assessments of research providers and client disclosures on their approach to bundled payments. 2

Consumer Duty

The FCA also highlights that firms which are in scope of the Consumer Duty would need to consider whether their policies and arrangements for bundled research meet the requirements of the Consumer Duty.

The FCA has requested comments to the consultation by 5 June 2024. The FCA intends to finalise rules in the first half of 2024. Asset managers should evaluate the proposed conditions for bundled research if they intend to adopt this payment option.

1  The FCA’s implementation of the MiFID II research payment rules in January 2018 extended the requirements to collective portfolio managers that did not carry out MiFID business, including AIFMs and UCITS management companies. This was incorporated in a separate section of the Handbook in COBS 18 Annex 1, containing specific research and inducement rules for collective portfolio managers.

The FCA’s current proposals do not seek to amend COBS 18 Annex 1. The FCA has instead indicated that it will seek to separately consult on rules to ensure aligned requirements for collective portfolio managers that are not subject to MiFID. 

2 The conditions will be introduced as new rules in COBS 2.3B (COBS 2.3B.25R to COBS 2.3B.31R). In summary, the key conditions include:

• Establishing a formal policy outlining the firm's approach to bundled payments, encompassing governance, decision-making and controls.
• Entering into written agreements with research and execution service providers to define the methodology for calculating research costs separately within total charges.
• Implementing a structured approach for allocating costs among clients and distributing payments among research providers.
• Setting a budget for third-party research purchases, subject to annual review and renewal.
• Conducting periodic assessments of research price and value, including benchmarking, at least annually.
• Establishing operational procedures for the administration of accounts used to purchase research.
• Providing disclosures to clients regarding the firm’s approach to bundled payments, including if and how bundled payments are combined with other payment options, their most significant research providers and total costs incurred.

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• FCA Consults on Publishing Information about the Opening and Progress of Investigations
• FCA and PRA Publish Consultation on New Rules relating to Non-Financial Misconduct

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