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Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler was a German leader and a dictator belonging to the Nazi Party in Berlin, capital of Germany. He rose to power gradually due to his oratorical skills and a strategic mind. He inflicted pain upon many of his fellow countrymen and yet had many supporters who believed in what he did. He orchestrated World War 2 and the deadliest Holocausts which killed millions of people.

Hitler Biography

Basic Information:

Hitler Birthday - 20 April 1889, in Braunau am Inn, Austria

Died on 30 April 1945, Führerbunker, Berlin, Germany

Cause of Death - Suicide

About Hitler

Adolf Hitler was almost Adolf Schicklgruber, because his father Alois who adopted his mother’s Maria Anna Schicklgruber surname until in his 40’s when he decided to take on his stepfather’s Johann Georg Hiedler surname. Adolf was legally documented as Adolf Hitler. He was very close to his mother and was grief-stricken when he lost her to breast cancer in 1907 after much pain and suffering. His relationship with his father was difficult as he feared him a lot and disliked him. He lost him in 1903.

He was born in Braunau am Inn Austria, and moved to Linz which is the capital of upper Austria. He never completed his higher education and after his secondary education visited Vienna, upon returning to Linz he pursued his interest in becoming an artist. But was denied admissions to the Academy Of Fine Arts, twice. He earned his livelihood by painting postcards and advertisements. During his visit to Vienna he realized the cosmopolitan nature of the city and hated it. His experiences till now had made him aware of the newer world.

Adolf Hitler History

When World War 1 broke out in August 1914, Adolf Hitler was already living in Munich since 1913 and there was a screening to enter the military service, and he voluntarily enlisted his name for the selection in the Bavarian Army he was rejected and the reason cited was his lack of vigor. But he went ahead and sent a petitioner request to  Bavarian King Louis III to be allowed to serve, and then was allowed to join the 16th Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment. He was deployed to Belgium in October 1914 after a training period of 8 weeks and participated in the  First Battle of Ypres. He rendered his services throughout the entire duration of the war and was even hospitalized. He was rewarded with the Iron Cross, second Class for his bravery displayed in December 1914 and the Iron Cross First Class which is a rare decorated medal in August 1918. The war gave him a disruption from his civilian life and he was very satisfied with the discipline and comradeship virtues which further solidified his heroic virtues of war. This exposure during wartime also reinstated and reinforced his German patriotism.

Adolf Hitler’s Rise to Power

Following Germany’s defeat in the 1st World War he took up further political interest and role after he returned to Munic in May of 1919. He remained in the army due to lack of formal education and further career prospects. He was assigned to influence soldiers and entered the small German Workers Party (DAP) in September 1919, his oratorical skills impressed and engaged everyone including the Party Chairman Anton Drexler. Along with the Chairman and other influential leaders who influenced him with the ideas of anti-capitalism and anti-Marxist ideas followed their orders and left the army to officially join the party in March 1920. The party was renamed to National Socialist Workers Party NSDAP also called Nazi Party.

The workings in the party was a fruitful one for Adolf Hitler as he successfully managed to gather more and more people to join the party. This worked in his favor as many were still grieving from the loss they faced during the 1st World War and many more were dissatisfied with the running  Republican government in Berlin. The discontent and resentment brought together the servicemen in Munich to join this party who were adamant in not returning to the civilian life. Hitler took advantage of this situation and was skilled enough to gather many more army generals to join the party. And the favourable conditions allowed for the growth of this small party. Due to economic instability and many economic losses many civilians turned to join the party. In July 1921 Hitler became the leader who had unlimited powers.

He was arrested on 11 November 1923 after an attempted coup for high treason; his term in jail was for 5 years but he served jail time only for 9 months. After he returned, the situation totally changed in Germany. The Republican party reformed many rules and the economic losses suffered post war was recovering, achieving economic stability. Hitler was banned from giving speeches in Bavaria and many other German states. This ban was prominent in 1927 and 1928.

The economy collapsed during the great depression in October 1929. And during this time he joined Nationalist Alfred Hugenberg in a campaign against the Young Plan, which was an attempt in the second renegotiation of Germany’s war reparation payments. Through Hugenberg’s papers he had a nationwide audience. And once again rose to power by getting funds and support from many political leaders and army generals. He also became the Chancellor in January 1930 after the death of the President. The leadership turned to dictatorship from 1933-1939. And through his power the Nazi party won and ruled in several votes.

Adolf Hiltler’s Role in the 2nd World War

As his dictatorship was a form of rule, his beliefs included discriminating against the jews and tortured them incessantly. This only led to his overpowering ambition to control more territories and fulfill his personal avenge by manipulating people into believing that they were only recovering the losses from the harsh treatment Germany faced in the 1st World War they attacked Poland in September 1939. This invasion led to a reverted attack by French and British who offered military support to Poland and these countries declared war. The war was a gruesome one and even his countrymen were not spared.

The attacks were made on several nations and it was retaliated with equal vigour by many nations as well. 30 nations were involved in the 2nd World War. Around 100 Million participated and casualties reported were 70 million to 85 million.

Hitler’s Death

The war ended in May 1945 after German surrendered a week after Hitler’s suicide. Adolf Hitler commited suicide on 30th April 1945 when he shot himself on the basement of his home in Berlin. His wife Eva Braun whom he married on 29th April 1945 was also found dead after drinking poison following the instructions of her husband Adolf Hitler. He died carrying the Iron Cross he received for his service during the 1st World War. The bodies were burned and buried according to his orders. There were many controversies and conspiracy theories surrounding his death stating he was alive and protected by the west which was disregarded when ashes from his cremation were tested and proved his death indefinitely.

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FAQs on Adolf Hitler Biography

Q1. How is Hitler?

Ans. Hitler as he was famously known is a German leader and is a great orator and a speaker who could completely manipulate an audience to his side. He also served as a frontline force in German army during World War 1. His beliefs were truly discriminatory against the Jews. He was one of the cruel dictators of the 20th century.

Q2. Who is Hitler in Germany?

Ans. Hitler became a chancellor in January 1933 after the death of the President. And only rose to power exponentially after that. He was also the leader of the Nazi Party that believed and spread the anti-Semitic, nationalist, anti-capitalist, and anti-Marxist ideas. He was also a dictator in the period of 1933-1939 when his part was in ruling power.

Q3. When did Hitler Born?

Ans. Hitler was born on 20 April 1889, in Braunau am Inn, Austria. He moved to  Linz which is the capital of upper Austria, and spent most of his childhood there. He also considered Linz to be his favorite city in the world and wished to be buried there.

Q4. What is the Full Name of Hitler?

Ans. Hitler’s full name was always legally documented as Adolf Hitler but he almost was Adolf Schicklgruber, because his father Alois who adopted his mother’s Maria Anna Schicklgruber surname until in his 40’s when he decided to take on his stepfather’s Johann Georg Hiedler surname. He shared a deep and close relationship with his mother and feared and disliked his father.

biography of hitler in english class 9

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Adolf Hitler

By: History.com Editors

Updated: June 29, 2023 | Original: October 29, 2009

Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (1889 - 1945) in Munich in the spring of 1932. (Photo by Heinrich Hoffmann/Archive Photos/Getty Images)

Adolf Hitler, the leader of Germany’s Nazi Party , was one of the most powerful and notorious dictators of the 20th century. After serving with the German military in World War I , Hitler capitalized on economic woes, popular discontent and political infighting during the Weimar Republic to rise through the ranks of the Nazi Party.

In a series of ruthless and violent actions—including the Reichstag Fire and the Night of Long Knives—Hitler took absolute power in Germany by 1933. Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939 led to the outbreak of World War II , and by 1941, Nazi forces had used “blitzkrieg” military tactics to occupy much of Europe. Hitler’s virulent anti-Semitism and obsessive pursuit of Aryan supremacy fueled the murder of some 6 million Jews, along with other victims of the Holocaust . After the tide of war turned against him, Hitler committed suicide in a Berlin bunker in April 1945.

Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889, in Braunau am Inn, a small Austrian town near the Austro-German frontier. After his father, Alois, retired as a state customs official, young Adolf spent most of his childhood in Linz, the capital of Upper Austria.

Not wanting to follow in his father’s footsteps as a civil servant, he began struggling in secondary school and eventually dropped out. Alois died in 1903, and Adolf pursued his dream of being an artist, though he was rejected from Vienna’s Academy of Fine Arts.

After his mother, Klara, died in 1908, Hitler moved to Vienna, where he pieced together a living painting scenery and monuments and selling the images. Lonely, isolated and a voracious reader, Hitler became interested in politics during his years in Vienna, and developed many of the ideas that would shape Nazi ideology.

Military Career of Adolf Hitler

In 1913, Hitler moved to Munich, in the German state of Bavaria. When World War I broke out the following summer, he successfully petitioned the Bavarian king to be allowed to volunteer in a reserve infantry regiment.

Deployed in October 1914 to Belgium, Hitler served throughout the Great War and won two decorations for bravery, including the rare Iron Cross First Class, which he wore to the end of his life.

Hitler was wounded twice during the conflict: He was hit in the leg during the Battle of the Somme in 1916, and temporarily blinded by a British gas attack near Ypres in 1918. A month later, he was recuperating in a hospital at Pasewalk, northeast of Berlin, when news arrived of the armistice and Germany’s defeat in World War I .

Like many Germans, Hitler came to believe the country’s devastating defeat could be attributed not to the Allies, but to insufficiently patriotic “traitors” at home—a myth that would undermine the post-war Weimar Republic and set the stage for Hitler’s rise.

After Hitler returned to Munich in late 1918, he joined the small German Workers’ Party, which aimed to unite the interests of the working class with a strong German nationalism. His skilled oratory and charismatic energy helped propel him in the party’s ranks, and in 1920 he left the army and took charge of its propaganda efforts.

In one of Hitler’s strokes of propaganda genius, the newly renamed National Socialist German Workers Party, or Nazi Party , adopted a version of the swastika—an ancient sacred symbol of Hinduism , Jainism and Buddhism —as its emblem. Printed in a white circle on a red background, Hitler’s swastika would take on terrifying symbolic power in the years to come.

By the end of 1921, Hitler led the growing Nazi Party, capitalizing on widespread discontent with the Weimar Republic and the punishing terms of the Versailles Treaty . Many dissatisfied former army officers in Munich would join the Nazis, notably Ernst Röhm, who recruited the “strong arm” squads—known as the Sturmabteilung (SA)—which Hitler used to protect party meetings and attack opponents.

Beer Hall Putsch 

On the evening of November 8, 1923, members of the SA and others forced their way into a large beer hall where another right-wing leader was addressing the crowd. Wielding a revolver, Hitler proclaimed the beginning of a national revolution and led marchers to the center of Munich, where they got into a gun battle with police.

Hitler fled quickly, but he and other rebel leaders were later arrested. Even though it failed spectacularly, the Beer Hall Putsch established Hitler as a national figure, and (in the eyes of many) a hero of right-wing nationalism.

'Mein Kampf' 

Tried for treason, Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison, but would serve only nine months in the relative comfort of Landsberg Castle. During this period, he began to dictate the book that would become " Mein Kampf " (“My Struggle”), the first volume of which was published in 1925.

In it, Hitler expanded on the nationalistic, anti-Semitic views he had begun to develop in Vienna in his early twenties, and laid out plans for the Germany—and the world—he sought to create when he came to power.

Hitler would finish the second volume of "Mein Kampf" after his release, while relaxing in the mountain village of Berchtesgaden. It sold modestly at first, but with Hitler’s rise it became Germany’s best-selling book after the Bible. By 1940, it had sold some 6 million copies there.

Hitler’s second book, “The Zweites Buch,” was written in 1928 and contained his thoughts on foreign policy. It was not published in his lifetime due to the poor initial sales of “Mein Kampf.” The first English translations of “The Zweites Buch” did not appear until 1962 and was published under the title “Hitler's Secret Book.” 

Obsessed with race and the idea of ethnic “purity,” Hitler saw a natural order that placed the so-called “Aryan race” at the top.

For him, the unity of the Volk (the German people) would find its truest incarnation not in democratic or parliamentary government, but in one supreme leader, or Führer.

" Mein Kampf " also addressed the need for Lebensraum (or living space): In order to fulfill its destiny, Germany should take over lands to the east that were now occupied by “inferior” Slavic peoples—including Austria, the Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia), Poland and Russia.

The Schutzstaffel (SS) 

By the time Hitler left prison, economic recovery had restored some popular support for the Weimar Republic, and support for right-wing causes like Nazism appeared to be waning.

Over the next few years, Hitler laid low and worked on reorganizing and reshaping the Nazi Party. He established the Hitler Youth  to organize youngsters, and created the Schutzstaffel (SS) as a more reliable alternative to the SA.

Members of the SS wore black uniforms and swore a personal oath of loyalty to Hitler. (After 1929, under the leadership of Heinrich Himmler , the SS would develop from a group of some 200 men into a force that would dominate Germany and terrorize the rest of occupied Europe during World War II .)

Hitler spent much of his time at Berchtesgaden during these years, and his half-sister, Angela Raubal, and her two daughters often joined him. After Hitler became infatuated with his beautiful blonde niece, Geli Raubal, his possessive jealousy apparently led her to commit suicide in 1931.

Devastated by the loss, Hitler would consider Geli the only true love affair of his life. He soon began a long relationship with Eva Braun , a shop assistant from Munich, but refused to marry her.

The worldwide Great Depression that began in 1929 again threatened the stability of the Weimar Republic. Determined to achieve political power in order to affect his revolution, Hitler built up Nazi support among German conservatives, including army, business and industrial leaders.

The Third Reich

In 1932, Hitler ran against the war hero Paul von Hindenburg for president, and received 36.8 percent of the vote. With the government in chaos, three successive chancellors failed to maintain control, and in late January 1933 Hindenburg named the 43-year-old Hitler as chancellor, capping the stunning rise of an unlikely leader.

January 30, 1933 marked the birth of the Third Reich, or as the Nazis called it, the “Thousand-Year Reich” (after Hitler’s boast that it would endure for a millennium).

biography of hitler in english class 9

HISTORY Vault: Third Reich: The Rise

Rare and never-before-seen amateur films offer a unique perspective on the rise of Nazi Germany from Germans who experienced it. How were millions of people so vulnerable to fascism?

Reichstag Fire 

Though the Nazis never attained more than 37 percent of the vote at the height of their popularity in 1932, Hitler was able to grab absolute power in Germany largely due to divisions and inaction among the majority who opposed Nazism.

After a devastating fire at Germany’s parliament building, the Reichstag, in February 1933—possibly the work of a Dutch communist, though later evidence suggested Nazis set the  Reichstag fire  themselves—Hitler had an excuse to step up the political oppression and violence against his opponents.

On March 23, the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act, giving full powers to Hitler and celebrating the union of National Socialism with the old German establishment (i.e., Hindenburg ).

That July, the government passed a law stating that the Nazi Party “constitutes the only political party in Germany,” and within months all non-Nazi parties, trade unions and other organizations had ceased to exist.

His autocratic power now secure within Germany, Hitler turned his eyes toward the rest of Europe.

In 1933, Germany was diplomatically isolated, with a weak military and hostile neighbors (France and Poland). In a famous speech in May 1933, Hitler struck a surprisingly conciliatory tone, claiming Germany supported disarmament and peace.

But behind this appeasement strategy, the domination and expansion of the Volk remained Hitler’s overriding aim.

By early the following year, he had withdrawn Germany from the League of Nations and begun to militarize the nation in anticipation of his plans for territorial conquest.

Night of the Long Knives

On June 29, 1934, the infamous Night of the Long Knives , Hitler had Röhm, former Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher and hundreds of other problematic members of his own party murdered, in particular troublesome members of the SA.

When the 86-year-old Hindenburg died on August 2, military leaders agreed to combine the presidency and chancellorship into one position, meaning Hitler would command all the armed forces of the Reich.

Persecution of Jews

On September 15, 1935, passage of the Nuremberg Laws deprived Jews of German citizenship, and barred them from marrying or having relations with persons of “German or related blood.”

Though the Nazis attempted to downplay its persecution of Jews in order to placate the international community during the 1936 Berlin Olympics (in which German-Jewish athletes were not allowed to compete), additional decrees over the next few years disenfranchised Jews and took away their political and civil rights.

In addition to its pervasive anti-Semitism, Hitler’s government also sought to establish the cultural dominance of Nazism by burning books, forcing newspapers out of business, using radio and movies for propaganda purposes and forcing teachers throughout Germany’s educational system to join the party.

Much of the Nazi persecution of Jews and other targets occurred at the hands of the Geheime Staatspolizei (GESTAPO), or Secret State Police, an arm of the SS that expanded during this period.

Outbreak of World War II

In March 1936, against the advice of his generals, Hitler ordered German troops to reoccupy the demilitarized left bank of the Rhine.

Over the next two years, Germany concluded alliances with Italy and Japan, annexed Austria and moved against Czechoslovakia—all essentially without resistance from Great Britain, France or the rest of the international community.

Once he confirmed the alliance with Italy in the so-called “Pact of Steel” in May 1939, Hitler then signed a non-aggression pact with the Soviet Union . On September 1, 1939, Nazi troops invaded Poland, finally prompting Britain and France to declare war on Germany.

Blitzkrieg 

After ordering the occupation of Norway and Denmark in April 1940, Hitler adopted a plan proposed by one of his generals to attack France through the Ardennes Forest. The blitzkrieg (“lightning war”) attack began on May 10; Holland quickly surrendered, followed by Belgium.

German troops made it all the way to the English Channel, forcing British and French forces to evacuate en masse from Dunkirk in late May. On June 22, France was forced to sign an armistice with Germany.

Hitler had hoped to force Britain to seek peace as well, but when that failed he went ahead with his attacks on that country, followed by an invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941.

After the attack on Pearl Harbor that December, the United States declared war on Japan, and Germany’s alliance with Japan demanded that Hitler declare war on the United States as well.

At that point in the conflict, Hitler shifted his central strategy to focus on breaking the alliance of his main opponents (Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union) by forcing one of them to make peace with him.

Holocaust

Concentration Camps

Beginning in 1933, the SS had operated a network of concentration camps, including a notorious camp at Dachau , near Munich, to hold Jews and other targets of the Nazi regime.

After war broke out, the Nazis shifted from expelling Jews from German-controlled territories to exterminating them. Einsatzgruppen, or mobile death squads, executed entire Jewish communities during the Soviet invasion, while the existing concentration-camp network expanded to include death camps like Auschwitz -Birkenau in occupied Poland.

In addition to forced labor and mass execution, certain Jews at Auschwitz were targeted as the subjects of horrific medical experiments carried out by eugenicist Josef Mengele, known as the “Angel of Death.” Mengele’s experiments focused on twins and exposed 3,000 child prisoners to disease, disfigurement and torture under the guise of medical research.

Though the Nazis also imprisoned and killed Catholics, homosexuals, political dissidents, Roma (gypsies) and the disabled, above all they targeted Jews—some 6 million of whom were killed in German-occupied Europe by war’s end.

End of World War II

With defeats at El-Alamein and Stalingrad , as well as the landing of U.S. troops in North Africa by the end of 1942, the tide of the war turned against Germany.

As the conflict continued, Hitler became increasingly unwell, isolated and dependent on medications administered by his personal physician.

Several attempts were made on his life, including one that came close to succeeding in July 1944, when Col. Claus von Stauffenberg planted a bomb that exploded during a conference at Hitler’s headquarters in East Prussia.

Within a few months of the successful Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944, the Allies had begun liberating cities across Europe. That December, Hitler attempted to direct another offensive through the Ardennes, trying to split British and American forces.

But after January 1945, he holed up in a bunker beneath the Chancellery in Berlin. With Soviet forces closing in, Hitler made plans for a last-ditch resistance before finally abandoning that plan.

How Did Adolf Hitler Die?

At midnight on the night of April 28-29, Hitler married Eva Braun in the Berlin bunker. After dictating his political testament,  Hitler shot himself  in his suite on April 30; Braun took poison. Their bodies were burned according to Hitler’s instructions.

With Soviet troops occupying Berlin, Germany surrendered unconditionally on all fronts on May 7, 1945, bringing the war in Europe to a close.

In the end, Hitler’s planned “Thousand-Year Reich” lasted just over 12 years, but wreaked unfathomable destruction and devastation during that time, forever transforming the history of Germany, Europe and the world.

William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich iWonder – Adolf Hitler: Man and Monster, BBC . The Holocaust : A Learning Site for Students, U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum .

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Biography of Adolf Hitler, Leader of the Third Reich

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The First World War

Hitler enters politics, the beer hall putsch, president and führer, world war ii and the failure of the third reich.

  • M.A., Medieval Studies, Sheffield University
  • B.A., Medieval Studies, Sheffield University

Adolf Hitler (1889–1945) was the leader of Germany during the Third Reich (1933–1945). He was the primary instigator of both the Second World War in Europe and the mass execution of millions of people deemed to be "enemies," or inferior to the Aryan ideal. He rose from being a talentless painter to the dictator of Germany and, for a few months, emperor of much of Europe. His empire was crushed by an array of the world's strongest nations; he killed himself before he could be tried and brought to justice.

Fast Facts: Adolf Hitler

  • Known For : Leading the German Nazi party and instigating World War II
  • Born : April 20, 1889 in Braunau am Inn, Austria
  • Parents : Alois Hitler and Klara Poelzl
  • Died : April 30, 1945 in Berlin, Germany
  • Education : Realschule in Steyr
  • Published Works : Mein Kampf
  • Spouse : Eva Braun
  • Notable Quote : "In starting and waging a war it is not right that matters but victory."

Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, Austria, on April 20, 1889 to Alois Hitler (who, as an illegitimate child, had previously used his mother’s name of Schickelgruber) and Klara Poelzl. A moody child, he grew hostile towards his father, especially once the latter had retired and the family had moved to the outskirts of Linz. Alois died in 1903 but left money to take care of the family. Adolf was close to his mother, who was highly indulgent of him, and he was deeply affected when she died in 1907. He left school at age 16 in 1905, intending to become a painter. Unfortunately for him, he wasn't a very good one.

Hitler went to Vienna in 1907 where he applied to the Viennese Academy of Fine Arts but was twice turned down. This experience further embittered the increasingly angry Hitler. He returned to Vienna again when his mother died, living first with a more successful friend (Kubizek) and then moving from hostel to hostel as a lonely, vagabond figure. He recovered to make a living selling his art cheaply as a resident in a community "Men's Home."

During this period, Hitler appears to have developed the worldview that would characterize his whole life, and which centered on hatred for Jews and Marxists. Hitler was well-placed to be influenced by the demagogy of Karl Lueger, Vienna’s deeply anti-Semitic mayor and a man who used hate to help create a party of mass support. Hitler had previously been influenced by Schonerer, an Austrian politician against liberals, socialists, Catholics, and Jews. Vienna was also highly anti-Semitic; Hitler's hate was not unusual, it was simply part of the popular mindset. What Hitler went on to do was present these ideas more successfully than ever before.

Hitler moved to Munich in 1913 and avoided Austrian military service in early 1914 by virtue of being unfit for service. However, when the First World War broke out in 1914, he joined the 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment, serving throughout the war, mostly as a corporal after refusing promotion. He proved to be an able and brave soldier as a dispatch runner, winning the Iron Cross on two occasions (First and Second Class). He was also wounded twice, and four weeks before the war ended he suffered a gas attack that temporarily blinded and hospitalized him. It was there he learned of Germany’s surrender, which he took as a betrayal. He especially hated the Treaty of Versailles , which Germany had to sign after the war as part of the settlement.

After WWI, Hitler became convinced he was destined to help Germany, but his first move was to stay in the army for as long as possible because it paid wages, and to do so, he went along with the socialists now in charge of Germany. He was soon able to turn the tables and drew the attention of army anti-socialists, who were setting up anti-revolutionary units. In 1919, working for an army unit, he was assigned to spy on a political party of roughly 40 idealists called the German Workers Party. Instead, he joined it, swiftly rose to a position of dominance (he was chairman by 1921), and renamed it the Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP). He gave the party the Swastika as a symbol and organized a personal army of "storm troopers" (the SA or Brownshirts) and bodyguards of black-shirted men, the Schutzstaffel (SS), to attack opponents. He also discovered, and used, his powerful ability for public speaking.

In November 1923, Hitler organized Bavarian nationalists under a figurehead of General Ludendorff into a coup (or "putsch"). They declared their new government in a beer hall in Munich; a group of 3,000 marched through the streets, but they were met by police who opened fire, killing 16.

Hitler was arrested in1924 and used his trial to spread his name and his ideas widely. He was sentenced to just five years in prison, a sentence often described as a sign of tacit agreement with his views.

Hitler served only nine months in prison, during which he wrote Mein Kampf (My Struggle), a book outlining his theories on race, Germany, and Jews. It sold five million copies by 1939. Only then, in prison, did Hitler come to believe he was destined to be a leader. The man who thought he was paving the way for a German leader of genius now thought he was the genius who could take and use power.

After the Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler resolved to seek power through subverting the Weimar government system, and he carefully rebuilt the NSDAP, or Nazi, party, allying with future key figures like Goering and propaganda mastermind Goebbels. Over time, he expanded the party’s support, partly by exploiting the fears of socialists and partly by appealing to everyone who felt their economic livelihood threatened by the depression of the 1930s.

Over time, he gained the interest of big business, the press, and the middle classes. Nazi votes jumped to 107 seats in the Reichstag in 1930. It's important to stress that Hitler wasn't a socialist . The Nazi party that he was molding was based on race, not the idea of socialism, but it took a good few years for Hitler to grow powerful enough to expel the socialists from the party. Hitler didn't take power in Germany overnight and took years for him to take full power of his party overnight.

In 1932, Hitler acquired German citizenship and ran for president, coming in second to von Hindenburg . Later that year, the Nazi party acquired 230 seats in the Reichstag, making them the largest party in Germany. At first, Hitler was refused the office of Chancellor by a president who distrusted him, and a continued snub might have seen Hitler cast out as his support failed. However, factional divisions at the top of government meant that, thanks to conservative politicians believing they could control Hitler, he was appointed chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933. Hitler moved with great speed to isolate and expel opponents from power, shutting trade unions and removing communists, conservatives, and Jews.

Later that year, Hitler perfectly exploited an act of arson on the Reichstag (which some believe the Nazis helped cause) to begin the creation of a totalitarian state, dominating the March 5 elections thanks to support from nationalist groups. Hitler soon took over the role of president when Hindenburg died and merged the role with that of chancellor to become führer ("leader") of Germany.

Hitler continued to move with speed in radically changing Germany, consolidating power, locking up “enemies” in camps, bending culture to his will, rebuilding the army, and breaking the constraints of the Treaty of Versailles. He tried to change the social fabric of Germany by encouraging women to breed more and bringing in laws to secure racial purity; Jews were particularly targeted. Employment, high elsewhere in a time of depression, fell to zero in Germany. Hitler also made himself head of the army, smashed the power of his former brownshirt street warriors, and expunged the socialists fully from his party and his state. Nazism was the dominant ideology. Socialists were the first in the death camps.

Hitler believed he must make Germany great again through creating an empire and engineered territorial expansion, uniting with Austria in an Anschluss and dismembering Czechoslovakia. The rest of Europe was worried, but France and Britain were prepared to concede limited expansion with Germany, taking within it the German fringe. Hitler, however, wanted more.

It was in September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland, that other nations took a stand and declared war. This was not unappealing to Hitler, who believed Germany should make itself great through war, and invasions in 1940 went well. Over the course of that year, France fell and the Third Reich expanded. However, his fatal mistake occurred in 1941 with the invasion of Russia, through which he wished to create lebensraum, or "living room." After initial success, German forces were pushed back by Russia, and defeats in Africa and West Europe followed as Germany was slowly beaten.

During the last years of the war, Hitler became gradually more paranoid and divorced from the world, retreating to a bunker. As armies approached Berlin from two directions, Hitler married his mistress Eva Braun and on April 30, 1945, he killed himself. The Soviets found his body soon after and spirited it away so it would never become a memorial. A piece remains in a Russian archive.

Hitler will forever be remembered for starting the Second World War, the most costly conflict in world history, thanks to his desire to expand Germany’s borders through force. He will equally be remembered for his dreams of racial purity, which prompted him to order the execution of millions of people , perhaps as high as 11 million. Although every arm of German bureaucracy was turned to pursuing the executions, Hitler was the chief driving force.

In the decades since Hitler’s death, many commentators have concluded that he must have been mentally ill and that, if he wasn’t when he started his rule, the pressures of his failed wars must have driven him mad. Given that he ordered genocide and ranted and raved, it is easy to see why people have come to this conclusion, but it’s important to state that there is no consensus among historians that he was insane, or what psychological problems he may have had.

“ Adolf Hitler .” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 14 Feb. 2019.

Alan Bullock, Baron Bullock, et al. “ Adolf Hitler .” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 19 Dec. 2018.

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Revision Notes for Chapter 3 Nazism and the Rise of Hitler Class 9 History

Ncert solutions for chapter 4 the age of industrialisation class 10 history, related chapters.

  • The French Revolution
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  • Pastoralists in the Modern World

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Course: world history   >   unit 6, initial rise of hitler and the nazis.

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NCERT Class 9 History Chapter 3 Notes Nazism and the Rise of Hitler

Cbse class 9 history chapter 3 notes understanding the lesson.

1. Germany was a powerful empire in the early twentieth century. It fought the First World War (1914-1918) alongside the Austrian empire and against the Allies.

2. Germany was defeated in 1918 and the emperor was abdicated. This gave an opportunity to parliamentary parties to recast German polity. A National Assembly met at Weimar and established a democratic constitution with a federal structure.

3. German people did not welcome the new Weimar Republic because they held it responsible for the defeat of Germany in the war and the disgrace at Versailles.

4. Germany faced deep economic crisis in 1923. It had fought the war largely on loans and had to pay war reparations in gold. This depleted gold reserves at a time resources were scarce.

5. The German economy was further hit by the Great Economic Depression. By 1932, industrial production was reduced to 40 percent of the 1929 level. Workers lost their jobs. The economic crisis created deep anxiety and fears in people. Since the Weimar Republic failed to manage this crisis; people lost confidence in the democratic parliamentary system.

6. All this formed the background of Hitler’s rise to power. The German defeat horrified Hitler and the Versailles Treaty made him furious. In 1919, he joined the German Worker’s Party. He subsequently took over the organization and renamed it the National Socialist German Worker’s Party which later came to be known as the Nazi Party.

7. Nazism became a mass movement during the Great Depression. In a situation when workers lost jobs and the middle classes were threatened with destitution, Nazi propaganda stirred hopes in them. In 1928, the Nazi Party was not very successful but by 1932, it had become the largest party. Hitler impressed the German people with his powerful speeches. He promised them to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and restore their dignity.

8. On 30 January 1933, Hitler was offered the Chancellorship of Germany. Having acquired power, Hilter set out to dismantle the structures of democratic rule. Civic rights like freedom of speech, press and assembly were suspended. The Communists were sent to the newly established concentration camps.

9. The famous Enabling Act, passed on 3 March 1933, established dictatorship in Germany. Hilter became the most powerful man in the country. He sidelined Parliament and rule by decree. He also banned all political parties and trade unions.

10. Special surveillance and security forces were created to control and order society in ways that the Nazis wanted. People could now be detained in Gestapo (secrete state police) torture chambers, rounded up and sent to concentration camps.

11. Hitler got quick success in his foreign policy. He integrated Austria and Germany in 1938 under the slogan, One people, One empire and One leader.

12. In September 1939, Germany invaded Poland. This started a war with France and England. In September 1940, a Tripartite Pact was signed between Germany, Italy and Japan which strengthened Hitler’s claim to international power.

13. Hitler created an exclusive racial community of pure German by eliminating all those who were seen as ‘undesirable’ in extended empire. Nazis wanted only a society of pure and healthy Nordic Aryan’s. Only they were seen as worthy of prospering and multiplying against all who were classed; as ‘undesirables’.

14. Jews, Gypsies and blacks living in Nazi Germany were widely persecuted. Even Russians and Poles were considered subhuman. However, Jews remained the worst sufferers. They were terrorized, pauperized and segregated.

15. Hitler was fanatically interested in the youth of the country. He felt that a strong Nazi society could be established only by teaching children Nazi ideology. So, all schools were ‘cleansed’ and ‘purified’. Jew teachers and children were thrown out of schools.

16. School textbooks were rewritten, racial science was introduced to justify Nazi ideas of race. Children were taught to be loyal and submissive, hate Jews, and worship Hitler.

17. Youth organizations were made responsible for educating German youth in ‘the spirit of National Socialism’. Ten-year-olds had to enter Jungvolk and at 14 all boys had to join the Nazi youth organization e. Hilter youth where they learnt to worship war, glorify aggression and violence, and condemn democracy.

18. In Nazi Germany, all mothers were not treated equally. Women who bore racially undesirable children were punished and those who produced racially desirable children were awarded.

19. The art of propaganda that Nazis used was peculiar. They never used the words ‘kill’ or ‘murder’ in their official communications. Mass killings were termed special treatment, final solution (for the Jews), euthanasia (for the disabled), selection and ‘Evacuation’ meant deporting people to gas chambers.

Nazism and the Rise of Hitler Class 9 CBSE Notes Important Terms

Allies: The Allied Powers were initially led by the UK and France. In 1941 they were joined by the USSR and USA. They fought against the Axis Powers, namely Germany, Italy and Japan.

Genocidal: Killing on large scale leading to destruction of large sections of people.

Deplete: Reduce, empty out.

Reparation: Make up for a wrong done.

Wall Street Exchange: The name of the world’s biggest stock exchange located in the USA.

Hyperinflation: A situation when prices rise phenomenally high.

Proletarianization: To become impoverished to the level of working classes.

Propaganda: Specific type of message directly aimed at influencing the opinion of people through the use of posters, films, speeches, etc.

Concentration camp: A camp where people were isolated and detained without due process of law. Typically, it was surrounded by electrified barbed wire fences.

Nordic German Aryans: One branch of those classified as Aryans. They lived in north European countries and had German or related origin.

Gypsy: The groups that were classified as ‘gypsy’ had their own community identity. Sinti and Roma were too such communities. Many of them traced their origin to India.

Pauperised: Reduce to absolute poverty.

Persecution: Systematic, organized punishment of those belonging to a group or religion.

Usurers: Moneylenders charging excessive interest, often used as a term of abuse.

Synagogues: Place of worship for people of Jewish faith.

Jungvolk: Nazi youth groups for children below 14 years of age.

Holocaust: It was a genocide in which Hitler’s Nazi Germany and its collaborators killed about six million Jews.

Notes of History Class 9 Chapter 3 Time Period

1914: The First World War broke out.

1917: Entry of the USA in the First World War.

1918: The First World War ended.

1919: Treaty of Versailles.

1923: Economic crisis in Germany.

1929: The Great Economic Depression started.

1932: The Nazi Party became the largest party in the German Parliament.

1933: Hilter was made Chancellor of Germany.

1939: Germany invaded Poland, Second World War began.

1940: Hitler was at the height of his power.

1941: The USA joined Second World War.

1945: Allied victory in Europe, Hitler was defeated.

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Nazism And The Rise Of Hitler Class 9 Social Science 

biography of hitler in english class 9

We provide you with the best resources related to the social science history lesson 3 Nazism and the rise of Hitler. In this article, we will talk about the birth of the Weimar Republic, the rise of Hitler, and the consequent changes related to this. We will also highlight the policy of the Nazis and its effects on the minds of youth and women . These will help the students take hold of the concepts and prepare for their exams. it will hone your concepts, and you will be able to get the gist of the lesson Nazism And The Rise Of Hitler Class 9.   

Nazism And The Rise Of Hitler Class 9: Introduction

Birth of the weimar republic.

In the early years of the twentieth century, Germany fought the First World War (1914-1918) alongside the Austrian empire and against the Allies (England, France and Russia.).   The war drained out all their wealth and led them to debt.. Germany got hold of France and Belgium. With the US entry, Germany and the central powers lost the war. At Weimar, the National Assembly met and established a democratic constitution with a federal structure. The War Guilt Clause held Germany responsible for the war and damages the Allied countries suffered. The Allied armies occupied Rhineland in the 1920s.

The Effects of the War

The entire continent was devastated by the war both psychologically and financially.  Heavy expenses on the defense caused them to pay off the debts as soon as possible. Socialists, Catholics and Democrats, supported the Weimar Republic, and they were mockingly called the ‘November criminals. The First World War left a deep imprint on European society and polity. Soldiers are placed above civilians, but unfortunately, soldiers live a miserable life. Democracy was a young and fragile idea for them; it was at its infant stage and could not be understood by the german people. 

Political Radicalism and Economic Crises

They crushed the uprising with the help of a war veterans organization called Free Corps. Communists and Socialists became enemies. Political radicalization was heightened by the economic crisis of 1923. When Germany refused to pay, France occupied its leading industrial area, Ruhr, to claim their coal. The image of Germans carrying cartloads of currency notes to buy a loaf of bread was widely publicized evoking worldwide sympathy. This crisis came to be known as hyperinflation, a situation when prices rise phenomenally high.

The Years of Depression

The years between 1924 and 1928 saw some stability. But it was short term as soon as the great depression hit the USA, they withdrew all support.  The national income of the USA fell by half, and all were shut down till the recession. The economy of Germany was the worst hit. Workers became jobless and went on streets with placards saying, ‘Willing to do any work. Youth indulge themselves in criminal activities. The middle class and small businessmen were filled with the anxiety of being reduced to the working class ranks or unemployment. Politically also the Weimar Republic was fragile. 

Inherent defects of the Weimar republic

The Weimar constitution’s inherent defects made it unstable and vulnerable to dictatorship . One inherent defect was proportional representation. Another defect was Article 48, which gave the President the powers to impose an emergency, suspend civil rights, and rule by decree.

Hitler’s Rise to Power

  • Hitler was born in 1889 in Austria and spent his youth in poverty.  During the first world war he joined as a messenger and also earned a medal for his valor.Hitler joined a small group called the German Workers’ Party in 1919.
  •  He renamed the organization the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, later known as the Nazi Party. 
  • The great depression gave him a chance to rise to power, so he planned to march Berlin by seizing Bavaria in 1923.. During the Great Depression, Nazism became a mass movement. 
  • After 1929, banks collapsed, businesses shut down, workers lost their jobs and the middle classes were threatened with destitution. In such a situation, people saw hope in Hitler and called him a messiah. He showed them hopes of better tomorrow. 
  • Hitler possessed the gift of the gab and his words moved people. In his speech, he promised to build a strong nation, undo the injustice o f the Versailles Treaty and restore the dignity of the German people. 
  • He promised employment for the youth and gave them hope for a better future. He also promised to nip off the bud who conspired against Germany.
  • Hitler started following a new style of politics, and his followers held big rallies and public meetings to demonstrate support. 
  • According to the Nazi propaganda, Hitler was called a messiah, a savior, who cab heal their wounds of all distress. 

Nazism And The Rise Of Hitler Class 9:The Enabling Act Of 1933

President Hindenburg offered the Chancellorship, on 30 January 1933, the highest position in the cabinet of ministers, to Hitler. On 3 March 1933, the famous Enabling Act was passed, establishing  a dictatorship in Germany . The state took control of everything from the economy to the judiciary. Apart from the already existing regular police in green uniform and the SA or the Storm Troopers, these included the Gestapo (secret state police), the SS (the protection squads), criminal police and the Security Service (SD).

Reconstruction of Economy 

To recover the ailments of the economy he gave the responsibility to Hjalmer Sacht who promised full employment and full production through state fund work programs. This project produced the famous German superhighways and the people’s car, the Volkswagen. Hitler ruled out the League of Nations in 1933, reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936, and again merged  Austria and Germany in 1938 under the slogan, One people, One empire and One leader . Schacht was removed by the hitler as he advised him as the state was running on huge deficits. 

The Nazi Worldview

According to the Nazi ideologies, they all follow different practices. There was no question of equality but he believed in the racial hierarchy propounded by Charles darwin and herbert spencer. 

They wanted the most potent race to survive as he wanted to lead german with the most vital race. He wished and wanted to perish all others. Hitler considered the Aryan race superior; all others were primitive and needed to be thrown out. 

He also wanted to extend its territories by moving eastwards to concentrate all germans at one place and not to be distributed here and there.  

Establishment of the Racial State

 Nazi came to power and wanted to create a community of pure Germans. He wanted that only healthy and pure nordic Aryans should rule the Germans and only they are needed. Under the Euthanasia Programme, Helmuth’s father was engaged in giving death to many Germans who were considered mentally or physically unfit. 

Germany occupied Poland and parts of Russia, captured civilians, and forced them to work as slave labor. Jews remained the worst sufferers in Nazi Germany. Hitler hated Jews based on pseudoscientific theories of race. From 1933 to 1938, the Nazis terrorized, pauperized and segregated the Jews, compelling them to leave the country.

The Racial Utopia

Genocide and war became two sides of the same coin. Poland was divided and much of north-western Poland was annexed to Germany.

 They were forced to leave their country, and many were killed in the concentration camps.  Polish children who looked like Aryans were given to foster families after being examined by race experts. 

Youth in Nazi Germany

Hitler was interested in the youth as he believed that posterity can lead Germany to its zenith. He started playing with their young, innocent minds.

He added Nazi policies and its justification in the school books and curriculum. Jews were not allowed to sit and talk with the Aryans. 

Children were taught to loyal, polite toward Hitler and hate jews and, gypsies and other race. The spirit of nationalism was inculcated in them through youth organizations. 

The boys needed to join Nazi Youth Organisation and were taught to worship their ideas and Hitler. They were also taught to hate the other races.

At the age of 18 they also needed to join the labor service and serve in the army to enter one of the Nazi Organisations. 

The Nazi Cult of Motherhood

In Nazi Germany, children were told women were different from men. Boys were taught to be aggressive, masculine and steel hearted and girls were told to become good mothers and rear pure-blooded Aryan children. 

Girls had to maintain the purity of the race, distance from Jews, look after their home and teach their children Nazi values. But all mothers were not treated equally. Honors Crosses were awarded to those who encouraged women to produce more children. Bronze cross for four children, silver for six, and gold for eight or more. 

Women who maintained contact with Jews, Poles, and Russians were paraded through the town with shaved heads, blackened faces, and placards hanging around their necks announcing ‘I have sullied the honor of the nation’.

The Art of Propaganda

Nazis termed mass killings as special treatment, final solution (for the Jews), euthanasia (for the disabled) , selection, and disinfection. ‘Evacuation’ meant deporting people to gas chambers. Gas chambers were labeled as ‘‘disinfection-areas’, and looked like bathrooms equipped with fake showerheads. 

They spread their ideas through visual images, films, radio, posters, catchy slogans, and leaflets. Orthodox Jews were stereotyped and marked and were referred as inferiors. The Nazis made equal efforts to appeal to all the different sections of the population. They sought to win their support by suggesting that Nazis alone could solve all their problems.

Ordinary People and the Crimes Against Humanity

Soon people also spoke his language and supported his ideas, might be due to fear or through their own rationale. They started feeling hate towards jews and other races. They all believed that Hitler and the Nazi party would make them happy and sort out their problems. 

Some still believed that Hitler was wrong and he was doing a big crime against humanity, like Pastor Niemoeller protested against brutal and organized crimes committed in the Nazi empire. Charlotte Beradt’ s book called the Third Reich of Dreams describes how Jews themselves began believing in the Nazi stereotypes about them. They started believing that they were inferior and bad. 

Knowledge about the Holocaust

When the war ended with the defeat of Germany, Jews wanted the world to know how much they all had suffered due to Nazi killing operations, which they termed as Holocaust. 

When they lost the war, petrol was distributed to the officials to destroy the evidence, if any left.  

Ncert Solutions For Class 9th Nazism And The Rise Of Hitler

Q1. describe the problems faced by the weimar republic.                                           .

  • A National Assembly met at Weimar and established a democratic constitution with a federal structure. Deputies were now elected to the German Parliament or Reichstag, based on equal and universal votes cast by all adults, including women.
  • However, it was not received well by its people largely because of the terms it was forced to accept after Germany’s defeat at the end of the First World War.
  • The peace treaty at Versailles with the Allies was a harsh and humiliating peace. Germany lost its overseas colonies, a tenth of its population. 
  • The Allied Powers demilitarised Germany to weaken its power. The War Guilt Clause held Germany responsible for the war and damages the Allied countries suffered. Germany was forced to pay compensation amounting to £6 billion.
  • The Allied armies also occupied the resource-rich Rhineland for much of the 1920s. Many Germans held the new Weimar Republic responsible for not only the defeat in the war but the disgrace at Versailles.

Q2. Discuss why Nazism became popular in Germany by 1930?

  • The great depression gave Hitler a chance to rise to power, so he planned to march Berlin by seizing Bavaria in 1923. During the Great Depression, Nazism became a mass movement. 
  • After 1929, banks collapsed, businesses shut down, workers lost their jobs, and the middle classes were threatened with destitution. In such a situation, people saw hope in Hitler and called him the messiah. He showed them hopes of better tomorrow. 

Question 3. What are the peculiar features of Nazi thinking?

According to the Nazi ideologies, they all follow a different set of practices. There was no question of equality, but he believed in the racial hierarchy propounded by Charles darwin and herbert spencer. 

They wanted the most potent race to survive as he wanted to lead german with the most vital race. He wished and wanted to perish all others.

Hitler considered the Aryan race superior; all others were primitive and needed to be thrown out. 

He also wanted to extend its territories by moving eastwards to concentrate all germans in one place and not to be distributed here and there.  

However, his ideas were used by racist thinkers and politicians to justify imperial rule over conquered peoples.  The Nazi argument was simple: the most vital race would survive and the weak ones would perish.  The Aryan race was the finest. It had to retain its purity, become more robust and dominate the world. He also wanted to acquire the lebensraum so that all Germans could be at one place so for this he tried to move eastward to imperialize. 

Question 4. Explain why Nazi propaganda was effective in creating a hatred for Jews.

  • They used the words very cunningly to deceive the media and never used straight words like murder or kill in their official communications.
  • Mass killings were also termed as final solutions or euthanasia. The word evacuation means taking people to gas chambers. They used the media by catchy slogans and films and documentaries to avoid them. They also showed socialists and liberals weak and enemies to them. 
  • Jews’ homes were marked, and they were shown as inferior with long beards wearing kaftans and mocked their outer appearance. They were termed rodents, vermin and stereotyped in many ways as possible. 
  • Nazism played with people’s emotions and used this to turn them against each other. They made equal appealing efforts to win their support and showed themselves as their savior. 

Question 5. Explain what role women had in Nazi society. Return to Chapter 1 on the French Revolution. Write a paragraph comparing and contrasting the role of women in the two periods.

  • Children in Nazi Germany were repeatedly told that women were radically different from men. The fight for equal rights for men and women that had become part of democratic struggles everywhere was wrong and it would destroy society.
  • While boys were taught to be aggressive, masculine and steel-hearted, girls were told that they had to become good mothers and rear pure-blooded Aryan children.
  • Girls had to maintain the purity of the race, distance themselves from Jews, look after the home, and teach their children Nazi values. They had to be the bearers of the Aryan culture and race.
  • Women who bore racially undesirable children were punished and those who produced racially desirable children were awarded.
  • All ‘Aryan’ women who deviated from the prescribed code of conduct were publicly condemned and severely punished.  Those who maintained contact with Jews, Poles, and Russians were paraded through the town with shaved heads, blackened faces, and placards hanging around their necks announcing ‘I have sullied the honor of the nation’. 
  • Many received jail sentences and lost civic honor and their husbands and families for this ‘criminal offense’. This scenario was completely different from the role of women in the French Revolution, where women played essential roles in many movements. They fought for equal rights and wages. 

Question 6. In what ways did the Nazi state seek to establish total control over its people?

  • On 3 March 1933, the famous Enabling Act was passed . This Act established a dictatorship in Germany. It gave Hitler all powers to sideline Parliament and rule by decree.
  •  All political parties and trade unions were banned except for the Nazi Party and its affiliates. The state established complete control over the economy, media, army and judiciary.
  • Special surveillance and security forces were created to control and order society in ways that the Nazis wanted. Apart from the already existing regular police in green uniform and the SA or the Storm Troopers, these included the Gestapo (secret state police), the SS (the protection squads), criminal police, and the Security Service (SD). 
  • The extra-constitutional powers of these newly organized forces gave the Nazi state its reputation as the most dreaded criminal state. 
  • People could now be detained in Gestapo torture chambers, rounded up and sent to concentration camps, deported at will, or arrested without any legal procedures. The police forces acquired powers to rule with impunity.

Nazism And The Rise Of Hitler Class 9 Map Work 

Major Countries of Second World War

biography of hitler in english class 9

Q1. On the outline map of the world, locate and label the countries that were Axis Powers in the Second World War.

biography of hitler in english class 9

Q2. On the outline map of Europe, certain features are marked. These are the countries that were once territories under German expansion. Identify them.

biography of hitler in english class 9

Q3. On the outline map of Europe, certain features are marked. These are the countries that were once territories under German expansion. Identify them.

biography of hitler in english class 9

In the above article, we have provided you with the Ncert Solutions For Class 9th Nazism And The Rise Of Hitler and short but detailed notes on Nazism And The Rise Of Hitler Class 9. Students can get help and clarify their concepts after they review these notes and answers. We also did map work to help them know the geographical view and the lesson’s events. 

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NCERT Solutions For Class 9 History Social Science Chapter 3: Nazism and the Rise of Hitler

Ncert book solutions for class 9 history chapter 3 – cbse term ii free pdf download.

NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History Chapter 3 help students understand the historical events given in the chapter in an easy way. In September 1919, Hitler rose to power in Germany when he joined the political party, then known as the Deutsche Arbeiterpartei – DAP (German Workers’ Party). In 1920, the name was changed to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei – NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers’ Party, commonly known as the Nazi Party). One of the best ways to understand the topics of History is by solving the NCERT Solutions of Class 9 History Chapter 3. The solutions provided here will help you to understand the significance of the topics. With our solutions, you will be able to grasp the connections between various events in History.

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  • Chapter 2 Socialism In Europe And The Russian Revolution
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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 History Chapter 3 – Nazism and the Rise of Hitler

The solutions for Chapter 3, Nazism and the Rise of Hitler are given below. Students should also check NCERT Solutions for Class 9 for other subjects.

1. Describe the problems faced by the Weimar Republic.

The defeat of Imperial Germany at the hands of the Allied powers in World War I led to the abdication of the emperor Wilhelm II. This gave an opportunity to parliamentary parties to recast the German polity.

Thus, a National Assembly met at the town of Weimar to form a republic with a democratic constitution and a federal structure. But this newborn republic was not well received by its own people for the following reasons:

(I) The Allied powers imposed a harsh and humiliating treaty at Versailles, which squarely placed the blame of starting World War I on Germany’s soldiers. It was the Weimar Republic that signed the treaty much to the displeasure of the German populace.

(II) Germany lost all of its overseas colonies and a tenth of its population, along with 75% of its iron and 26% of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania.

(III) The War Guilt Clause held Germany responsible for the war and the subsequent damage it caused in the Allied nations. They were forced to pay compensation of £6 billion in total. Due to the loss of most of its revenue-generating colonies, Germany was unable to repay the amount.

(IV) Due to the failure to pay compensation, the Allied Armies occupied the resource-rich Rhineland for a time. The Weimar Republic reacted to this by printing paper currency in large numbers to pay off the huge debt. This led to hyperinflation and the eventual collapse of the economy.

(V) Coupled with the humiliation of a foreign power occupying German territory and economic collapse, the German public held the new Weimar Republic responsible for the defeat in World War I and accepting the disgrace at Versailles.

2. Discuss why Nazism became popular in Germany by 1930.

The end of World War I had changed the political landscape of Germany. Right from the beginning, the infant Weimar Republic was beset by problems.

(I) The harsh Versailles Treaty was a serious blow to the national prestige of the Germans and to the economy.

(II) The economic situation was worsened by the Great Depression of 1929, which had severely affected the already fragile German economy. The inability of the Weimar Republic to remedy the situation only further inflamed public sentiments.

(III) The political scenario was not any better as the various political factions, such as the communists and socialists fought with each other that stalled any policy that would uplift the plight of the German people.

(IV) It was in this background that Hitler would organise the fledgling National Socialist German Worker’s party, otherwise known as the Nazi party into a mass movement.

(V) By implementing Nazi ideals, Hitler promised to undo the injustice of the Versailles treaty and restore the dignity of the German people, promising economic security and to build a strong German nation free from all foreign influences and ‘conspiracies’.

(VI) He found strong support among the German middle class, who were threatened with destitution due to economic collapse that had shut down banks, businesses and factories.

(VII) Nazi propaganda, along with Hitler’s powerful oratory skills, successfully portrayed Hitler as a saviour and Nazism as the means to deliver the German people from the distress of living in a time of acute economic and political crisis.

3. What are the peculiar features of Nazi thinking?

The Nazi thinking was synonymous with Hitler’s world view. The features of such thinking are as follows:

(I) There was no equality among the human race, only a racial hierarchy – with the blonde, blue-eyed, Nordic German Aryans being at the top and the Jews being placed at the bottom level. All the other coloured people were placed somewhere in between, depending on their external features.

(II) The other aspect of Nazi ideology was the concept of Lebensraum or living space. It was believed that new territories had to be acquired at the expense of the local population in order to enhance material resources and the power of the German nation.

(III) They believed in the survival of the fittest, which was a twisted version of Charles Darwin theory about natural selection. In their version, they believed that the strongest race would survive, while the weak would perish.

(IV) Nazi thinking put much emphasis on ‘racial purity’. This meant that anyone born with physical and mental disabilities was considered ‘undesirable’ and impure. Allowing their existence would only pollute the German race and hence they had no right to exist. Along with Jews, Gypsies, Slavic and blacks were all considered subhuman and executed in large numbers under the shadow of World War II.

(V) Nazis believed in war and aggression. Any notion of peace or related ideologies were considered weak by their standards. They believed that world domination through war justified in proving the superiority of the German race.

4. Explain why Nazi propaganda was effective in creating a hatred for Jews.

The Nazis were quite effective in using propaganda to great effect. They made propaganda films to fan hatred for Jews with the most infamous being The Eternal Jew . Orthodox Jews were stereotyped and marked. They were shown with flowing beards, wearing kaftans and were referred to as rats and vermin who fed off good Germans.

Jews were also blamed for Germany’s defeat in World War I, despite the fact that a large number of them served with distinction in the conflict. The propaganda by the Nazis effectively worked on the minds of the people, making use of the centuries of anti-Semitic feelings and tapping their emotions. This turned their hatred and anger at those who were blamed for all of Germany’s past and present ills. And the Nazis would be the remedy for these ‘ills’

5. Explain the role of women in Nazi society. Return to Chapter 1 on the French Revolution. Write a paragraph comparing and contrasting the role of women in the two periods.

Women in Nazi society were relegated to housewives who were charged with upholding the honour of the German race by limiting contacts with ‘undesirables’ and raising as many pure-blooded children as possible. Those who conformed to this role were given favoured treatment in hospitals, concessions in shops, theatre tickets and railway fares. Despite Hitler’s statement on ‘women being the most important citizen’, it did not apply to every woman. Especially those who deviated from Nazi ideology. Those that did, risked public humiliation, loss of civic honour, loss of family, jail sentence and even death.

This was in total contrast to the role of women in the French Revolution, where women led movements and fought for the right to education and the right to equal wages as men. They could not be forced to marry against their will. They could also train for jobs, become artists or run small businesses. Schooling was made compulsory for them, and they could even hold property.

6. In what ways did the Nazi state seek to establish total control over its people?

President of the Weimar Republic Paul Von Hindenburg made Hitler the chancellor of Germany. Shortly after, a mysterious fire broke out in the Reichstag, the parliament building of Germany. Blaming the act of arson on communists and other ‘enemy of the state, Hitler passed the First Fire decree in 1933 which suspended the civic rights like freedom of speech, press and freedom of assembly. Thus, Hitler effectively started controlling the German population. Other measures he undertook to systematically dismantle democracy in Germany were the following:

(I) ‘The Enabling Act’ was passed, which gave all powers to Hitler to sideline the parliament and rule by decree.

(ll) All political parties, with the exception of the Nazi Party, were banned. The members of these banned parties were either imprisoned, exiled or assassinated.

(III) The communists were eradicated, with the remaining members being sent to concentration camps.

(IV) Special security forces such as the SA, SS, SD and Gestapo were created to control and order society in ways that the Nazis wanted. These organisations were given extra-judicial powers.

(V) In schools, children were taught to be loyal and submissive. They were also taught to hate Jews and worship Hitler, thus cultivating a personality cult in the process.

(VI) Nazi youth organizations, the like ‘Jungvolk’ and ‘Hitler Youth’ were created, where the youth were taught to hate democracy, communism, Jews and other ‘undesirables’.

Nazism and the Rise of Hitler Summary

The NCERT Class 9 India and the Contemporary World – II Chapter 3 talks about the following topics:

1. Birth of the Weimar Republic

  • The Effects of the War
  • Political Radicalism and Economic Crises
  • The Years of Depression

2. Hitler’s Rise to Power

  • The Destruction of Democracy
  • Reconstruction

3. The Nazi Worldview

  • Establishment of the Racial State
  • The Racial Utopia

4. Youth in Nazi Germany

  • The Nazi Cult of Motherhood
  • The Art of Propaganda

5. Ordinary People and the Crimes Against Humanity

  • Knowledge about the Holocaust

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Nazism and the Rise of Hitler

Nazism and the Rise of Hitler - NCERT Guide History Class 9

After the defeat of the imperial Germany at the end of the First World War, King Kaiser William II fled to Holland to save his life. Taking this opportunity, the Parliamentary Parties met at Weimer and established a Republic on November 1918 popularly known as Weimer Republic. This Republic was not received well by the Germans mainly because of the terms which the Republic was forced to accept by the Allied Forces after German’s defeat in the First World War. The Republic had to face many problems, some of which are given below:-

  • The Republic was forced to sign a peace treaty at Versailles in June 1919. The terms and conditions of this peace treaty were too harsh and humiliating. According to this treaty Germany lost its overseas colonies, 13percent of its territories, 75 percent of its iron and 26 percent of its coal reserves. Also the Allied Powers demilitarized Germany to weaken its powers. So, this Republic was defamed and became unpopular among its own people from the very beginning.
  • Germany had to agree to pay huge war compensation to 6 billion pounds to the Allied Countries. With all its resources, the Republic could never pay such a huge amount and so, many Germans held the new Weimer Republic responsible for agreeing to these conditions.
  • Because of its weak position, those who supported the republic like - Socialists, Catholics, Democrats became easy targets of attack in the Conservative Nationalist Circles.
  • Because of the opposition of the Allied Powers, Germans could not become a member of the League of Nations till 1925. Such a thing created most resentment in Germany and particularly for the Weimer Republic.
  • Germany had fought the war largely on loans and had to pay war reparations in gold. With the depleted gold reserves, scarce resources and crippled economic conditions the Republic was no more able to pay war compensations. Under this situation the new Republic had to face a tough opposition from the neighbouring countries as they occupied its leading industrial area, Ruhr to claim the coal reserves.
  • All in all there was devastation, starvation, unemployment, total despair among the youth and humiliation everywhere. The country was passing through a situation of hyperinflation and the Republic failed to solve the economic problems of the people. Last but not the least; the German economy was the worst hit by the world-wide economic crisis of 1929 - 1933. So, the Weimer Republic had to face too many difficulties since its inception. Indeed the Republic was too young and vulnerable to survive so many problems within and outside the country and ultimately, it failed when Hitler sealed its fate in 1933.

The story of the Rise of Nazism in Germany is not limited to a few specific events or causes. It is the result of the working of an elaborate and frightening system which operated at different levels. Nevertheless, some of the main causes of the Rise and Popularity of Nazism in Germany can be mentioned as follows:

  • Treaty of Versailles: Germany was forced to sign a peace treaty at Versailles after her defeat in the First World War. This treaty was so harsh and humiliating for the Germans which they could not accept by heart and ultimately led to the rise of Hitler’s Nazism in Germany. Because of the various terms of this treaty Germany had to sacrifice much of its territories, colonies, natural resources, military power and also had to pay huge war compensation. This created a feeling of sheer dissatisfaction among the people of Germany who visualized Hitler of the Nazi Party as the symbol of revival of the lost glories of Germany.
  • Economic Crises: The Nazis did not have much popularity until the early 1930s. The German economy was the worst hit by the by the world-wide economic crisis of 1929 - 1933. The country was passing through a situation of hyperinflation. It was during this period of Great Depression when Nazism became a mass movement.
  • Political Turmoil: There were many political parties in Germany such as Nationalists, Royalists, Communists, Social Democrats etc. although none of them was enjoying majority in the democratic government. The Party strife was at its peak. This along with various other crises within the country continuously weakened the Republic government and ultimately giving an opportunity to the Nazis to capture the power.
  • Germany had no faith in Democracy: After the defeat of Germany at the end of the First World War, ‘Democracy’ was totally new for the Germans. They had no faith in Parliamentary institutions. Democracy was indeed a young and fragile idea, which could not survive the various problems which were prevailing in Germany at that time. People preferred prestige and glory to liberty and freedom. They supported Hitler whole-heartedly as he got the ability to fulfill their dreams.
  • Failure of Weimar Republic: After the defeat in the First World War and Versailles Treaty there was devastation, starvation, unemployment, total despair among the youth and complete confusion everywhere in Germany. Weimar Republic failed to solve the economic crises of the country. This provided a golden opportunity for the Nazis to launch a campaign in its favour.
  • Hitler’s Personality: Hitler was a powerful speaker, an able organizer, resourceful person and a man of actions. He could mobilize the mass in his favour by his passionate words. He promised to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the Versailles Treaty and restore the dignity of the German people. In fact, his personality and actions contributed maximum to the popularity of Nazism in Germany.

After the defeat in the First World War Germany had to sign a harsh and humiliating treaty with the Allies. The treaty multiplied the problems an already defeated Germany many times and also a political uncertainty in the country. As a result, Hitler rose to the power. He set up the Nazi party and succeeded in capturing the power and establishing the dictatorship of the Nazi party in Germany. The dictatorial rule of the Nazi party under the leadership of Hitler is termed as Nazism. Nazi ideology was synonymous with Hitler’s worldview. The chief features of Nazi thinking were as under:

  • The state is above all. All powers should be vested in the State. People exist for the State, not the State for the people.
  • It was in favour of ending all types of parliamentary institutions and glorified the rule of a great leader
  • It was in favour of crushing all types of party formations and opposition.
  • It was in favour of rooting out liberalism, socialism and communism.
  • It preached hatred for the Jews whom they thought, were responsible for the economic misery of the Germans.
  • The Nazi party considered Germany superior to all other nations and wanted to have her influence all over the world.
  • It wanted to mobilize the private and State efforts for her development of agriculture and industries etc.
  • It wanted to denounce the disgracing Treaty of Versailles.
  • It extolled war and glorified the use of force.
  • It aimed at increasing the German Empire and acquiring all the colonies snatched away from her.
  • It dreamt of creating a Racial State of ‘Pure Germans’ or ‘Nordic Aryans’ by eliminating all others who were undesirable to them.

Soon after assuming power in Germany in 1933 Hitler launched a vicious propaganda against the Jews which proved quite successful in creating hatred for the Jews. Some of the reasons for the success of the propaganda against the Jews were the following:

  • Hitler had already created a niche for himself in the minds of German people who began to consider him as their Messiah. They used to believe Hitler just by his words. Thus, the personality cult created by Hitler did all the wonder and the Nazi propaganda against the Jews proved successful.
  • The traditional Christian hatred for the Jews, because they were accused to have killed Christ, was fully exploited by the Nazis in order to make the Germans pre-judicial against Jews.
  • The Nazis used the language and media effectively with great care. The racial theory put forward by the Nazis that the Jews belonged to a lower race and as such were undesirable.
  • The Nazis injected hatred against the Jews even in the minds of the children from the very beginning during the days of their schooling. The teachers who were Jews were dismissed and Jews children were thrown out of the schools. Such methods and new ideological training to the new generation of children went a long way in making the Nazi’s propaganda quite effective in creating hatred for the Jews.
  • Propaganda films were made to create hatred for the Jews. Orthodox Jews were stereotyped and marked. For example, one such film was‘The Eternal Jew’

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Nazism and the Rise of Hitler Summary Notes Key Points Class 9

  • Post last modified: 20 February 2022
  • Post category: Class 9 SST Notes

A short Summary of ‘Nazism and the rise of Hitler’ is given here for class 9 students. The key points are given under proper headings. This summary will help revise the chapter in a short period of time.

GERMANY IN WORLD WAR–I

  • The First World War was fought between Germany, the Austrian empire and Turkey (Central powers) against the Allies (England, France and Russia).
  • They all joined the war assuming a quick gain and a quick victory.
  • France and Belgium were occupied by Germany resulting in initial gains for it.
  • But soon after USA joined the War (in 1917), the situation turned around.
  • In 1918, the First World War was won by the Allies by defeating Germany and the Central powers.

THE BIRTH OF THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC

  • After the defeat of Germany in the First World War and the abdication of the king, the German polity was rebuilt.
  • Proportional representation. This created problem for any one party to gain majority, leading to a rule by coalition
  • Article 48, which gave the President the powers to impose emergency, suspended civil rights and rule by decree.
  • The Weimar Republic dissolved about 20 times by the President within a span of 239 days. Due to this democratic parliamentary system, crisis in the economy, polity and society leading to the rise of Hitler to power.

TREATY OF VERSAILLES

  • Signed between Germany and the Allied Powers (England, France and Russia)
  • Germany lost all its overseas colonies, a tenth of its population and 13% of its territories.
  • 26% of its coal mines and 75% of its iron mines were given to France, Poland, Denmark and Lithuania.
  • To weaken its powers, the allied powers demilitarised Germany.
  • The resource rich Rhineland of Germany was occupied by the Allied armies.
  • Germany was held responsible for the First World War and the damages suffered by the Allied countries. Due to this reason, Germany was forced to pay compensation of £6 billion.

EFFECTS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR ON GERMANY

Social Effects

Due to the harsh impact of the war, the soldiers were placed above civilians. There was great stress laid on for men to be aggressive, strong and masculine by the political leaders and media. Aggressive war propaganda and national honour resulted in popular support for conservative dictatorship

Political Effects

The birth of Weimar Republic coincided with the revolutionary uprising of the Spartacist League. Soviet –style of government was demanded in Berlin. But the uprising was suppressed with the help of war veterans’ organisation known as ‘Free Corps’.

Economic Crisis (Hyperinflation)

Germany fought the First World War mainly on loans and later had to repay it in gold. This resulted in depletion of gold reserves. As Germany refused to pay the loan in 1923, in return France occupied its leading industrial area, Ruhr. Germany began printing paper currency recklessly and this resulted in over circulation of the paper currency, due to which the value of German mark fell. This came to be known as hyperinflation, a situation when prices rose phenomenally high

HITLER’S WORLD VIEW

  • According to his views, there was a racial hierarchy that followed and no equality between people.
  • Hitler considered Blacks, Gypsies and Jews as racial inferiors. They were persecuted on a wide scale.
  • He wanted a society consisting of only pure and healthy Nordic Aryans.
  • In his views, blond, blue-eyed, Nordic German Aryans were at the top, while Jews were located at the lowest rung. They came to be regarded as an anti-race, the arch-enemies of the Aryans.
  • Another ideology of Hitler was Lebensraum, i.e. living space. He believed that new territories had to be acquired for settlement. This would widen the area of his motherland and their resources.
  • But the worst sufferers were the Jews. They were stereotyped as killers of Christ and usurers by the Nazis. They were made to live in separately marked areas known as ghettos. Concentration camps and gas chambers were built to execute them on a larger scale

YOUTH OF NAZI GERMANY

  • The teachers who were Jews or seen as politically unreliable were dismissed from the job. In Nazi terms the schools were cleansed and purified.
  • The children of German and Jews were segregated. They were not allowed to sit or play together anymore. And soon the physically handicapped, Gypsies and Jews were thrown out of the school as they were considered as undesirable The German children went through an ideological training in Nazi schools. Where school textbooks were re-written, radical science was introduced to justify Nazi ideas of race. Stereotypes about Jews were popularised.
  • The ideologies of Nazis included the hatred towards Jews and worshipping Hitler and to be loyal and submissive towards him.
  • Even the function of sports was utilised to make children iron hearted, strong and masculine.
  • Youth Organisations were responsible for educating German youth in the spirit of National Socialism. Ten-year-olds had to enter Jung Volk.
  • At 14, all boys had to join the Nazi youth organization called Hitler Youth, where they learnt to worship war, glorify aggression and violence, condemn democracy, and hate Jews, communists, Gypsies and all those categorised as undesirable.

NAZI PROPAGANDA

  • The Nazi regime were careful of using language and media. They never used the word kill or murder in their official communications. Mass killing were termed as special treatment, final solution, euthanasia, selection and disinfections.
  • Media won the support and helped in popularising their worldview. Nazi ideas were spread through visual images, films, radio, posters, catchy slogans and leaflets.
  • The Germans, mocked, abused and stereotyped the group identities of their enemies in the posters. Socialists and liberals were represented as weak and degenerate.
  • Orthodox Jews were shown with flowing beards wearing kaftans. They were referred to as vermin, rats and pests. Their movements were compared to those of rodents.

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Timeline - Concepts - Chapter 3 Class 9 History - Nazism and the Rise of Hitler - History

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    The economic crisis created deep anxiety and fears in people. Since the Weimar Republic failed to manage this crisis; people lost confidence in the democratic parliamentary system. 6. All this formed the background of Hitler's rise to power. The German defeat horrified Hitler and the Versailles Treaty made him furious.

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  16. NCERT Solutions For Class 9 History Social Science Chapter 3: Nazism

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    Nazism and the Rise of Hitler - NCERT Guide History Class 9. Q1: Describe the problems faced by the Weimer Republic. View Answer. Q2: Discuss why Nazism became popular in Germany in 1930. View Answer.

  18. Nazism and the Rise of Hitler Summary Notes Key Points Class 9

    The ideologies of Nazis included the hatred towards Jews and worshipping Hitler and to be loyal and submissive towards him. Even the function of sports was utilised to make children iron hearted, strong and masculine. Youth Organisations were responsible for educating German youth in the spirit of National Socialism.

  19. Class 9 History

    Class 9 Social Science; Class 9 English; Class 10. Class 10 Maths; Class 10 Science; Class 10 Social Science; Class 10 English; ... Hitler's Rise to Power ... Chapter 3 Class 9 History - Nazism and the Rise of Hitler - History Last updated at Sept. 15, 2023 by Teachoo.