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3 key differences between white papers and scientific papers.

by Erica Mitchell | November 3 2021 | Research | 4 Comments

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On the surface, commercial white papers and scientific papers published in journals appear similar. They are both presented with an emphasis on narrative rather than design, so neither will have flashy artwork or photographs and statistics are presented in black and white tables or graphs. They are similar in length - from 6 to 12 pages, give or take. Both will have citations, either as footnotes or end notes, using current research from respected journals and thought leaders. Even the formatting will look similar, with section headings including a brief summary, background, analysis, and presentation of data. Looking behind the surface, however, reveal 3 important differences.

Difference #1: The Author

Commercial white papers are written by a company's in-house staff or by a freelance writer under contract. The writer meets with the marketing staff to discuss the information to be presented, to determine an angle, and set parameters on facts and messaging. The author may have a background in the topic or product, but this is not required. The entire process can take anywhere from 25 - 50 hours to complete, from planning to publication. Final editing and approval is granted by the sponsoring company. Ultimately, the white paper reflects directly on the company that sponsors it, not directly to the author.

This anonymity could not be further from the authorship of scientific journal articles. For these documents, the authors are not only responsible for the narrative, they are also the lead investigators in the study, the experts analyzing data for their peers in the scientific world. Their published work is inexorably tied to their names, their careers, and their professional legacy. Important publications will continue to be cited in future work, each citation listing their name and article. Journal authors also take complete responsibility for the content of their articles, presenting their data at conferences, answering questions for interviews, and providing additional materials to those researchers wanting to know more. Final approval for these publications is granted by a panel of peer editors as well as the journal editor, often after several rounds of edits and clarifications that can take up to a year - in addition to the months or years required for the study itself.

Difference #2: The Goal

The goal of the white paper is to direct the reader towards making a specific decision . In one definition of a white paper, this type of document is "a persuasive essay that uses facts and logic to promote a certain product, service, or viewpoint." The author directs the reader to a specific conclusion using carefully-selected facts and logic, all with the desired result of portraying the product, service, or viewpoint in the best possible light.

In contrast, an academic paper will present the results of a study in order to contribute to the body of scientific knowledge , "warts and all." That is to say, the author's goal is to put forward data with analysis that add to the scientific conversation, to help clarify a bigger picture, and hopefully encourage further research. The author will build a logical framework with evidence from previous work, while acknowledging opposing viewpoints or possible contradictions. Every scientific paper will contain clear mention of the study's strengths and weaknesses, and any concluding statements will be carefully phrased in order to remain open-ended and neutral.

Difference #3: The Results

If the goal of the white paper produced by a for-profit company is persuading the reader to reach a specific conclusion, then the desired result of that document is a sale by the company that sponsored it . A white paper may not contain a sales pitch, but its carefully crafted message is intended to guide the reader to a specific decision: Investment in the product being described.

For a scientific journal article, the goal is to add to the body of knowledge in a meaningful way. Evidence of the relevance of this contribution can be the citation of that work in future presentation and/or articles published in the same field. Authors of significant work may also benefit from career advancement, requests for presentations at conferences and symposia, and availability of granting opportunities to continue their research. These results may seem amorphous to the layperson, but contributing to the vast body of academic knowledge is the pursuit of every research scientist. Just as the teacher aims to awaken a love of learning in a student, or a doctor works to heal a patient, the research scientist hopes to add a brick to the growing foundation of scientific knowledge, knowing that the brick may be the keystone to even greater discoveries.

This is not to say that all scientific papers add meaningfully to the body of knowledge, nor that all white papers are devoid of scientific value. Not all scientific papers are devoid of corporate influence, with some companies investing in research that then is published in an academic journal (with full disclosures in the publication). And not all white papers are a part of a corporate sales funnel. There are white papers produced by non-profit organizations, including professional associations, that are also persuasive rather than neutral. (An example would be a white paper about climate change produced by an environmental non-profit agency.) In these cases, the goal is to present and defend a specific viewpoint with no direct sales or commercial interest in mind. Some of these types of white papers will be published by trade magazines, appear in conference proceedings, and even be cited in other literature. While they are not neutral per se, they are not commercial in intent.

Commercial white papers can be helpful. For a potential customer considering a product, it can present a lot of information and statistics in a streamlined form, help the reader convince others about their support of a product, and identify practical ways to decide whether or not the product is a good match for one's needs. It's important for readers to always keep in the back of their minds, however, that it is a marketing tool that may not present a complete picture. In an academic hierarchy , the scientific paper will be considered superior, since they are unbiased and peer-reviewed. Ideally, a consumer will use both white papers and scientific research to make the best decision for their needs.

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  Editor's Note: This post was originally published in December 2016 and has been updated for freshness, accuracy and comprehensiveness.

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Expert Commentary

White papers, working papers, preprints, journal articles: What’s the difference?

In this updated piece, we explain the most common types of research papers journalists will encounter, noting their strengths and weaknesses.

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License .

by Denise-Marie Ordway, The Journalist's Resource February 25, 2022

This <a target="_blank" href="https://journalistsresource.org/media/working-papers-research-articles/">article</a> first appeared on <a target="_blank" href="https://journalistsresource.org">The Journalist's Resource</a> and is republished here under a Creative Commons license.<img src="https://journalistsresource.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/cropped-jr-favicon-150x150.png" style="width:1em;height:1em;margin-left:10px;">

This tip sheet, originally published in May 2018, has been updated to include preprint research, a type of research featured often in news coverage of the coronavirus pandemic.

Journalists rely most often on four types of research in their work. White papers, working papers, preprints and peer-reviewed journal articles.

How are they different? And which is best?

Below, we explain each, pointing out its strengths and weaknesses. As always, we urge journalists to use care in selecting any research to ground their coverage and fact-check claims.

Peer-reviewed article

Peer-reviewed research — the kind that appears in academic journals and that we highlight here at The Journalist’s Resource — has undergone a detailed critique by scholars with expertise in the field. While peer-reviewed research is generally the most reliable, journalists should keep in mind that publication in a prestigious journal is no guarantee of quality and that no single university or research organization always does the best research on a given topic.

It is safe to assume, however, that articles published in top-tier journals have been reviewed and given a stamp of approval by a number of accomplished scholars. For journalists who are uncertain, we’ve put together a list of 13 questions  to ask to gauge the quality of a research article.

Keep in mind that not everything that appears in a scholarly journal has been peer reviewed. Journals publish various types of content, including book reviews, editorials, letters to the editor and, sometimes, even poetry.

Working paper

This broad category describes research papers that have not been peer reviewed or published in a journal. Working papers can be in various stages of completion. One might be ready for publication in a prestigious journal while another requires significant editing and other changes that could actually alter its main findings. Sometimes, working paper findings are so preliminary, authors will advise against citing their work .

Even so, working papers are a great way for journalists to gain access to new research quickly. The peer-review and publication process can take months to a year or longer, which means that by the time studies get published, their findings are sometimes not as useful or the data are old.

In choosing working papers, journalists should communicate with scholars about the progress of their research and how confident they are in their findings. It’s a good idea to seek corroboration from peer-reviewed research and to ask other researchers for help assessing a study.

A preprint is similar to a working paper in that it has not been vetted through a formal peer-review process. However, preprints tend to be more complete . Also, preprints submitted to public servers such as the Social Science Research Network and the health sciences server medRxiv get a cursory screening before they’re published online for public view.

Preprints, like academic journal articles, are assigned a Digital Object Identifier , or DOI, and become a permanent part of the scientific record.

White paper

A white paper is a report, often compiled by government agencies, businesses and nonprofit organizations, that outlines an issue and often explores possible solutions to a problem. For example, in November 2021, the federal Office of Community Oriented Policing Services released a white paper looking at factors that help or hinder law enforcement recruitment of Black Americans. Earlier in the year, the Advanced Technology Academic Research Center published a white paper on the American Rescue Plan ‘s widespread implications for government agencies.

In the business world, white papers also are used for marketing purposes — to describe a new product or approach, for instance, or diagnose a problem.

While a white paper can help journalists get up to speed quickly on an issue, it’s important to note some white papers advocate a specific position or policy change. Some rely on incomplete research or research that has not been peer reviewed.

Looking for more guidance on writing about research? Check out our tip sheets on covering biomedical research preprints amid the coronavirus and what journalists should know about peer review .

The Journalist’s Resource would like to thank Matthew Baum , the Marvin Kalb professor of global communications and professor of public policy at Harvard Kennedy School, for his help preparing this tip sheet.

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Denise-Marie Ordway

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White Paper: Purpose and Audience

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A white paper is a certain type of report that is distinctive in terms of purpose, audience, and organization. This resource will explain these issues and provide some other tips to enhance white paper content.

What is a White Paper?

Originally, the term white paper was used as shorthand to refer to an official government report, indicating that the document is authoritative and informative in nature. Writers typically use this genre when they argue a specific position or propose a solution to a problem, addressing the audience outside of their organization. Today, white papers have become popular marketing tools for corporations especially on the Internet since many potential customers search for information on the Web. Corporations use white papers to sell information or new products as solutions that would serve their customers' needs.

The Purpose of a White Paper

Typically, the purpose of a white paper is to advocate that a certain position is the best way to go or that a certain solution is best for a particular problem. When it is used for commercial purposes, it could influence the decision-making processes of current and prospective customers.

What Kind of Problems Do Readers Want to Solve?

The audience for a white paper can be the general public or multiple companies that seek solutions to their problems or needs. Typically, you will not know your audience personally, unlike when you write a recommendation report for your client. And yet, in order to persuade your audience, you need to focus on their needs. If you can address the problems that your readers want to solve, they will read your white paper for a solution. Otherwise, your white paper may not be read. It is important to emphasize your readers' interests rather than your interests, as shown in the example below:

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What Is a White Paper?

Purpose of a white paper, how to write a white paper.

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What Is a White Paper? Types, Purpose, and How To Write One

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and behavioral finance. Adam received his master's in economics from The New School for Social Research and his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in sociology. He is a CFA charterholder as well as holding FINRA Series 7, 55 & 63 licenses. He currently researches and teaches economic sociology and the social studies of finance at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

difference between essay and white paper

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A white paper is an informational document issued by a company or not-for-profit organization to promote or highlight the features of a solution, product, or service that it offers or plans to offer.

White papers are also used as a method of presenting government policies and legislation and gauging public opinion.

Key Takeaways

  • A white paper promotes a certain product, service, or methodology to influence current and prospective customer or investor decisions.
  • Three main types of white papers include backgrounders, numbered lists, and problem/solution white papers.
  • A white paper provides persuasive and factual evidence that a particular offering is a superior product or method of solving a problem.
  • White papers are commonly designed for business-to-business marketing purposes between a manufacturer and a wholesaler, or between a wholesaler and a retailer. 

White papers are sales and marketing documents used to entice or persuade potential customers to learn more about a particular product, service, technology, or methodology.

White papers are commonly designed for business-to-business (B2B) marketing purposes between a manufacturer and a wholesaler, or between a wholesaler and a retailer. It can provide an in-depth report or guide about a specific product or topic and is meant to educate its readers.

The facts presented in white papers are often backed by research and statistics from reliable sources and can include charts, graphs, tables, and other ways of visualizing data. A white paper can communicate an organization’s philosophy or present research findings related to an industry.

Types of White Papers

A startup , large corporation, or government agency will use white papers differently. There are three main types of white papers, including backgrounders, numbered lists, and problem/solution white papers.

Backgrounders detail the technical features of a new product or service. Designed to simplify complicated technical information, they are used to:

•Support a technical evaluation

•Launch a product

•Promote a product or industry leader

Numbered lists highlight the key takeaways of a new product or service, and are often formatted with headings and bullet points such as the following familiar format:

•3 Questions to Ask

•5 Things You Need to Know

Problem/solution papers identify specific problems faced by potential customers and suggest a data-driven argument about how a featured product or service provides a solution to:

•Generate new sales

•Educate salespeople on product characteristics

•Build industry interest.

White papers differ from other marketing materials, such as brochures. Brochures and traditional marketing materials might be flashy and obvious, but a white paper is intended to provide persuasive and factual evidence that solves a problem or challenge.

White papers are commonly at least 2,500 words in length and written in an academic style.

A white paper should provide well-researched information that is not found with a simple internet search and have a compelling narrative to keep the reader's attention. The author of a white paper should:

• Research and fully define the topic.

• Create an accurate outline of information.

• Write an attention-grabbing introduction.

• Format the paper for easy reading.

• Revise and proofread.

What Is an Example of a White Paper?

All of these documents, publicly available on Microsoft’s website, focus on aspects of the company's suite of cloud services. In contrast with brochures, these white papers don’t have a clear sales pitch. Instead, they dive into relevant topics, such as cloud security, hybrid clouds, and the economic benefits of adopting cloud computing.

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How Have New Industries Used White Papers?

Cryptocurrencies have also been known to publish white papers during initial coin offerings (ICOs) and frequently issued white papers to entice users and "investors" to their projects.

Bitcoin famously launched a few months after the pseudonymous Satoshi Nakamoto issued its famous white paper online in October 2008.

Why Is It Called a White Paper?

White Papers may have developed from the use of “Blue Papers” in 19th century Britain, where a Parliamentary report cover was blue. When a topic for the government was less serious, the blue cover was discarded and published with white covers. These reports were called White Papers. In the United States, the use of government white papers often means a background report or guidance on a specific issue.

A white paper is an informational document issued by a company, government agency, or not-for-profit organization to promote the features of a solution, product, or service that it offers or plans to offer. The facts presented in white papers are often backed by research and statistics from reliable sources and commonly written in one of three formats that include backgrounders, numbered lists, and problem/solution papers.

Copy Engineer. " The 3 Types of White Papers and When to Use Each One ."

Master Class. " How To Write a White Paper ."

Microsoft. " White Papers on the Cloud and Azure ."

difference between essay and white paper

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How to Write and Format a White Paper: The Definitive Guide

Mary Cullen

Table of Contents

What is a white paper, use and value, how to select a white paper topic:, white paper preparation, white paper format, final thoughts.

You’re ready to compile and share your company’s deep knowledge of your industry. A white paper seems like the perfect format. It’s a useful product to highlight your company’s expertise and a valuable tool in marketing.

But, how do you transform your knowledge into white paper content?

White papers are similar but distinct from business reports. In order to write a successful one, you need to understand the difference and include key elements. This article will help you decide if a white paper is right for you, and if yes, how to prepare and produce one.

To write a white paper, thoroughly research a topic and propose a comprehensive solution in a well-structured, factual, and persuasive document.

A white paper should include: 1. Title (accurate but enticing) 2. Abstract (including the Problem Statement) 3. Background (may be detailed and technical or broad and high-level, depending on audience) 4. Solution (the ‘ta-da’ moment of the white paper) 5. Conclusion (the summary of findings) 6. References (using correct industry format)

A white paper is an authoritative document intended to inform the reader on a particular topic fully. It combines expert knowledge and research into a document that argues for a specific solution or recommendation.

The white paper allows the reader to understand an issue, solve a problem, or make a decision.

White papers are data-centric, text-heavy business documents. Due to a large amount of data and research, white papers are deep reads and tend to have a formal tone.

Businesses write white papers both to record expertise and to market themselves to prospective customers.

White papers are generally written for an audience outside of the business. Therefore, they are a tool to attract readers to the company by offering top-quality, industry knowledge.

However, a white paper is not a sales pitch. It sells the company by highlighting the internal expertise and valuable recommendations, not by bidding for business.

Sales Pitch: 8 Ways ABC Marketing will save money on your social media budget

White paper: Social Media Advertising: Matching marketing needs and platforms

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Choosing the right topic is essential to have your white paper read. There are three major factors:

1. Audience

As with any business writing, your audience is your first consideration. The white paper must be written with a target reader in mind. The audience may be long-time customers familiar with the industry or new prospective buyers who are entirely new to the field.

Reflect on the reader’s pain points or major questions. Within these topics, look for ones that have not been fully investigated or the available information is out-of-date.

2. Expertise

Your white paper should match and highlight your company’s expertise.

The entire document should provide a complete investigation, including external research and internal knowledge. The business’s own know-how informs the content that is included and how it is compiled.

3. Problem-based and solution-focused

White papers should identify and address a particular problem. The problem should be relevant and timely in your field. The document may focus on issues such as common dilemmas, new trends, changing techniques, and industry comparison.

The white paper must have a proposed solution or recommendation to answer the problem. This solution is based on thoroughly examining the problem and potential solutions.

The selected topic must be comprehensively researched. Pull information from online references, industry resources, and internal documents. White papers are data-focused, so they should be supported by significant research.

There’s no hard and fast rule on citations but you need to cite any information that is not public knowledge and that you didn’t know before beginning your research. However, understand that the reader’s confidence is likely to increase with an increasing number of cited references.

Of course, all resources must come from authoritative sites. In order to write a valuable document, all research materials must be from credible, reliable sources.

Read other white papers

Are there white papers covering your topic or area already? Read them to determine the knowledge gaps and the opportunities to build on existing content. This review will also ensure that your white paper is novel instead of redundant.

Use a mind-map

It can be overwhelming to keep track of the many sources, ideas, and content involved in preparing a white paper. A helpful organizational tool is the mind-map . A mind-map allows the writer to catalog and connect the many different pieces into one visual overview.

We suggest using the free tool MindMeister to organize your content. It’s simple to use and free.

FreeMind is another alternative but some organizations don't allow it to be used since it must be downloaded.

Don't forget visual elements

When designing a white paper, the written content is most important. However, taking the time to create an aesthetically pleasing design cannot be ignored. It should be remembered that the visuals used can greatly contribute to the overall impact of your white paper. By using visual elements such as images, animations, videos, charts, and graphs that reinforce and illustrate arguments, can greatly increase clarity for the reader while making key points stand out.

White papers generally follow a standard document format. The content order may seem similar to other business reports, but there is one major difference:

A white paper places the conclusion at the end.

Many business communications, such as technical reports or proposals, place the main conclusion at the beginning of the document. This order responds to the desires of the reader and their preference in receiving the information.

In a white paper, the content and research inform the reader and increase their understanding of the problem throughout the document. The final section provides the ‘ta-da!’ moment where the reader now receives the solution which is supported by the evidence in the document.

The reader’s journey and preferences in a white paper and business report differ. The major findings follow suit.

If you’re unsure of these distinctions or are looking to improve your business writing skills, consider enrolling in our online self-paced Technical Report Writing Course (see all of our courses here ).

And, no matter the journey, the document must be easy to understand and include informative headings for easy navigation.

Choose an accurate title

A good title is essential. It should clearly indicate what the reader will learn from the white paper. It should also be enticing.

Bland title example: White paper on Law 123.4 Referencing Environmental Impact Assessments.
Enticing title example: The Rules are Changing: White Paper on the Environmental Impact Assessment Legislation Proposals in 2018

The phrase ‘white paper’ does not necessarily need to be in the title at all. Some audiences are seeking that authoritative indicator. Other readers may be scared off from valuable content because of the term. As always, think of what your audience would prefer.

The abstract offers the reader a brief overview of the white paper’s main points. It allows the reader to ensure they have found a document relevant to their needs. After reading, the reader should be able to know if they are ‘in the right place.’

Problem statement

The problem statement specifies the issue the white paper will address. The problem needs to be defined and placed into a context to ensure it’s understood by the reader.

This section provides the background information required for the audience to grasp the problem and, ultimately, the solution. The content may be detailed and technical or broad and high-level. The content depends on the reader and the problem.

If original research is completed for the white paper, the methods should be communicated.

The ‘ta-da’ moment of the white paper.

Based on the preceding information, the solution is now presented. It is developed and argued for using the gathered evidence and the expertise of the author and their company.

This section summarizes the white paper’s major findings. Recommendations based on the solution are provided.

All sources used to develop the white paper must be collected and cited in this section. It adds validity to the document. It also gives the reader content for further research. Depending on your industry, follow MLA or APA citation formats. 

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Writing a good white paper is not a simple task. However, the investment of time and skill can produce a valuable document that shares your company’s knowledge, contributing to overall education and progress in your industry. And, a good white paper increases business opportunities. As you develop an informational document such as a white paper, it's helpful to strengthen your writing process with our Advanced Business Writing course. 

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The Four Main Types of Essay | Quick Guide with Examples

Published on September 4, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on July 23, 2023.

An essay is a focused piece of writing designed to inform or persuade. There are many different types of essay, but they are often defined in four categories: argumentative, expository, narrative, and descriptive essays.

Argumentative and expository essays are focused on conveying information and making clear points, while narrative and descriptive essays are about exercising creativity and writing in an interesting way. At university level, argumentative essays are the most common type. 

In high school and college, you will also often have to write textual analysis essays, which test your skills in close reading and interpretation.

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Argumentative essays, expository essays, narrative essays, descriptive essays, textual analysis essays, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about types of essays.

An argumentative essay presents an extended, evidence-based argument. It requires a strong thesis statement —a clearly defined stance on your topic. Your aim is to convince the reader of your thesis using evidence (such as quotations ) and analysis.

Argumentative essays test your ability to research and present your own position on a topic. This is the most common type of essay at college level—most papers you write will involve some kind of argumentation.

The essay is divided into an introduction, body, and conclusion:

  • The introduction provides your topic and thesis statement
  • The body presents your evidence and arguments
  • The conclusion summarizes your argument and emphasizes its importance

The example below is a paragraph from the body of an argumentative essay about the effects of the internet on education. Mouse over it to learn more.

A common frustration for teachers is students’ use of Wikipedia as a source in their writing. Its prevalence among students is not exaggerated; a survey found that the vast majority of the students surveyed used Wikipedia (Head & Eisenberg, 2010). An article in The Guardian stresses a common objection to its use: “a reliance on Wikipedia can discourage students from engaging with genuine academic writing” (Coomer, 2013). Teachers are clearly not mistaken in viewing Wikipedia usage as ubiquitous among their students; but the claim that it discourages engagement with academic sources requires further investigation. This point is treated as self-evident by many teachers, but Wikipedia itself explicitly encourages students to look into other sources. Its articles often provide references to academic publications and include warning notes where citations are missing; the site’s own guidelines for research make clear that it should be used as a starting point, emphasizing that users should always “read the references and check whether they really do support what the article says” (“Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia,” 2020). Indeed, for many students, Wikipedia is their first encounter with the concepts of citation and referencing. The use of Wikipedia therefore has a positive side that merits deeper consideration than it often receives.

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An expository essay provides a clear, focused explanation of a topic. It doesn’t require an original argument, just a balanced and well-organized view of the topic.

Expository essays test your familiarity with a topic and your ability to organize and convey information. They are commonly assigned at high school or in exam questions at college level.

The introduction of an expository essay states your topic and provides some general background, the body presents the details, and the conclusion summarizes the information presented.

A typical body paragraph from an expository essay about the invention of the printing press is shown below. Mouse over it to learn more.

The invention of the printing press in 1440 changed this situation dramatically. Johannes Gutenberg, who had worked as a goldsmith, used his knowledge of metals in the design of the press. He made his type from an alloy of lead, tin, and antimony, whose durability allowed for the reliable production of high-quality books. This new technology allowed texts to be reproduced and disseminated on a much larger scale than was previously possible. The Gutenberg Bible appeared in the 1450s, and a large number of printing presses sprang up across the continent in the following decades. Gutenberg’s invention rapidly transformed cultural production in Europe; among other things, it would lead to the Protestant Reformation.

A narrative essay is one that tells a story. This is usually a story about a personal experience you had, but it may also be an imaginative exploration of something you have not experienced.

Narrative essays test your ability to build up a narrative in an engaging, well-structured way. They are much more personal and creative than other kinds of academic writing . Writing a personal statement for an application requires the same skills as a narrative essay.

A narrative essay isn’t strictly divided into introduction, body, and conclusion, but it should still begin by setting up the narrative and finish by expressing the point of the story—what you learned from your experience, or why it made an impression on you.

Mouse over the example below, a short narrative essay responding to the prompt “Write about an experience where you learned something about yourself,” to explore its structure.

Since elementary school, I have always favored subjects like science and math over the humanities. My instinct was always to think of these subjects as more solid and serious than classes like English. If there was no right answer, I thought, why bother? But recently I had an experience that taught me my academic interests are more flexible than I had thought: I took my first philosophy class.

Before I entered the classroom, I was skeptical. I waited outside with the other students and wondered what exactly philosophy would involve—I really had no idea. I imagined something pretty abstract: long, stilted conversations pondering the meaning of life. But what I got was something quite different.

A young man in jeans, Mr. Jones—“but you can call me Rob”—was far from the white-haired, buttoned-up old man I had half-expected. And rather than pulling us into pedantic arguments about obscure philosophical points, Rob engaged us on our level. To talk free will, we looked at our own choices. To talk ethics, we looked at dilemmas we had faced ourselves. By the end of class, I’d discovered that questions with no right answer can turn out to be the most interesting ones.

The experience has taught me to look at things a little more “philosophically”—and not just because it was a philosophy class! I learned that if I let go of my preconceptions, I can actually get a lot out of subjects I was previously dismissive of. The class taught me—in more ways than one—to look at things with an open mind.

A descriptive essay provides a detailed sensory description of something. Like narrative essays, they allow you to be more creative than most academic writing, but they are more tightly focused than narrative essays. You might describe a specific place or object, rather than telling a whole story.

Descriptive essays test your ability to use language creatively, making striking word choices to convey a memorable picture of what you’re describing.

A descriptive essay can be quite loosely structured, though it should usually begin by introducing the object of your description and end by drawing an overall picture of it. The important thing is to use careful word choices and figurative language to create an original description of your object.

Mouse over the example below, a response to the prompt “Describe a place you love to spend time in,” to learn more about descriptive essays.

On Sunday afternoons I like to spend my time in the garden behind my house. The garden is narrow but long, a corridor of green extending from the back of the house, and I sit on a lawn chair at the far end to read and relax. I am in my small peaceful paradise: the shade of the tree, the feel of the grass on my feet, the gentle activity of the fish in the pond beside me.

My cat crosses the garden nimbly and leaps onto the fence to survey it from above. From his perch he can watch over his little kingdom and keep an eye on the neighbours. He does this until the barking of next door’s dog scares him from his post and he bolts for the cat flap to govern from the safety of the kitchen.

With that, I am left alone with the fish, whose whole world is the pond by my feet. The fish explore the pond every day as if for the first time, prodding and inspecting every stone. I sometimes feel the same about sitting here in the garden; I know the place better than anyone, but whenever I return I still feel compelled to pay attention to all its details and novelties—a new bird perched in the tree, the growth of the grass, and the movement of the insects it shelters…

Sitting out in the garden, I feel serene. I feel at home. And yet I always feel there is more to discover. The bounds of my garden may be small, but there is a whole world contained within it, and it is one I will never get tired of inhabiting.

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Though every essay type tests your writing skills, some essays also test your ability to read carefully and critically. In a textual analysis essay, you don’t just present information on a topic, but closely analyze a text to explain how it achieves certain effects.

Rhetorical analysis

A rhetorical analysis looks at a persuasive text (e.g. a speech, an essay, a political cartoon) in terms of the rhetorical devices it uses, and evaluates their effectiveness.

The goal is not to state whether you agree with the author’s argument but to look at how they have constructed it.

The introduction of a rhetorical analysis presents the text, some background information, and your thesis statement; the body comprises the analysis itself; and the conclusion wraps up your analysis of the text, emphasizing its relevance to broader concerns.

The example below is from a rhetorical analysis of Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech . Mouse over it to learn more.

King’s speech is infused with prophetic language throughout. Even before the famous “dream” part of the speech, King’s language consistently strikes a prophetic tone. He refers to the Lincoln Memorial as a “hallowed spot” and speaks of rising “from the dark and desolate valley of segregation” to “make justice a reality for all of God’s children.” The assumption of this prophetic voice constitutes the text’s strongest ethical appeal; after linking himself with political figures like Lincoln and the Founding Fathers, King’s ethos adopts a distinctly religious tone, recalling Biblical prophets and preachers of change from across history. This adds significant force to his words; standing before an audience of hundreds of thousands, he states not just what the future should be, but what it will be: “The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.” This warning is almost apocalyptic in tone, though it concludes with the positive image of the “bright day of justice.” The power of King’s rhetoric thus stems not only from the pathos of his vision of a brighter future, but from the ethos of the prophetic voice he adopts in expressing this vision.

Literary analysis

A literary analysis essay presents a close reading of a work of literature—e.g. a poem or novel—to explore the choices made by the author and how they help to convey the text’s theme. It is not simply a book report or a review, but an in-depth interpretation of the text.

Literary analysis looks at things like setting, characters, themes, and figurative language. The goal is to closely analyze what the author conveys and how.

The introduction of a literary analysis essay presents the text and background, and provides your thesis statement; the body consists of close readings of the text with quotations and analysis in support of your argument; and the conclusion emphasizes what your approach tells us about the text.

Mouse over the example below, the introduction to a literary analysis essay on Frankenstein , to learn more.

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is often read as a crude cautionary tale about the dangers of scientific advancement unrestrained by ethical considerations. In this reading, protagonist Victor Frankenstein is a stable representation of the callous ambition of modern science throughout the novel. This essay, however, argues that far from providing a stable image of the character, Shelley uses shifting narrative perspectives to portray Frankenstein in an increasingly negative light as the novel goes on. While he initially appears to be a naive but sympathetic idealist, after the creature’s narrative Frankenstein begins to resemble—even in his own telling—the thoughtlessly cruel figure the creature represents him as. This essay begins by exploring the positive portrayal of Frankenstein in the first volume, then moves on to the creature’s perception of him, and finally discusses the third volume’s narrative shift toward viewing Frankenstein as the creature views him.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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At high school and in composition classes at university, you’ll often be told to write a specific type of essay , but you might also just be given prompts.

Look for keywords in these prompts that suggest a certain approach: The word “explain” suggests you should write an expository essay , while the word “describe” implies a descriptive essay . An argumentative essay might be prompted with the word “assess” or “argue.”

The vast majority of essays written at university are some sort of argumentative essay . Almost all academic writing involves building up an argument, though other types of essay might be assigned in composition classes.

Essays can present arguments about all kinds of different topics. For example:

  • In a literary analysis essay, you might make an argument for a specific interpretation of a text
  • In a history essay, you might present an argument for the importance of a particular event
  • In a politics essay, you might argue for the validity of a certain political theory

An argumentative essay tends to be a longer essay involving independent research, and aims to make an original argument about a topic. Its thesis statement makes a contentious claim that must be supported in an objective, evidence-based way.

An expository essay also aims to be objective, but it doesn’t have to make an original argument. Rather, it aims to explain something (e.g., a process or idea) in a clear, concise way. Expository essays are often shorter assignments and rely less on research.

The key difference is that a narrative essay is designed to tell a complete story, while a descriptive essay is meant to convey an intense description of a particular place, object, or concept.

Narrative and descriptive essays both allow you to write more personally and creatively than other kinds of essays , and similar writing skills can apply to both.

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Table of Contents

White paper definition & meaning, what is a white paper, 10 types of white paper, white paper uses, purpose, importance, what’s in a white paper parts, how to design a white paper, white paper vs case study, what’s the difference between white paper, research paper, and essay, white paper sizes, white paper ideas & examples, white papers.

White papers are powerful sales tools written to persuade and educate potential customers about the remarkable features and methodology of a product or service. These also activate better and quicker decision-making, which are extremely helpful even to the government and legislative bodies.

difference between essay and white paper

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Business white paper.

business white paper

Data White Paper

data white paper

Marketing White Paper

marketing white paper

Research White Paper

research white paper

Security White Paper

security white paper

IT and Software White Paper

it and software white paper

Social Media White Paper

social media white paper

Web Security White Paper

web security white paper

Technology White Paper

technology white paper

Small Business White Paper

small business white paper

Solution Proposition

Decision-making optimization, customer base expansion, public awareness, introduction, proposed solution, references or citations.

what’s in a white paper parts

  • Shared Services White Paper Ideas and Examples
  • Service Mesh White Paper Ideas and Examples
  • Risk Management White Paper Ideas and Examples
  • Higher Education White Paper Ideas and Examples
  • Healthcare Consulting White Paper Ideas and Examples
  • HR Management White Paper Ideas and Examples
  • Hotel Management White Paper Ideas and Examples
  • Enterprise Security White Paper Ideas and Examples
  • Email Marketing White Paper Ideas and Examples
  • Data Quality White Paper Ideas and Examples

How to write a white paper that builds consumer trust?

What is the proper format for a white paper, what is a white paper in research, how to write an effective technology white paper, how do you organize a white paper, how do you write a white paper for a business, what is a marketing white paper, what is white paper in b2b, what is blockchain white paper, what is an apa white paper, how to use white papers for lead generation, more in documents, editable business service white paper template, technical white paper template, business it white paper template, new technology white paper template, cyber security white paper template, information technology white paper template, technology white paper template, sample technology white paper template, creative software white paper template, modern it white paper template.

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The 2024 Ultimate Guide: How to Write and Format a White Paper

The step by step guide to succeeding with white paper marketing.

Frame 16 (1)

  • 1 What is a white paper?
  • 2. White paper examples
  • 3 How to write a white paper
  • 4 Mistakes a white paper should avoid
  • 5 White paper Format
  • 6 Gating your white papers
  • 7 White paper distribution
  • 8 Handling your white paper leads
  • 9 Choosing the right white paper template
  • 10 Final thoughts

Introduction

White papers are a popular and powerful tool for content marketers. They can be used to position your company as a thought leader and authority on a subject by presenting useful and persuasive research findings and information about your products and services, White papers can also be used as a powerful asset to generate more leads when the information is valuable enough for readers to submit their personal details in order to access your findings. This ultimate guide will teach you everything you need to make white paper marketing a formidable addition to your content marketing strategy . 

How to Write and Format a White Paper Infographic

1. What is a white paper?

A white paper is an in-depth report or guide about a specific topic and the problems that surround it. It is meant to educate readers and help them to understand and solve an issue.

In the world of marketing, a white paper is a long-form piece of content , similar to an eBook . The difference between the two is that white papers tend to be more technical and in depth. The facts and opinions expressed in white papers are often backed by original research or statistics that the publisher has aggregated from reliable sources. They often include charts, graphs, tables, and other ways of visualizing data. 

The term "white papers" originated in England as government-issued documents. One famous example is the Churchill White Paper , commissioned by Winston Churchill in 1922.

Today, the term is most commonly applied to “deep dive” style publications. Businesses — especially in the consulting, financial, or B2B sectors — use them to communicate their organization’s philosophy on a topic, make the case for the superiority of their product, or simply to present research findings related to their field.

White papers are no less editorial than other forms of content, but the depth of research lends them an authoritative tone. For this reason, they are good candidates for promoting thought leadership .

Who uses white papers?

In the past, white papers were most often produced by governmental agencies, NGOs, think tanks, consultancies, and financial institutions that needed to present the findings of their ongoing research in a succinct format.

With the widespread growth and adoption of content marketing (the creation and distribution of non-promotional content intended to generate interest in a business and its offerings), white papers have become more common in other industries as well. Any organization that engages in content marketing can benefit from producing white papers.

Their popularity across industries is due to their versatility. While all white papers have certain elements in common, a B2B startup will use them differently than a large consultancy, and both will use them differently from a governmental organization.

Types of white papers

There are numerous types of white papers a business might publish.

  • One type is the backgrounder , in which the benefits of their product, service, or methodology are explained in depth.
  • Another is a problem-solution approach, which walks the audience through the solution to a problem that is common in their industry.

Other types of white papers simply present a summary of useful statistics and information about the state of a particular field or industry. An example of this would be the Content Marketing Benchmarks Budgets and Trends from the Content Marketing Institute.

Whatever type you produce , the contents of your white paper should serve to showcase your expertise in a given area. Your audience is searching for an information document, and will look for an authoritative source — a business they perceive as having in-depth knowledge of a subject.

The contents of your white paper should serve to showcase your expertise in a given area.

The purpose of a white paper

White papers enable you to build trust with your audience. They show readers that you're reliable, experienced, and adept in a given domain. When potential customers search for an informational document to help them understand a problem or opportunity they're facing, and you provide them with a quality white paper that helps, they'll turn to you again in the future.

This perception of authority can also serve to boost sales in an organization. More than half the respondents to the Eccolo Media B2B Technology Content Survey reported having read a white paper before making a buying decision. Buyers prefer to purchase from vendors they trust and see as experts in their field.

Finally, white papers are extremely useful for lead generation . The Content Preferences Survey from DemandGen found that more than three-fourths of survey respondents were willing to exchange personal information for a white paper — more than for eBooks , case studies, analyst reports , podcasts, brochures , or infographics.

With all of these potential benefits, utilizing white papers in your content marketing strategy can produce great results.

More than three-fourths of survey respondents were willing to exchange personal information for a white paper.

2. White paper examples

When you think about white papers, you probably think of PDF articles with thousands of words. But times are changing and so is the way we produce and consume content.

Nowadays, every marketing collateral (including white papers) needs to be well written, well structured, and designed for every type of visitor. 

Here are some great examples of white papers doing exactly that. 

White paper example - CodinGame

This unique one-pager presenting findings from the Developers at Work Survey demonstrates how a white paper should be done. The animated, interactive data charts show off just what's possible with our embed feature.

Open white paper example #1  

White paper example - BDO GDPR

Privacy and the GDPR - BDO

This well-produced special edition produced by BDO and creative agency Monte Media does an incredible job of turning a conventionally dull topic into a piece of content that's engaging and comes to life.

Open white paper example #2

White paper example - content-marketing-strategy

This white paper is a step by step guide to succeeding with content marketing.

See more  white paper examples

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3. How to write a white paper

Starting a white paper can be a daunting task. So much information and research are required that it’s easy to get lost in that portion of the work and let it become a roadblock to actually putting things on paper.

Even after the writing itself has begun, white papers are tricky to do well. Simply listing statistics without some form of narrative arc is a surefire way to keep your white paper from ever being read. Luckily, following a few simple guidelines can help keep a white paper engaging and make the process of finishing it much easier.

Pick the right topic

This might seem obvious, but without a topic that resonates with your audience, your white paper is not likely to be read. When choosing the right topic, you should consider three important criteria:

  • It should be something you are qualified to write about.
  • It should be something your audience is interested in.
  • It should address a topic around which little content has been written already and thus fill a " content gap ."

Naturally, finding a topic that brings points 1 and 2 together is vital. White papers are meant to be authoritative pieces of content based upon the author's experience and expertise, so it's important to write about what you know . But you must match this to the interests of your readers if you're to produce something they'll be eager to engage with .

Don't be afraid to crowdsource information from within your organization. If the topic of a white paper is related to engineering, why not interview an engineer or have them look over what you’ve written? The same goes for other roles. Crowdsourcing knowledge means having the power of a true expert in many fields.

Finally, filling a "content gap" will help your white paper get noticed and gain traction. By addressing a topic no one else has written about definitely, your white paper will be more likely to rank highly on search engines and even be featured elsewhere on the web.

Pro tip: You can even ask your audience what they would like to see in your upcoming white paper. You'll get ideas, make your topic more relevant, and you'll generate buzz around your content even before it's finished. In fact, we used the same method for this guide!

white paper promotion slack

Define your audience

Defining your audience goes hand in hand with choosing the right topic. But moving beyond your audience's interests, it’s important to think of the kinds of people who will be reading your white paper.

  • Are they fellow professionals, well versed in your subject?
  • Are they likely to be reading something they are relatively unfamiliar with?

Knowing this helps establish the voice you should use and whether industry-specific jargon is appropriate. It also narrows the scope of the research you should include. It’s always important to ensure all arguments are logically sound and well supported, but the stats and information presented should be relevant to the specific audience you're targeting.

Part of defining an audience in the age of Google centers around how people will find the white paper. This means thinking about which platforms specific personas use for research and what search terms they put in. Not only will this help a white paper get found by the right people, but it is useful when outlining the white paper later on.

Optimizing for keywords is important, but remember to write for people, not for search engines. Google is getting better all the time at understanding and matching search intent with relevant content . This has become particularly important with the advent of AI-powered language models which can produce long-form content at scale. 

Wrap it in a great intro and outro

Ad with all good writing, your intro should serve to captivate your audience, pique their curiosity, and entice them to read further. It's good practice to provide a brief summary of what they'll find in the white paper and to emphasize exactly what benefit they'll get from reading it.

Your outro is equally important, especially if you're using your white paper to market your products or services. You should avoid any self-promotion in the body of your white paper, but you can certainly mention your relevant product offerings and how to obtain them — perhaps using a compelling call-to-action — at the end.

Pack it with value

White papers are not meant to be advertisements for your company, and you should avoid any overt promotion. Instead, you should provide plenty of useful information that will be valuable to readers even if they don't become customers. Emphasizing value is the key to a great white paper that will get shared and widely read.

Remember, white papers serve to showcase your expertise as a company or brand in a given field. Your readers should come away having learned something useful and with the impression that you're a reliable source of expert information. As pointed out earlier, generating this kind of reputation will lead to greater business success as buyers are more likely to purchase from companies they trust.

Emphasizing value is the key to a great white paper that will get shared and widely read.

Don’t be scared of multiple drafts

No first draft is ever a finished work. Elizabeth Bishop, the renowned and Pulitzer Prize-winning poet, wrote seventeen drafts of her poem “One Art” before it was completed. It’s now considered one of the best villanelles ever written .

While a white paper may not need seventeen drafts, there will undoubtedly be points missed and logical inconsistencies in the first version. Finishing a draft, stepping away, and coming back to it with a fresh mind is the best way to ensure quality. If there’s another good writer at your company, getting another set of eyes on it is even better.

Keep it interesting

White papers should be more detailed and thorough than blog posts or eBooks . This may cause them to be more dry and formal, but this doesn't mean they have to be boring.

A trap that white papers easily fall into is using statistics as a crutch and not maintaining interest throughout. Technical as it may be, you still want your white paper to be read. To make this happen, it’s useful to borrow techniques from fiction and creative nonfiction writers.

There are lots of resources for learning about a plot, but generally, it has five parts, as illustrated in Freytag’s pyramid:

White paper plot design

These won’t always correspond perfectly in a factual piece of writing like a white paper, but they can get you thinking about how to create and hold interest. Use those ideas to keep readers’ attention until the very end.

4. Mistakes a white paper should avoid

There are some pitfalls and common mistakes to avoid when writing a white paper. Each of these has the potential to make an otherwise stellar piece of content into a wasted effort. Here's a brief list of things to look out for.

Sounding like a sales pitch

When white papers are used as part of a marketing campaign where businesses showcase their product, a common mistake is to make them sound like a sales pitch . Don't let this happen; it will immediately turn your readers off. In a white paper, your audience is seeking unbiased, educational information that will help them, not try to persuade them. Save the sales pitches for other content, like product brochures .

Lack of adequate research

As previously mentioned, white papers should be well-researched documents. It’s true that conducting lengthy original research may be outside a marketing team’s budget, but merely including a few stats from the first page of a Google search simply won’t cut it.

Aggregating statistics and searching through scholarly work may take time, but the result will be worth it. For your white paper to achieve its intended effect, It’s important to establish your content as an authoritative source to which the audience would want to return.

Poor design

We'll go in-depth into design in the next section, but it's worth mentioning here. The written content of a white paper is what matters most, but neglecting design is a big mistake. Design makes your salient points stand out and helps the reader understand what they're reading. Using visuals (like images, animations , videos, charts, and graphs) that support your arguments is crucial.

Check out this white paper example built with Foleon!. Open the white paper

Not telling a story

White papers are informative and factual. We’ve driven that point home already. That doesn’t mean they should be boring. Backgrounders, problem-solution white papers, and research findings all have a story to tell, and the reader is far less likely to make it through the entire piece without some form of narrative to keep them engaged. Setting up a problem, elaborating on a solution, and including some type of success story is a proven formula for making any type of content more story-like.

Leaving it abstract

Because most white papers will involve sharing research findings, it can be easy to leave them in the realm of theory without explaining how to utilize those findings on a practical level. This is true more of backgrounders but can be the case with problem-solution white papers as well.

A good example is the abundant amount of content on employee engagement. Many B2B cases have covered the importance of employee engagement and the pitfalls of getting it wrong. Too little of this content goes further and gives concrete examples of what companies in specific verticals can do to alleviate the problem.

5. White paper format

Before addressing anything else, we first need to talk about the format you'll use.

A picture is no longer worth a thousand words. Today, its value is in the number of eyeballs it can keep glued to your content and the ratio of those viewers it convinces to click through to other sections of your website.

Your carefully crafted copy and painstakingly gathered statistics won’t earn those clicks on their own. The average human attention span is now less than that of a goldfish . And with 3.3 million Facebook posts, 448,800 tweets, and 149,513 emails sent every minute , competition for your readers' attention is intense, to say the least. Long form mediums like the white paper need serious sparkle just to compete.

How to format a white paper

You'll need more than just black text on a white background. Your design choices regarding things like color, typography, and the use of visuals will play a prominent role in the success of your white paper. Here are a few important principles to keep in mind for creating a quality white paper design.

Keeping mobile visitors in mind

More than 54% of internet traffic is now mobile , and web designers have adapted to this trend by creating what's known as responsive design . Before this, web pages simply scaled according to the size of a user's screen, retaining their layout. Naturally, this made most pages both unreadable and unnavigable on smaller devices.

Responsive design solved this by allowing elements on a page to rearrange, resize, or be completely hidden from view in response to the size of the screen. When a smaller screen is used, font-sizes increase, buttons become larger for touch screens, and the entire layout adjusts to make the page mobile-friendly.

But while this has become standard for web designers in a mobile-first world, producers of other digital content assets like white papers have generally not adapted . Surprisingly, most companies that offer white papers and eBooks on their websites still use PDF format .

The problem with PDFs is that they're unreadable on smaller screens . They're fixed-layout documents — they can't adjust or adapt to different screen sizes. Reading them on a mobile device requires excessive zooming and panning around, which is a terrible experience for users.

Mobile traffic is ever-increasing. If you decide to produce your white paper as a PDF , you risk excluding this vast segment of your audience. It's a design mistake that will cost you views and conversions.

Responsive white paper example - NGData

See examples of responsive white papers

Emphasis and readability

Because in-depth white papers contain lots of text and visuals, as well as supplementary information like footnotes, figures, logos and copyright info, the danger is that your design becomes cluttered. Clutter accumulates before you realize it. You may choose a clean layout and color scheme, to begin with, but as you continue to add content, things can get crowded. Often, you must make tough choices about what not to include to strike the right balance between completeness and readability.

Good design makes bold choices and prioritizes important information. These choices and priorities affect layout, placement, color, font size, page order and more. Use these design elements to create emphasis on vital pieces of information. But be careful. Emphasizing too many pieces of information — or too few — will cause readers to struggle to discern what’s important.

Good design makes bold choices and prioritizes important information.

Have a look at what's trending

Bold fonts and color schemes are in. If you look at the hippest tech companies right now, you’ll see lots of pastels and color gradients. Of course, all that might change tomorrow. But still, a great way to get inspiration when you're just starting is to take a look at what design trends are currently popular.

U2's frontman, Bono, sings "every artist is a cannibal, every poet is a thief." And he's right. Good designers are always drawing inspiration from other designers. The best way to create a successful design is to spend a lot of time looking at what others are doing successfully. Use Evernote , or a bookmarking service to save white papers and other exceptional designs that you encounter for future reference.

Don’t know where to start looking? Dribbble and Behance are two networks where great designers share their latest work. They consistently have material that’s on the cutting edge of what’s trending.

Design for your audience

While trends may inspire you, it's more important to align your design with your audience and your subject matter.

  • Will you be addressing suit-and-tie financial executives or blue-collar management at construction firms?
  • Are you writing about changes to privacy regulations in the tech industry, or about the effects of farming on biodiversity?

White paper format and design

Your design should support and strengthen your topic. The colors and typography should be consistent with what you're writing about, the tone you've chosen, and the audience you've defined. Writing a white paper for a funeral parlor? Hot-pink headlines might be a bad choice. Taking color psychology into account can help you achieve the look and feel you're after.

Brush up on the basics

No prior knowledge of design? No problem.

If you don’t have a designer working with you in-house, you can still teach yourself the basics of design and check work against those principles. A big part of the battle is knowing the search terms that will get you the knowledge you need. Luckily, good primers on basic graphic design are abundant.

After doing a bit of reading, start creating. Don’t be afraid of making mistakes. If you create a white paper and don’t like the design, try to pinpoint what it is about the design that needs improvement. After the reading you’ve done, you’ll have the tools to critique your own work and the work of others. This is the best way to improve and create well designed white papers.

Choosing the right tools

At Foleon, we pride ourselves on providing a tool that makes creating responsive digital white papers easy, even for those with no prior graphic design experience.

Choosing a tool like this, which takes the guesswork out of design, will shorten the time it takes for you to produce great white papers. There is a vast ecosystem of tools out there, each of which is geared toward a different purpose and skillset. The right one will enable you as both a designer and a writer.

See how you can scale engaging content creation .

6. Gating your white papers

For most companies, lead generation and growing lists of contacts for the sales and marketing teams are important activities. Attracting visitors to your site and offering them something of value in exchange for their contact information is a proven method for filling the top of your funnel.

But for this type of inbound marketing to work, two things are needed: exceptional content that visitors are eager to acquire, and a method for gating (or walling off) that content behind a form.

Gated white paper

Many brands skip the first part and move straight to the second. They quickly produce something mediocre and put it behind a form. This might work in the short term for generating lists, but keep in mind that users expect more from content they “pay” for. The quality of your gated content serves as an indicator of the quality of your brand will affect your ability to turn prospects into customers down the road.

So how do white papers fit into your b2b content marketing funnel ? They may act either as lead generation tools themselves or can be used to direct readers to other parts of a website that captures lead information.

What is gated content?

Walling expert content off behind a form designed to capture personal details is one of the most common techniques for generating leads. Gated content is any content that a reader cannot access until after they input some personal information, such as their name and email address. White papers and eBooks are two of the most common types of content used for this purpose.

Typically, a company will create a landing page that includes a description — and perhaps a preview — of what information readers can expect to find inside. The landing page will include a form for visitors to enter their personal information and thus gain access. After entering the required information, visitors are either presented with a download button or receive the gated content in their inbox.

There are plenty of variations on this formula, but the basic technique of providing “free” content and asking readers to “pay” by providing their personal information has been very important part of content marketing for a long time.

To gate or not to gate

While gating your best content is great for lead generation, there are some drawbacks as well. Walling off your white paper will mean it gets read by fewer people as not everyone is willing to give away their contact details.

An open-access white paper will be read by a wider audience. If it’s in-depth and authoritative, it may also do well organically and improve your search rankings. Gating it behind a form, however, will prevent search engines from indexing it.

It’s important to consider what the primary goal of your white paper is: disseminating information and gaining brand awareness or generating leads. If the latter is more important, then gating is a great option.

Semi-gating

Another variation on gated content — and one that’s growing in popularity — is semi-gating . This can give you the best of both worlds by allowing your white paper to reach a wider audience while still retaining the ability to generate leads.

Semi-gating gives readers a taste of your white paper without requiring them to give up any info. You can, for example, make the first few pages of your white paper open access, and then make visitors fill in a form to read more. This works well because digital content is so abundant and brands must offer more for free or risk visitors turning elsewhere.

Allow your white paper to reach a wider audience while still retaining the ability to generate leads.

Offering more content for free also builds trust and brand loyalty among your readers. Let them know your white papers are valuable and helpful, and they’ll be more interested in giving you their personal information. You’re also more likely to gain qualified leads if readers have a chance to sample your white paper before converting.

Of course, semi-gating doesn’t mean giving away your entire white paper. Typically, there’s at least one section of the white paper that is exclusive to those who go through the gating process. Semi-gating can help reach a wider audience, build trust and loyalty, increase lead quality, and still help you capture the contact information you need.

There’s a concept in marketing and design known as friction . Friction is anything that causes the sales process to slow down. It’s like a roadblock that makes it less likely prospects will convert, sign up, download, or purchase. It can be caused by a multitude of things including poor design, confusing navigation, subpar copy, too many form fields, and more.

Your ability to generate leads with a gated white paper will largely depend on how much friction is involved. Asking for more information than you really need is one common and unnecessary source of friction that can lead to losing potential readers.

The entire field of conversion rate optimization is geared toward removing friction — or making user interactions easier. CRO specialists make forms simpler, navigation more intuitive, and design CTAs that are more likely to be clicked. Optimizing your landing page for conversions is a vital part of any lead generation campaign.

But the reality is, asking for personal information will always be an obstacle for a large number of people. So the key here is to make the process easy and noninvasive as possible.

An excellent way to do this is by reducing the number of form fields to the bare minimum and using mid-gating to ensure your ask is timely and yields immediate value for the reader: "Fill out this form to get access to the rest of this white paper, we've saved the best for last!".

Create white papers and eBooks that integrate with your favorite CRM or marketing automation platform. Get started

7. White paper distribution

So, after following the tips in this guide, you create an engaging, informative white paper that inspires readers to take action and deepen their relationship with your company. You mid-gate (or semi-gate) it to capture readers’ information and gain valuable insight into the interests and demographics of your consumer base.

Now, you publish it on your website, sit back, and wait for your Pulitzer.

Only, the traffic never comes… Where did you go wrong? You didn't think about your white paper distribution strategy . 

The importance of distribution

The internet isn’t the same as it once was. Thanks to the massive amount of content produced every day for and an ever-growing number of channels, it’s a lot harder to get noticed. Unless you’re Gabriel García Márquez back from the dead, simply writing something and posting it online doesn’t guarantee readership.

To get eyes on your white paper, you need to be smart not only about writing and design but distribution as well. Some content marketing thought leaders go so far as to claim that you should spend 20% of your time on content creation and 80% on promotion.

Distribution is all about identifying traction channels where your ideal customers consume content and making your white paper highly visible on those channels. Depending on the audience you defined in the beginning, some will be more relevant for you than others.

Social promotion

If you’re at all familiar with marketing, advertising, or online media, chances are you’re aware of how important social media is to visibility. People from all walks of life, and from all over the world, are on Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn. Ensuring that you share your content regularly on these platforms will give you a solid base of promotion on which to build.

But it's not enough to simply write a post and tweet it into the void. Try to find communities like Facebook and LinkedIn groups where your target audience is likely to congregate. Search for relevant hashtags on Twitter and Instagram . Find subreddits relevant to your industry.

Once you’ve found your audience, it’s much easier to connect with them. If you contribute to these spaces regularly, you’ll have an easier time keeping their attention and distributing your white paper.

Influencers and earned media

Public relations isn’t what it once was; influencer marketing has taken its place as the way to get noticed by the masses.

These days, influencers — people with large, engaged followings on social media and newsletters — are better equipped to amplify your content than traditional journalists. They play a growing role in shaping public opinion and even in setting business trends . Shares from an influencer can even help you land spots in major publications the way press releases used to.

Social media is the best place to find influencers in your vertical. When you investigate the best communities in which to promote your white paper, look for the content that people are already referencing and sharing. Eventually, you’ll start to get a picture of who’s putting out content that’s getting widespread traction. These are the people whose voices can amplify your brand.

Start by interacting with them. Begin a conversation, comment on their pieces with regularity, and give them feedback on their work. There are great tools, like Voila Norbert and ContactOut , to help you quickly track down email addresses.

After building enough rapport, try offering to collaborate on future white papers or other types of content. This process can take some time because your goal here is to build a relationship.

Eventually, you can ask an influencer to share your white paper. You might even consider quoting them in the white paper itself — anything that gives them an incentive to share your work is helpful.

Pro tip: Try to find an expert in your white paper related subject and interview them. It will add value to your white paper and you'll increase the chance that the expert shares your content with his or her extensive network.

Email marketing

The jungle of online content may thicken daily, but there are a few places you can still get readers’ attention. Email distribution has stood the test of time in this regard. It provides greater ROI than social , and it shows no signs of weakening.

If the purpose of your white paper is lead generation, email marketing will not be applicable. But for boosting sales, building trust, and establishing your brand as a trustworthy source of information, it's important not to neglect your existing contact base.

Although email may not have the appealing viral possibilities associated with social media, it does have other advantages. Namely, anyone who subscribed to your email list chose to be there. This means you can expect a higher level of engagement from this audience than those who come in via other channels. Capitalize on their loyalty and engagement by encouraging contacts to share your white paper with their networks and thus multiply your distribution efforts.

This was discussed in the previous section, but it's worth mentioning again here: another big advantage of Foleon's gating features is that when your existing contacts share your white paper with their contacts, those people will be confronted with a login form that will allow you to capture their info and expand your email list further.

Going beyond the basics

The techniques discussed above are essential items in your white paper distribution toolbox. However, they’re not the only ones. The best way to distribute your white paper depends largely on your target audience and the industry to which your content speaks.

Take some time to critically evaluate and research how knowledge is shared in your industry. Every industry will be slightly different. Reaching people in these places is the best guarantee of effective distribution.

8. Handling your white paper leads

As we've discussed, white papers can serve a variety of objectives. They’re commonly used for thought leadership and to disseminate important research, relevant to a specific industry.

When it comes to content marketing, however, the most common use for white papers over the last several years has become lead generation. In chapter 6, we discussed how to bring readers to your white paper and capture their information.

Once you've properly gated your white paper and set up a solid distribution strategy, it's time to think about how you'll handle the leads that come in. If not properly tracked and nurtured, leads will quickly become cold and won't lead to increased sales for your company. So how do you follow up with leads and maximize the opportunity you’ve created with your white paper?

How to track your white paper leads

The buyer’s journey outlines the steps a person goes through, from becoming aware of a problem they have, to learning about different solutions to that problem, to eventually purchasing a product or service (hopefully yours) that solves their problem.

White paper customer journey

To maximize the chances your new leads become paying customers, you must take the abstract concept of a buyer’s journey and map it to your specific content ecosystem. The actions your prospects take on your website can be indicative of what stage of the journey they're in.

For example, you may see someone read a blog post on your site, then come back a day later to get your white paper, and then finally sign up for a free trial or an email list. After that, they might decide to make a purchase. As patterns begin to emerge around the journey your customers take, you'll learn what actions on your part can help them to advance.

There are many tools available to help you analyze this journey for yourself. Google Analytics is probably the most widely used. It lets you track and compile data regarding user behavior on your website. You can define goals and generate reports that will show you steps users tend to take before completing those goals.

Targeting stages of the buyer’s journey

As it becomes more clear what actions visitors take before purchasing, you'll better understand where to use your white paper in the buyer's journey.

The question you should seek to answer is, where does it provide the most value to your potential customers? Do you see greater success when accessing your gated white paper is a prospect's first interaction with your company? Or is it perhaps more effective to use it as an offer once visitors have returned a second (or third) time to your site?

You can see that white papers don't exist in isolation but act as a member of an ecosystem. The related blog posts, landing pages, emails, social messages, and follow up sequences must all be carefully orchestrated and properly timed.

This process takes practice. It takes trial and error, and you must be a keen observer of trends . However, that effort will pay off.

...white papers don't exist in isolation but act as a member of a content ecosystem.

Following up with your leads

Depending on where in the buyer's journey you use your white paper, the way you'll want to follow up with leads will be different.

  • If, for example, your white paper targets the awareness stage and the leads you gather are relatively unfamiliar with your company, it might be smart to enroll them in an email sequence that highlights other pieces of content on your site such as blog posts that are relevant to the topic they showed interest in.
  • If your white paper is for people in the consideration stage, and leads are already familiar with what you have to offer, you might consider following up by sending them special offers or exclusive deals — again, closely related to the topic of interest.
  • If you're taking a highly targeted approach to distribution and using your white paper to generate hot leads that you think are already close to making a purchasing decision, the best way to follow up might be for a sales representative to reach out directly by phone.

This is what it means to nurture leads. By proactively keeping in touch with leads and offering them more relevant content, you maximize the likelihood of them becoming a customer.

9. Choosing the right white paper template

In 2021, Hubspot reported that 82% of marketers actively invest in content marketing. Thus, the need to create interactive content experiences that stand out amongst your competitors has never been more critical in your content marketing strategy as the volume of published white papers grows yearly. 

For this reason, the visual representation of your white paper has become increasingly crucial for retaining your audience's interest. In addition to the value your white paper content provides your audience, the single most significant factor at your disposal to maintain content engagement is how your white paper is visually presented. 

For whitepapers, the white paper template you opt for to present your content can significantly influence the success of your publication. The template is more than just a matter of aesthetics; it represents a strategic decision that affects user engagement, experience, and even how your brand is perceived.

Below are some factors you should carefully weigh when choosing your white paper template .

Target audience and content

The two biggest influences that will determine the selection of your white paper template are your target audience and the purpose of your content. 

For example, if you create an annual report that provides Financial Services information or a research piece exploring trends in Software & IT salaries, you’ll want to use a template that easily represents data-rich elements such as tables and eye-catching statistics. In contrast, visually-oriented templates containing hi-res imagery or videos are better suited for online catalogs or digital magazines . 

Think about your target audience's needs and how your template's layout can optimize your content's engagement. 

Creative control with flexible features 

You’ll get the most value out of your interactive white paper with a content creation platform that allows you to harness professionally designed white paper templates that are easy to use and fully customizable with a drag-and-drop interface. This will allow everyone in your team to create content quickly with no coding experience required. 

Custom templates set your white paper up for success by providing a starting foundation to help guide the layout and structure of your content. Custom features allow you to design your white paper any way you like by quickly changing blocks, fonts, and colors according to your brand guidelines with the added ability to add or remove sections. 

Mobile experience and device responsiveness

As of September 2023, over 55% of website traffic is from mobile devices. Therefore, it is essential that your white paper is responsive across all devices. 

Most content creation platforms have integrated tools that automatically adapt your content to different screen sizes. However, to ensure the best possible user experience, you should always test your white paper on multiple devices as part of your content creation process before publishing.

Finally, website speed is one of the most significant factors influencing user experience and playing a pivotal role in organic rankings. According to section.io , 32.3% of visitors bounce from a webpage if it takes more than 7 seconds to load. Ensuring that your content creation platform and hosting services are optimized for website performance is critical in maximizing your readership when choosing your white paper template.

10. Final thoughts

Be prepared to write a lot more content.

By this point, you should have all the ingredients you need to make your white paper a rousing success. However, you’ll notice by now the reality that your white paper fits into a larger ecosystem of marketing actions and content.

In today’s business world, producing quality content is one of the best ways to get your target market's attention. But not everyone will be ready for the same piece of content at the same time.

From white papers to blog posts, to podcasts, the type of content that will drive conversions for your business is something you'll discover over time. What’s certain is that one type won't satisfy all your audience's needs. Because of that, you should be prepared to fill the rest of your buyer’s journey with other appropriate content.

This means lots of writing. There’s no way around that. It means coming up with content ideas, creating them, distributing them, and measuring their success — then rinsing and repeating. After this primer, you should be fully equipped for success writing not only white papers but whatever content you choose along your journey.  

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ENGL 417 - Written Communication for the Workplace

  • Grey Literature & White Papers

Library Research Guide

Overview of grey literature and white papers, evaluating white papers and grey literature, searching for grey literature and white papers, white paper clearinghouses, examples of organizations that publish white papers and grey literature, example government websites for grey literature, websites containing academic and other professional research.

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Grey literature (also spelled gray literature) is created and distributed outside of formal commercial and academic publishing processes. A valuable source of information for people working in diverse professions, it is produced by government agencies, universities, corporations, research centers, associations, and professional organizations.

"White paper" is the term commonly applied to publications in business and industry, usually featuring research or detailed product reports.

Characteristics of grey literature:

  • Not  formally published; therefore, not usually available in library databases, which typically include published sources like journals and books.
  • Often free and posted on the organization's website. Older reports may be taken down and difficult to locate.
  • May be described in a press release as "a recent report from..."
  • Represents the views and objectives of the organization that produced it.
  • May provide valuable schematics, in-depth product details, consumer information, or industry data.
  • OWL White Papers More information on white papers from the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL).

White papers are a valuable source of industry and public policy information. However, you must approach the information in the reports as critically as you would other sources of information. When reading a white paper, try to identify the following pieces of information and ask yourself how that could impact the relevance and accuracy of the report.

  • Who paid for the report's research?
  • Who donates to the organization that produces the research?
  • Are they trying to sell something (industry)?
  • Do they have a social or political agenda (public policy)?
  • Do they have a defined mission/objective (non-governmental organization)?
  • Are they required to perform and publish research by law (government agency)?
  • How old is the report?
  • While newer reports are more likely to account for changes in industry practices or laws, older reports may provide pertinent background information or technical specs for older products and practices.
  • What makes the report researchers and/or writers experts on the topic?
  • Evaluating Think Tanks The Harvard Kennedy School library provides resources for evaluating whether to use a think tank's research.

Search for a Known Report

1. If the title of the report is known (you've seen it in a bibliography or a press release), Google the title. Often, placing the title in quotation marks increases the likelihood that the report you want will rise to the top of your search results.

2. If you know what organization issued the white report, but don't know the exact title, Google the topic of the report and the organization's name. OR do a site search in Google. Use this syntax to perform a site search using Google:

Search for Reports on a Topic

1. Many reports are published as PDFs, adding PDF to your Google search can narrow your results to these reports. 

2. Professional organizations may produce white papers on trending issues for their members.

These websites collect or link to white papers on specific topics.

Business and Industry

  • BizReport Marketing Research Library Focused on online marketing, this site includes "white papers, reports, case studies, magazines, and eBooks."

Technical Reports

  • TechRepublic White Papers "TechRepublic's Resource Library is the web's largest directory of free vendor-supplied technical content."

Public Policy Reports

  • Congressional Research Services Reports Official site, as of 2018, for reports researched for members of Congress on wide-ranging issues of relevance to public laws and policies.Inclusion of prior reports not ensured.
  • Congressional Research Services Reports - Federation of American Scientists Hosts CRS reports dating back to the 1990s. The site is not comprehensive, but is one of the most complete sources for CRS reports.
  • Congressional Research Services Reports - University of North Texas Created to download, digitize, and archive CRS reports prior to the 2018 law permitting the CRS to publicly distribute the reports. This site now acts as an archive for pre-2018 reports, to include digitizing donated reports. Not comprehensive. Coverage extends back to 1970.

NGO's Non-governmental Organizations

  • The Word Bank: Research & Publications The World Bank publishes research reports and data on sustainability, development, and finance.
  • OECD iLibrary The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) publishes free and fee-based reports and data on topics such as development, education, finance, and industry.

Corporations

  • PwC (PricewaterhouseCoopers) PwC is a professional services company that publsihes free and fee-based research reports on topics such as cybersecurity and privacy, human resources, and more.
  • Deloitte Deloitte is a professional services company that publishes free and fee-based research reports on wide-ranging topics, including accounting standards, consumer trends, and human capital.
  • Nielsen Reports Nielsen is global measurement and data analytics company that provides some free reports in their website.
  • DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information Provides the science, technology, and engineering research information from the US Department of Energy
  • Jet Propulsion Laboratory Provides access to JPL authored, externally published papers and reprints
  • DTIC Defense Technical Information Center
  • NASA Technical Reports Server Technical reports from NASA and NACA
  • TRAIL Technical Reports Archive and Image Library provides historic technical reports from a number of federal agencies
  • OAIster Catalog of millions of records to open access digital resources including data sets
  • arxiv.org/ Maintained by Cornell University, contains open access to 1,118,279 e-prints in Physics, Mathematics, Computer Science, Quantitative Biology, Quantitative Finance and Statistics
  • Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Library  [NCSTRL] Contains full-text computer science technical reports mainly from universities and research centers
  • The National Agricultural Library (Agricola) Contains agricultural information
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What is a white paper and how to write it with examples

Dec 9th, 2022

difference between essay and white paper

What is a white paper?

How to write a white paper, white paper examples, should you gate your white paper.

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If your business objectives are to promote your product or service, generate leads, establish thought leadership and encourage your potential customers to purchase the product, you can create a white paper. Marketing specialists write white papers to educate their audience about a specific topic or describe and promote some methodology. These in-depth reports can highlight the features of your product or service and help your customers find solutions to their problems.

However, to create an excellent white paper, you must have clear goals, relevant topics, and new information to share. In this article, we will take a closer look at white papers, consider their unique features and describe the differences between white papers, case studies, ebooks, and blog articles. We will also discuss the process of writing a white paper and provide several examples of this content type.

A white paper is a report or guide that gives a thorough overview of a topic while promoting a company’s goods or services and enticing readers to use them. A white paper presents a potential solution to customer problems, describes the product’s features and justifies why a product or service is the perfect option for the given issue. In addition, this marketing document contains studies, surveys, and other statistics supporting the provided information. The audiences for white papers include prospective clients, investors, journalists, analysts, and stakeholders.

A white paper is a form of content marketing or inbound marketing. It is a piece of content that allows for generating traffic and increasing the company’s visibility in search engines. A document is typically written in an academic style and contains at least 2,500 words. White papers are created for two primary purposes: educating potential customers about the topic while positioning a company as an authority and encouraging consumers to purchase the offered product or service. In addition, whitepapers are often presented as gated content , so consumers should fill out a form with their contact information to download material. 

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There are three categories of white papers: backgrounder, numbered list, and problem/solution. The backgrounder describes the technical or business advantages of the product. This white paper is most effective for supporting a technical evaluation or product launch . A numbered list or listicle provides a series of recommendations, questions, or points regarding a specific business issue. These white papers are intended to draw attention with provocative ideas, nurture leads , or cast doubt on competitors. Finally, problem/solution papers present a new solution to a problem, generate leads, and inform and persuade stakeholders.

Although a white paper is a sales document, it differs from a product pitch or presentation. A white paper is useful and informative and provides only facts without opinions. It aims to build trust with the audience and increase brand awareness . Sales pitch, in contrast, is written in a more aggressive tone and focuses mainly on the product’s benefits. While the goal of a product pitch is to convince the audience to buy your product straight away, a white paper uses facts and logical arguments to inform the readers about your solution and explain why it is the best choice.

Now we will compare a white paper with a research paper, case study, ebook, and blog article and look at their distinctive features.

White paper vs research paper

Research papers are scholarly publications in journals that feature the findings of original studies or criticism of other researchers’ works. A research paper aims to contribute to the body of knowledge in a particular field. Research papers are usually written to support or refute a theory and present recent findings. These publications are frequently examined by academics who are specialists in various branches of science and technology. It often takes a long time to publish a research paper as it requires peer reviews.

White papers typically address complex issues through technical discussions. These documents are used in product marketing to highlight a specific viewpoint or product and influence consumer purchasing decisions. Although a white paper is presented scientifically and logically, it is intended to impact customers in a way that benefits the business. While research papers are created by engineers, scholars, and doctors, the authors of white papers are technical writers, internal company personnel, and subject matter experts. 

Research papers are mostly published for informational and educational purposes. Hence academics like students, professors, researchers, and scientists make up the majority of their readers. On the other hand, white papers’ audience is prospective customers, so they might increase sales of a specific brand, product, or service. 

White paper vs case study

A case study is a record of research conducted to examine a specific problem or circumstance during a given period. For example, in a business case study, an author may explore the organization’s strategy, analyze how consumers use a product, or describe the state of the market. The goal of a case study is to educate readers, inform the audience about a problem and provide recommendations. In essence, both a white paper and a case study describe the advantages of a product or service while demonstrating how a particular method has turned out to be an efficient remedy for the problem.

However, there are some significant differences between white papers and case studies. Case studies are more concise, while white papers are longer, involve technical research, and provide detailed suggestions on resolving the issue. The former demonstrates the effectiveness of a solution and provides real-life examples. Case studies also place greater emphasis on observation and examination. White papers, in contrast, focus primarily on theoretical information and highlight crucial characteristics of a product or methodology.

White paper vs ebook

An ebook or electronic book is a digital publication that contains text, photos, and interactive elements like links and videos. Ebook provides recommendations, answers, or strategies for an industry or niche. White papers and ebooks share certain similarities. For instance, both marketing assets can be used to establish a company as a thought leader, build credibility and generate leads. Besides, ebooks and white papers have a longer lifespan than other content marketing formats. You can use the documents for a few years and repurpose them in different ways: turn them into a series of blog articles, create an infographic, or include the publications in newsletters.

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The primary difference between an ebook and a white paper is the audience. An ebook is a comprehensive guide on a specific topic targeted predominantly at a general audience. A white paper is an academic report that targets a niche audience of specialists and presents new research. The other difference is the objective. The purpose of a white paper is to educate the audience and highlight the brand’s value proposition. Ebooks are also more informative and comprehensive. These assets serve as guides for broader topics. Finally, ebooks are longer and have a formal structure, while white papers often include the following components: a problem, methodology, guidance, and resolution.

White paper vs blog article

A blog article is a piece of content posted on a blog which is a website or a section of the site. Blog article often includes text, images, and videos. A blog article aims to briefly overview the subject, generate leads , and market products and services. On the other hand, a white paper’s primary goal is to give a complete idea about the topic. Although blog articles can present facts, these content pieces are usually not data-focused and are much shorter than white papers.

The other difference between white papers and blog articles is the tone. White papers require an official and professional style, while blog articles can be written in a more informal manner. White papers require more research and provide a thorough analysis of a product or service. Therefore, completing a comprehensive white paper can take weeks to months. A blog article is more straightforward, so writing one can take a few hours to several days. White papers are designed to draw qualified leads and prospects, whereas blog articles are less technical and can reach a wider audience.

Once you are familiar with different content formats and their differences from a white paper, let us discuss the process of writing a white paper from ideation to publication and distribution.

An excellent white paper needs to be thoroughly researched and present new information that readers cannot find through an internet search. Moreover, a white paper should be engaging and maintain the audience’s interest. Now we will describe how to write an excellent white paper in greater detail below.

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Step 1. Define your audience

Defining your audience is one of the most crucial steps in creating a well-researched white paper. First, you need to consider what kinds of readers you want to attract. For example, you can use specific jargon if your audience is professionals in the industry. Furthermore, the statistics and provided information should be relevant to your target audience. Knowing your readers’ interests also narrows the scope of research you should conduct.

When determining your audience, consider the following characteristics: educational background, job title, and professional needs. Think about which platforms and search queries your readers use to find information. Conduct in-depth research to understand why your audience is interested in this topic, how much knowledge readers already have about the subject, and how your white paper can help them. In addition, interview your clients and check the comments from your audience to learn about their main problems and goals.

Step 2. Choose a relevant topic and research it

Choosing an impactful topic for a white paper is a crucial component of its success. When defining the topic, make sure you are qualified to write about it and that your audience is interested in the problem. Beyond that, the topic should fill the content gap , which means that there should not be much information online on the subject. Your topic may concern a product or an innovative business idea. A white paper can describe a particular aspect of your business or your team’s accomplishments.

Ask your audience about their expectations, check other reports and studies to identify content gaps, and interview other industry experts to develop an idea for a white paper. Then find credible sources and collect expert opinions and statistics. Finally, fact-check the information to verify its accuracy. 

Step 3. Make an outline

The following step is to create an outline that determines your target audience, defines the structure, and organizes the study. When creating a plan for your paper, think about how to summarize your findings in a way that addresses the issues of your readers. Make a list of concepts and crucial matters you should address within each section.

A white paper typically consists of the following elements: title, abstract or summary, introduction, section subheadings, sources, and conclusion. First, you need to describe a problem or situation. Secondly, you should provide a methodology and instructions. Finally, you need to explain possible solutions to the problem. 

Step 4. Provide valuable information

It is critical to remember that a white paper’s goal is to provide helpful information to an audience even if they do not become your clients. Make sure each paragraph brings value and makes readers feel they have learned something new. A white paper should demonstrate your expertise in a particular field as a business or brand.

Use proven facts and statistics to make a white paper more trustworthy. Thus, your audience will perceive the company as a reliable source of information. In addition, building a reputation as an expert will increase your chances of achieving success, as customers are willing to buy from businesses they trust.

Now you need to format the content of your document. Use bullet points and subheadings to divide the text into sections and make it easier to read. You can also add charts and graphs to capture readers’ attention and highlight the concepts you want people to remember. You can decide how to format the paper by looking up various examples and templates. 

Step 5. Proofread and edit

When writing a white paper, maintain a formal tone. Use language appropriate for the audience you are targeting. Avoid using informal language, slang, and expressions that are not suitable for academic writing. Although keyword optimization is crucial, remember to write for your readers instead of search engines. Google is constantly improving its capacity to recognize and match relevant information with search queries.

Do not worry about creating a perfect white paper on the first draft. It may require several revisions to finalize a report. To ensure your white paper is exciting and understandable, hire professional proofreaders or try editing a document yourself. 

Step 6. Distribute and promote your paper

Creating the document is only the first step. You also need to ensure it reaches the desired audience. For instance, you can send a press release to advertise the publication of a new paper or share it through LinkedIn or Twitter. The other way to promote the publication of the white paper is to send it to your prospects after a demo call to provide more information. A smart strategy to distribute your white papers is to embed or link them to relevant landing pages, guest blogs, and newsletters.

White paper syndication or publishing the same document on independent websites enables companies to target a niche market , generate leads, and increase the reach of a white paper. Besides, a white paper distribution through content syndication is very effective as it allows for repurposing content and promoting it on various platforms.

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Next, we will look at white paper examples from different companies in various industries to provide you with an understanding of how to create a white paper.

In this section, you can find three white paper examples to collect ideas for creating your own.

Cisco’s white paper

Cisco is a company that develops and provides network equipment, data security services, and telecommunications gear. The company created a white paper called “Networking and your competitive edge” , where Cisco explained the importance of having a secure and reliable network edge. The advantages of this white paper are a large number of infographics, quotes, statistics, and balanced use of text and visuals. Plus, the document allows people to understand a complex topic with the help of the simple and engaging language of the presentation.

Google’s white paper

The white paper called “Cloud security and compliance” by Google is a 28-page tutorial demonstrating the effectiveness of Google cloud products and services in protecting the data of any workspace. The white paper has all the components of a well-written, readable document, including subtle color fonts, pictures, and plain language. What is more, Google repurposed the white paper and created the infographic for people who do not have time to read the entire document. 

Uber’s white paper

In the paper called “Fast-forwarding to a future of on-demand urban air transportation” , Uber promotes the idea of air transportation and establishes the company as a key figure in its creation. The company describes its VTOL aircraft, explains the need for it in urban areas, and lists the obstacles that should be overcome. Uber also mentions reviewers from NASA, MIT, and other prestigious air transportation organizations to increase the report's credibility. As a result, the company establishes itself as a thought leader by describing future trends and innovations in the industry.

You can use the above-mentioned practices tested by reputable companies to create a white paper that will educate your audience, generate leads and increase sales. 

Companies can use gated content like white papers to grow contact lists for marketing and sales teams. Gated content is any publication that readers can access by providing personal details like name and email. A company creates a landing page that contains a description of available content and a form where users can enter contact information and gain access to the materials.

There is no definitive answer to whether you should gate a white paper. On the one hand, gating your content is a great way to generate leads . Moreover, a successful buyer's journey often starts with gated content as the very first step. Most people who provide contact information are interested in your company because of your regular distribution of useful content.

On the other hand, gating your white paper reduces the number of people who will read the document because not everyone wants to share their personal details. Therefore, if your white paper is not gated, it will attract a larger audience and can improve your search rankings. However, gating a white paper will stop search engines from indexing a publication.

Creating a perfect white paper may require a lot of time and effort. Nevertheless, this results in a valuable document that promotes your company’s expertise and fosters general education and development in your industry. A perfect white paper contributes to the company’s growth.

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Research paper vs white paper: how are they different?

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  • September 14, 2022

Research paper vs white paper is a conundrum white paper writers frequently encounter. Most people had to write research papers when they were in high school and college, and many people work in industries where researchers and scientists publish research papers to inform colleagues and industries of what they’ve learned. So when they hear someone mentioning white papers, they can’t be faulted for assuming they’re the same thing. (Originally, a white paper was an official government report.)

What are research papers?

Research papers are formal documents or scientific articles exploring a particular subject in detail, and supporting the writer’s contention or arguments by including evidence from outside experts and other sources. Most research papers follow standardized structures, often beginning with some type of a thesis statement, presenting a series of arguments or sources in support of that statement, and ending in a statement about whether the thesis was successfully proven.

For students, academic papers are usually assigned to determine their mastery of a topic or their ability to write in traditional academic style. Professionals use peer reviewed research papers for a different reason. They want to share an idea they had and whether it proved to be possible, useful, or even valuable.

Scientific papers

Peer reviewed research papers are particularly important in the sciences. For example, many medical advances are first documented by the doctors or other scientists who discovered and tested them. An oncologist may stumble upon a combination of treatments that’s particular effective on a difficult-to-treat cancer. The doctor tests his idea following standard procedures and protocols and discovers it’s effective 86 percent of the time, so they write a research paper explaining the treatment and recommending the next steps for researchers.

The scientific research paper process is designed to explore all existing knowledge to create new ideas and discoveries, then document everything to help the scientist who pushes the frontiers of knowledge even further.

Publishing research papers

Recognition of the value of what a particular research paper analyzes often comes in the form of being published in an peer reviewed academic journal. Generally, an academic journal uses a peer review process in which several professionals read papers that have been submitted before publishing research papers. They ensure a logical framework is used and also make sure any statistics and other information used reflect peer reviewed research standards.

What is a white paper?

White papers are documents that explore complex issues to educate audiences. When used in a marketing or policymaking context, a white paper provides enough facts and arguments to convince people that your product, service, or strategy offers the best solution for the situation, educating them about the issue and making a case for your position or advice. Potential customers search for the information found in white papers.

White papers offer an excellent way to explain what makes your solution better than competing alternatives. You can use them to provide a technical discussion or summarize key information about a particular issue or problem to help the reader develop a stronger understanding. You describe common problems current and prospective customers face and provide detailed explanations as to how your approach provides the best solution.

Unlike ads and brochures, white papers are generally not promotional, without a strong sales pitch. Because the audiences that white papers target — such as engineers, CFOs, and CEOs — tend to distrust materials that appear to be more “salesy” than informative, most white papers are simply set up to look like trade magazine articles with fewer pictures.

So research paper vs white paper?

As in how they are different? First, they have two very different purposes. The purpose of a research paper is, for students, to prove mastery of a subject. For professionals, it’s to advance knowledge by sharing discoveries. A white paper, on the other sheet, is a tool to share information and influence decision-making.

Research papers explore all existing knowledge and can never have enough of it. White papers focus on a handful of points. Just enough knowledge to help someone make the right decision and nothing more. Research papers expand the mind, white papers attempt to narrow it.

Typically, research papers are written in the stiff, formal style that’s used in the academic world. You’ll have no trouble recognizing it from your memories of 8th grade English or your college composition class (or whatever fancy term your college came up with because they didn’t think you were smart enough to realize it was a composition class). Remember that long list of rules Mrs. Handsdown recited and all the red ink on your graded papers? Now when you write an email, you sometimes worry that she’s somehow going to see it, and you’ll feel her hovering over your shoulder.

The most effective white papers are written in a friendly, conversational way . Mrs. Handsdown would be very disappointed in you, but your boss will think you’ve become a genius. How so? It starts with the voice and tone of the written word. So you’re already a little confused. How could the written word make sound? Well, I didn’t say that. I said the voice and tone and not sound.

Literacy — the ability to read — is a relatively recent development in the evolution of our species. From the time we were magically created, hatched, or (whatever your image of life celebrates), until mere centuries ago, we had no way to communicate in writing. So we spoke. More important, we listened. Listening could keep us alive. Gradually, we learned the value of sharing what the old had learned from life so the young could take their places.

That was a long time ago, but you know what’s funny? Much of our mental wiring is from that era. Our brains do a great job of collecting and managing information. Was that the doorbell? Did a bird hit the window? Is that noise coming from beast of sharpest teeth? Your brain reacts to all three events the same way. It triggers hormones to kick up your energy and sharpen your senses so you don’t miss a thing. Thanks to some mutual ancestor who managed to stay a step ahead of a sabertoothed tiger, sound gets our immediate interest.

So we’re conditioned to listen for and pay attention to voices. Think of how many of the best times you can remember were spent in conversation with friends or family. Think of the number of interactions you have with other people on a given day, and what percentage include at least some conversation, even if it’s just “mornin’.”

As children, we grasp reading by connecting words with their associated sounds. And because the spoken word is so comfortable for us, we begin to recognize it in what we read. As we read a paragraph, we “hear” a voice in our heads. The voice is how we think the author or the character sounds. Not sure what I’m saying? Have you ever read a book and then seen a movie made from the book? A character speaks and you think, “Hey! He doesn’t sound like that!” You heard his “voice” when you read the book.

Based on the voices they hear, people draw very important conclusions about you. They decide whether you can be trusted. How you will treat them. Whether you’re genuinely friendly or just acting nice. You can control that impression, because you can control that voice.

Sometimes, presenting the right voice means ignoring some of those grammar rules Mrs. Handsdown drummed into your head. Why? Effective copy talks to people, and people don’t speak with textbook grammar. We start sentences with conjunctions, we end them with prepositions. We even use fragments. (That doesn’t mean grammar is unimportant. Forgetting basic agreement or structure can make you sound uneducated. Don’t be afraid to break rules – but do it selectively and with reason.)

By writing a white paper in a friendly, conversational way, you’ll tap into our desire to listen to voices and do a better job of capturing the reader’s full attention.

Is grammar for research and white papers different?

As I mentioned, research papers are usually written in that formal, stuffy academic style taught in high school English and college Composition classes and often used by technical writers.

But writing white papers isn’t about trying to please strict English teachers or jaded Composition instructors. Writing white papers is about selling. Telling. Convincing. Entertaining. Emphasizing. Doing that effectively demands copy that’s individual and personal. In fact, the more copy sounds like conversation, the more effective it tends to be.

That doesn’t mean you should ignore basic rules of grammar and syntax. The degree of grammatical correctness should reflect the situation and the audience. If the primary audience for your white paper is a group of university professors, you’ll want to make it more formal. But if you’re writing to industrial purchasing agents, your white paper should use the kind of language they use every day.

How should white papers be written?

Again, the most effective kind of language to use in a white paper is conversational. It really is okay to use contractions (like “can’t” or “won’t”) because they keep copy talky and friendly. It’s also okay to start sentences with conjunctions like “and” or “but,” and to end them with prepositions. And while you learned not to use “you” when writing for school, using it in a white paper will make it seem more like a conversation you’re having with the reader.

Some companies believe in hiring technical writers for white papers, but technical writers are usually more geared to projects like documentation or manuals, not white papers.

As for format, white papers usually begin with a general summary of the issue or the problem, and then go into depth about that issue or problem. Once it has been explored at length, the paper explains the solutions or approaches that have been developed to address the issue or problem, with a focus on the solution or approach that you want to advance. White papers often end with a brief message about your company and what it offers to prospective customers.

Some white papers include a short abstract at the beginning of the paper to summarize the key messages and conclusion. You can also place a list of other references and sources that the reader may find informative at the end of the paper.

Are there different types of white papers?

Companies may use several types of white papers companies as part of their marketing communications efforts. Most white papers fall into one of the following four categories.

1. White papers for background information

Some white papers are designed to provide background information about an issue or a challenge. Their goal is educating the reader about the matter so they can make more informed and/or confident decisions. An example might be comparing the advantages of shipping by truck with those of shipping by train, so a decision-maker is better able to evaluate which is the right choice for their company.

2. White papers for problems and solutions

Many white papers begin by describing a common problem the audience faces — whether that’s machinery that’s breaking down too often because of contamination issues or erosion tearing the topsoil from newly built slopes. Then the white papers examine the solutions available for that problem. With the machinery, it might involve a different type of lubrication or changes to the maintenance schedule. With the erosion issue, it might involve woven mats of organic materials that help plantings become rooted more quickly so they’re better able to withstand water.

3. White papers about processes

White papers can be an excellent way to explain and explore processes, from the many steps in bringing fresh produce from a farmer’s field to a restauranteur’s table, to the insight professionals like architects bring to design and construction of buildings. A well-written white paper can bring these processes alive for people who need to know about how these things work, such as lawmakers who are considering legislation about affecting those processes.

4. White papers presenting collections of information

This strategy is best when you have many bits of information or advice that would be helpful to readers, but none of them warrants a full-length white paper of their own. They’re often presented as numbered documents with titles such as “20 simple ways to improve your fleet maintenance program.” Readers are often attracted to this type of white paper because it’s easy to read and normally simplifies otherwise complex topics.

Could our business benefit from white papers?

If you can answer “yes” to any of the following five questions, it’s likely white papers can help you. In fact, more “yes” answers you provide, the more likely white papers should be part of your organization’s toolkit.

1. Is what you offer complicated, innovative, or different than your competitors?

If your company’s product or service is complicated, innovative, or significantly different from what your competitors provide, creating a white paper may be one of the most effective ways to convince people it’s the best choice for them.

That’s because selling something complex or innovative demands helping the prospect see why it represents a better choice. It’s hard to do that convincingly in an ad or email, but a well-written white paper provides enough facts and arguments to educate them while helping them reach the decision you want.

2. Is advertising not sufficient to explain the advantages of what you offer?

While advertising or other traditional marketing methods can be effective channels, they rarely allow you to get into detail about what makes your product or service better.  Plus, many people are wary of channels such as advertising because they know it’s a blatant sales effort.

A well-crafted white paper is an informational tool that seeks to educate the reader. Because the white paper doesn’t appear to be as promotional, people will give it more credence. Plus, people tend to hang onto white papers longer than they retain ads, giving your message a longer life.

3. Do prospects and customers find it hard to grasp your value proposition?

Like you, your customers and prospects are hungry for good information, but they’re also busy. Because their time is limited, they appreciate practical guidance that’s focused on their specific needs, and they trust white papers more than other channels.

They’re willing to take the time to read white papers because they need to know something. Maybe they want to better understand a new technology. Perhaps they’re desperately seeking a solution for a problem that’s hurting their business. Or it could be that they want support for a recommendation they’re making to their bosses. Whatever the reason, white papers provide trustworthy information and improve their perception of your organization and what you offer.

4. Is your sales process lengthy?

If your product or service is a commodity, is easily understood, or typically is purchased on impulse, a white paper probably won’t do much for you. But if you’re selling a high-value product or service that takes many weeks or months to move from initial interest to finished deal, a white paper can help you speed the process along.

5. Does your customers’ decision-making process involve many people?

Often — particularly with items that involve a significant investment of capital, such as plant equipment — purchase decisions are not made by just one or two people at your prospect. They may have the status and authority to recommend what you offer, but getting final approval may require the blessing of everyone from production engineers, to the operations team, to the CFO and CEO. Unfortunately, you and your team can’t speak with everyone who will play a role in the decision.

That’s when a white paper can stand in for you. A white paper that discusses the advantages of what you offer, contrasts it with other options, and explains how users can get the greatest value from it will help you communicate with decision-makers you can’t reach directly. When your contact attaches your white paper to their recommendation, it not only provides evidence that it’s the right choice, but it may help to answer questions and overcome objections other people in the process may have.

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White Paper vs. eBook: What’s the Difference? (Infographic)

Content marketing is much more than distributing a blog article to your audience. White papers and eBooks are two great examples that can take content to the next level, offering your audience a new and exciting way to digest relatable information, while generating leads.

Though similar, there’s still something that sets these two assets apart. Think about it this way: You wouldn’t expect to get the same experience out of reading an illustrated novel as you would an essay, right? Both are valuable options for learning but with different goals and purposes.

If you’re still hungry for the details, you’ve come to the right place. Here’s everything you need to know about what separates an eBook from a white paper:

Infographic White Paper Vs. eBook- What's the Difference

What Is a White Paper?

A white paper is like a report or essay. It uses a combination of authoritative language and relevant data points to present a problem, then solve it. It’s often presented as gated content for readers in search of specific information, deep research or statistical information. 

You can use white papers to bring up a relevant industry issue and then talk about how your products or services can offer the solution. It’s important to remember, however, that white papers shouldn’t be salesy. They should be seen as educational resources that encourage readers to look further into the resolution you provide, thus generating leads.

A white paper contains expert knowledge alongside in-depth research. Generally, white papers tend to be on the lengthy side – between 1,000 and 10,000 words, as we’ve reported in the past.

white paper vs ebook

When To Use a White Paper

You might use a white paper when you’re ready to dive into the details of a topic, service or product. 

Because it’s well-researched and explained, this piece of content is best for customers in the “decision” stage. Readers have already researched the basics of the topic and are looking for more information to support their choice. 

A white paper is especially helpful if your company has produced a blog post series on a certain topic and wants to bring it all together in a single source of content. It could include a case study that supports your claims by way of an example. 

B2B marketers with a valuable product or service will often produce a white paper to help support prospective stakeholders looking for proven results.  

How Do You Create a White Paper?

First, you must choose a relevant topic that highlights your expertise while also keeping your target audience in mind. How do you find that topic?

  • Pay attention to industry trends by subscribing to market reports.
  • Follow key influencers on social media to see what everyone’s talking about.
  • Search through your company’s database of commonly asked questions.
  • Speak with sales reps to see what prospects are concerned with most.
  • Check Google Analytics to see if you already have a high-performing piece of content on your site – then reformat that content into a white paper and redistribute.
  • Compile relevant customer or industry data and publish it as a white paper.

Creating Gated Content

Nearly everyone’s goal is lead generation; gated content is a great way to do this. Gated content is a type of deliverable that users can only access after inputting their information. This typically doesn’t involve monetary exchange, but an easy sharing of information. 

Valuable information could depend on your industry and what’s most important to your marketers. It may include:

  • Company email.
  • Size of their company.

With a white paper, leads are highly engaged and are prospects that you can nurture toward a sale. To present your white paper, you could use a pop-up or a relevant CTA. 

Creating the Most Impact With Your White Paper

We covered this briefly, but here are 3 points you can count on to make the most out of the content:

  • Use only credible sources: .gov/.org sites, industry publications, financial reports and proprietary research. Stay away from secondary sources or information that’s already common knowledge.
  • Back up all claims with data: Not only do statistics allow designers to graphically call out important components of your white paper, but they lend additional authority to your argument.
  • Follow a logical format: Start with a quick, informative intro that discusses methodology, then break up the main body of your copy into several sections or subheads. Finally, end with a conclusion that sufficiently wraps up your argument and harkens back to your original claim.

Is a White Paper Right for You?

  • Become an industry thought leader.
  • Generate leads.
  • Distribute research to your target audience.

Check out our guide on how to build a white paper template or download ours at the end.

What Is an eBook?

If you’ve never seen the word “eBook” before, you probably think it’s a specific reference to a novel or story that you can access on an electronic device like a tablet. In the content marketing world, however, it’s not quite the same. Here, it’s a valuable asset.

In comparison to white papers, eBooks are filled with illustrations and quick takeaways. It focuses on a topic of interest with an end goal to educate the reader. But, it reads more like a book, with dedicated page breaks, a table of contents and helpful design elements that move the narrative along.

When To Use an eBook

You’d create an eBook if you’re writing about a topic that doesn’t need a lot of technical background. Because the written content on the page is much shorter than a white paper, your copy should be short and to the point, yet easy to read. They’re perfect for both B2C and B2B readers.

This type of content is helpful for buyers in the “awareness” stage. These readers have just realized they have a need and are looking for more research on the topic before moving to the product comparison, or the “consideration,” stage.

You may also use an eBook if you’d like to introduce your customers to a new topic that’s more high-level, to get them excited about something new in the industry. 

eBooks typically offer a reader a digestible (and often more shareable) set of information. They have a more casual tone, making them more agreeable to a wider range of readers. 

How Do You Create an eBook?

To create an eBook, the first step is researching a relevant topic that speaks to your target audience. From there, you’ll outline each chapter of the book, incorporating data, industry information, quotes and statistics that speak to the story you’re trying to tell – just like a white paper.

Then it’s time for the design process, which is where an eBook begins to stand out from a white paper in its final form.

eBook Best Practices

Here’s the breakdown we’ve all been waiting for:

  • Use colors, fonts and illustrations that align with your existing brand.
  • Decide whether still photography or custom illustration best conveys your message.
  • Try to keep each unique concept on its own page for better flow.
  • Use data points or metaphorical language in the copy to inform design cues.
  • Create a branded front and back cover page, again producing more of a “book” feel.

Lastly, think about your conclusion. Will you include a subtle call-to-action or a clear advertisement for your company? 

Unlike a white paper, an eBook can be salesy . “For more information, contact us today” is a straightforward way to keep your readers at the top of your mind and offer a next step on their journey with your company.

Who Uses an eBook?

You’ll know your content team is ready to add an eBook to the lineup if you want to:

  • Introduce your audience to a new concept or service.
  • Turn a difficult topic into something easier to comprehend.
  • Provide information in a visually satisfying way.
  • Boost lead generation. (You can  self publish eBooks  to reach audiences on channels like Amazon.)

difference between essay and white paper

Do What’s Right for Your Content Marketing

Those interested in a problem-solving guide can benefit from a white paper. Someone looking for an asset that’s more creative and visually appealing may be more attracted to an eBook.

The bottom line: There’s no right or wrong choice! An evaluation of your current goals will steer you in the right direction for choosing a fresh content format that boosts brand awareness.

Editor’s Note: Updated February 2023.

difference between essay and white paper

By Chelsey Church

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The Difference between an Essay and a Research Paper: A Comprehensive Comparison

The Difference between an Essay and a Research Paper: A Comprehensive Comparison

Writing is a skill that can take you far in life. From the moment you start school, you’re asked to submit various types of written work. You might think that writing a research paper and an essay is one and the same, but they’re actually quite different. In this article, we’ll delve into the key differences between these two forms of writing and provide you with tips on how to excel in each.

Another major difference between essays and research papers lies in their purposes. Essays are usually more informal and allow the writer to express their thoughts and opinions on a given topic. They can be persuasive or informative, but their main goal is to showcase the writer’s ability to present a well-structured argument. Research papers, on the other hand, have a more formal tone and require extensive research and analysis. They are often used in academic or scientific settings and are meant to contribute new knowledge to the field.

The style of writing also differs between essays and research papers. In essays, writers can use a more creative and personal tone, while research papers require a more objective and formal approach. In essays, it’s appropriate to use the first person pronouns “I” and “we” to express the writer’s thoughts and opinions. In research papers, the focus should be on presenting the facts and findings in an unbiased manner.

Understanding the Basics of an Essay and a Research Paper

When it comes to academic writing, two common types of assignments that students often encounter are essays and research papers. While both forms of writing serve a similar purpose, there are fundamental differences between them that every student should understand.

The Purpose: While both essays and research papers aim to communicate ideas and knowledge, their purposes differ. Essays are usually written to demonstrate a student’s understanding of a particular topic or to argue a specific point of view. Research papers, however, are meant to contribute to the existing body of knowledge within a particular subject area. They often require extensive research and analysis of existing literature.

The Style of Writing: Another important difference between essays and research papers is the style of writing. Essays tend to be more personal in nature and allow the writer to express their thoughts and opinions. On the other hand, research papers require a more objective and formal tone, relying on evidence and data to support the arguments presented.

The Use of Sources: Essays may include references to support the writer’s claims, but they typically do not require extensive research or citation of sources. Research papers, on the other hand, rely heavily on the use of credible sources to back the claims and arguments made by the writer. This often involves conducting a literature review and citing various scholarly articles, books, or other relevant sources.

The Length: Essays are generally shorter in length compared to research papers. While essays can range from a single paragraph to a few pages, research papers are usually several pages long and can even extend to tens or hundreds of pages, depending on the topic and depth of research required.

The Level of Complexity: Essays are relatively easier to write compared to research papers. Research papers require a higher level of complexity as they involve a more rigorous analysis and investigation of a subject. They often require critical thinking and a deeper understanding of the topic.

The Audience: Essays are usually written for an academic audience, such as professors or classmates. Research papers, on the other hand, are often written for a more specialized audience within a specific field or discipline, such as fellow researchers, scientists, or professionals in the field.

Key Differences: Structure, Purpose, and Length

The purpose of an essay is to present an argument or viewpoint on a given topic. Essays are often assigned as a way for students to demonstrate their understanding of a subject and their ability to communicate their thoughts effectively. They are free-form pieces of writing that allow for creativity and personal expression, although they still require clear and coherent writing.

In contrast, the purpose of a research paper is to contribute to existing knowledge and understanding of a particular topic. Research papers are more focused and objective in nature, often requiring extensive research and analysis. They are meant to explore new ideas or test existing theories, and their primary aim is to contribute to a specific field of study.

The length of an essay can vary depending on the requirements given by the instructor or the purpose of the assignment. Essays can range from a few hundred words to several thousand, with the average length being around 1,000-1,500 words. Since essays are typically shorter, they tend to be easier to write and can be completed within a shorter time frame.

On the other hand, research papers are usually longer and more time-consuming. They can range from several thousand words to tens of thousands, especially in fields such as medical research, where in-depth analysis and extensive reporting are required. Research papers require a significant amount of research, data collection, and critical thinking skills, making them longer and more complex than essays.

Approach and Methodology: Exploring the Research Process

On the other hand, a research paper is more focused on researching and analyzing a specific topic. It requires a more in-depth investigation, which often includes gathering data, conducting experiments, or reviewing existing literature. Research papers are typically longer than essays and often include an abstract and citations to support the arguments presented.

One of the key differences between essays and research papers is the type of research involved. While both may require some form of research, an essay can rely on general knowledge, personal insights, or observations. In contrast, a research paper requires more extensive and rigorous research, using credible sources such as academic journals, books, or scholarly articles.

Another important distinction is the level of objectivity. In an essay, the writer’s personal views and opinions are often more prominent, allowing for a more subjective approach. However, in a research paper, objectivity and critical analysis are crucial to ensure the accuracy and validity of the findings.

To improve the quality of your research and writing, there are a few tips to keep in mind. First, when researching, make sure to explore different sources and gather sufficient evidence to support your arguments. Second, to avoid plagiarism, always cite your sources accurately and use quotation marks when directly quoting someone else’s work. Third, pay attention to the required formatting and citation style specified by your assignment or academic institution. Lastly, always proofread and edit your work before submitting it to ensure clarity, coherence, and error-free writing.

Expert Advice: Choosing the Right Format for Your Assignment

Essentially, essays and research papers are both written pieces, but they differ in their purpose, style, and structure. Essays are typically shorter and more focused, while research papers are longer and require in-depth researching and analysis. Both assignments require you to develop and articulate your thoughts, but in different ways.

When deciding which format to use, consider the requirements of your assignment and the subject matter. If you’re asked to present new information or a novel idea, a research paper may be more appropriate. If you’re asked to express your thoughts or analyze a specific topic, an essay might be the better choice. Remember, the purpose and audience of your assignment will also influence your decision.

While researching and writing a research paper can be more time-consuming and challenging, it can also be a valuable learning experience. Research papers teach you how to gather and analyze information in a structured manner. They allow you to dive deep into a subject and become more knowledgeable about it.

Essays, on the other hand, can be easier to write since they generally require less research and can be more focused. They’re a great way to develop your critical thinking skills and express your opinions on various topics.

Lastly, keep in mind that there are various types of essays and research papers, each with its own defining features. It’s important to familiarize yourself with these different forms so you can pick the appropriate kind for each assignment.

What is the main difference between an essay and a research paper?

The main difference between an essay and a research paper lies in their purpose and structure. An essay is a shorter piece of writing that presents a writer’s argument or perspective on a specific topic. On the other hand, a research paper is a longer and more comprehensive piece of writing that involves in-depth research and analysis of a specific subject.

Which one requires more research: an essay or a research paper?

A research paper requires significantly more research than an essay. While an essay may require some research to support the writer’s arguments, a research paper involves extensive research to gather and analyze data, review existing literature, and draw conclusions based on the findings. This research is often conducted by referring to academic sources, conducting experiments, and analyzing statistical data.

Can an essay include personal opinions?

Yes, an essay can include personal opinions. In fact, expressing personal opinions is one of the main objectives of an essay. The writer presents their own perspective on the topic and supports it with evidence and examples. However, it is important to note that personal opinions should be backed by logical reasoning and evidence to make the essay more persuasive and credible.

Which one is more common in academic settings: an essay or a research paper?

Both essays and research papers are commonly used in academic settings, but the prevalence of each may depend on the discipline and the level of study. Essays are often assigned in humanities and social sciences courses, where students are required to critically analyze and interpret concepts and theories. Research papers, on the other hand, are more common in scientific and technical fields, where students are expected to conduct original research and contribute new knowledge to their respective fields.

An essay is a short, subjective piece of writing that presents an argument or a point of view, while a research paper is a longer, objective piece of writing that presents a thorough investigation of a topic.

Do essays and research papers require different writing styles?

Yes, essays and research papers require different writing styles. Essays are often more personal and expressive, while research papers require a more formal and objective tone.

Alex Koliada, PhD

By Alex Koliada, PhD

Alex Koliada, PhD, is a well-known doctor. He is famous for studying aging, genetics, and other medical conditions. He works at the Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics. His scientific research has been published in the most reputable international magazines. Alex holds a BA in English and Comparative Literature from the University of Southern California , and a TEFL certification from The Boston Language Institute.

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Case Study versus White Paper

When you’re marketing your business—online or otherwise—you have a wide variety of tools at your disposal. If you’re trying to persuade a potential customer to use your services or buy your products, you may try to persuade them with a compelling website, content for SEO , blog posts, social media feeds, videos, and commercials.

If you have some really good reasons to sway an audience toward a certain conclusion, some other great tools are case studies and white papers. These types of content are longer and more detailed than other forms of marketing but can garner a lot of credibility and position your company as a thought leader.

If you need to decide between a case study versus white paper, read on to find out about the differences between them and the benefits of each.

What is a case study?

A case study, in a nutshell, is a record of research conducted in order to study a particular issue or situation during a certain period of time. Case studies don’t tend to be very lengthy, but they do include a lot of granular detail.

In a business case study, the writer may dive deep into the organization’s strategy, examine how buyers are using a product, or describe the current state of an entire market.

What should a case study include?

There are several key facets that a solid case study should include, like in this case study example . These are some of the major elements:

  • An introduction to discuss the key problem or issue the case study will address
  • Background information and overall context, such as a history of the issue or relevant facts
  • A description of the objectives of the study
  • What type of study was performed
  • How the data was collected and any limitations on the data
  • An analysis of the case
  • Key findings or results of the research

How long should a case study be?

Like most types of content writing, the length of a case study is subjective. Case studies tend to range around five hundred to a thousand words—or rather, shorter than a full-blown research paper. The case studies are more like extremely detailed chunks of information on a particular topic and should be about two to five pages long.

How does a case study work?

The main function of a case study is to present the facts of an issue and thoroughly analyze it. The goal is to inform the reader about the issue and its causes and propose some different recommendations. From a marketing perspective, you could explain how your business or service is the best option to solve the problem at hand.

When would you use a case study in your marketing strategy?

If you think a case study is a good tool for your business, let’s look at how you may be able to leverage it in your overall marketing plan.

Obviously, printing it on your website is a great plan. You may also be able to write a blog post describing the case study’s findings. But you also want to make sure to disseminate it to the widest audience possible. To do this, you can send out copies of the case study as part of an email marketing campaign or distribute copies at company events or shows.

You can also link to the study on your social media accounts and build a social campaign around your results. If the study lends itself to further analysis, you may be able to use it in conjunction with a white paper to point people in the direction your company recommends to go.

What is a white paper?

A white paper is different from a case study in some key ways. A good white paper presents a logical argument rather than simply stating the facts of a case. Using white paper material is more academically rigorous and conforms to a standard format, like this white paper template,  by presenting a problem and a corresponding solution.

What is the purpose of a white paper?

White papers are part of the marketing and sales arsenal of many companies. They are long-form written pieces that describe an issue in detail and recommend solutions or final decisions on a problem.

White papers rely heavily on research and facts to help bolster an argument for an idea or a product. As a result, they can position your business as a source of thought leadership in your industry, establishing your group as a source of expertise.

How do you cite a white paper?

Because white papers originated as government documents and are now more academic, you may see them cited frequently in other research works. Different style guides recommend citing white papers in different ways. Here are some examples:

  • APA style : List the name of the author or organization, the year of publication, the title of the white paper, the date of access, and the URL.

Lee, I. (2014). Marketing assets [White paper]. Retrieved July 2, 2022 from Ohio University Library, http://www.ohio.edu/

  • MLA style : List the name of the author or organization, the title of the white paper, the name of the series or collection, the publisher and date of publication, and the URL.

Lee, Iain. “Marketing Assets.” Marketing Toolkit White Paper . Ohio University, 18 September 2014, http://www.ohio.edu/.

  • Chicago style: List the name of the author or organization, the year of release, the title of the white paper and series, the name of the sponsoring organization, the date of publication, and the URL.

Lee, Iain. 2014. “Marketing Assets.” Marketing Toolkit White Paper. Ohio University Library, September 18. http://www.ohio.edu/.

Who is the target audience for a white paper?

When creating a white paper, you need to make sure it’s targeted toward the correct audience. The readers are likely people outside your organization who you want to attract to your products and services without giving an overt sales pitch.

Keep in mind that as part of your content marketing strategy, white papers should focus on problems that your audience wants to solve. If you offer a compelling solution, your audience will want to read all about it.

How do you persuade an audience to read your white paper?

To convince an audience to read your white paper and get all the way to the end, it first needs to be well written and offer compelling solutions to the issue at hand. With your expertise infused into one single document, it will become a master source of information to reach employees, potential customers and partners, or engineers and specialists looking to find out how something works.

You’ll need to make sure your white paper is easily accessible. You can place it prominently on your website or intranet, mail copies out in your direct marketing materials, and send it as part of an email campaign. Maybe it will even be worth a news release.

Differences between a white paper and a case study

As you can see, there are some key differences between a white paper and a case study. Case studies are shorter and descriptive. They present the details of a particular problem and how you gathered that information, then promote some solutions. White papers are longer and contain more technical research, and present the audience with very detailed recommendations or solutions to a problem.

Whether you create content internally or you plan on outsourcing content marketing , both types of content can serve your purposes.

Why should you create a case study?

Case studies may be your best bet if your goal is to evaluate a problem your business is facing. They are great if you need to break a complex topic down in layman’s terms and make it interesting.

Case studies can take your target audience on a journey. They can:

  • Show your experience in a particular domain
  • Showcase original writing
  • Promote effectiveness within your organization
  • Help close sales with a potential customer
  • Demonstrate to existing customers that you are still their best choice

However, a case study tends to focus on a single project or idea and may not be applicable to your entire business or suite of products. It may also be more qualitative than quantitative.

Why should you create a white paper?

On the other hand, if you really want to demonstrate your expertise, you may want to focus your content marketing on a white paper. Because they are an educational tool, white papers can lay out information in detail while simultaneously presenting a persuasive argument. Many decision makers prefer using white papers to get thorough information and answers all in one place.

White papers can:

  • Help generate leads
  • Display original research
  • Indirectly sell your products or services by explaining how you’ll address your customers’ problems
  • Build trust with your audience (because you are establishing yourself as an expert)
  • Boost SEO traffic on your website

Some disadvantages are that white papers can be time consuming to write, and the general public might consider them too “boring.”

How are white papers different from blog posts and e-books?

We’ve already discussed that white papers tend to be longer-form pieces. This differs from blog posts because blog posts are traditionally shorter (anywhere from three hundred to two thousand words).

White papers also differ from e-books, which tend to be more casual in tone. On the other hand, white papers are formal pieces of writing meant to establish expertise. In addition, white papers lean on data and research, whereas e-books are based on interesting trends and ideas and use far more visuals to help tell the story.

How to determine if you should use a case study or a white paper

So it finally comes down to determining if you should focus your content marketing on a case study or a white paper. No matter what kind of story you have to tell, focusing on quality content is the main consideration.

Ultimately, the goals of white papers and case studies are the same: to persuade your target audience to turn to your business to solve their problem—in other words, lead generation. Different marketing tools all have this same goal.

What makes the case for using a case study over a white paper?

If you aim to focus more on why you are backing a potential solution to a consumer’s problem and explain all the details of the problem you’re trying to solve, case studies are a great option. They may also benefit your business if you want to strike an educational tone without coming across as too sales-y.

Why use a white paper over a case study?

If you want to focus less on anecdotal evidence and instead stress how a consumer will benefit from your proposed solution to their problem, you may opt for a white paper. White papers can also be a great option if you want more of a hard sell document geared toward a B2B audience.

Another thing to keep in mind is that the material in case studies and white papers can be repurposed into blog posts, social media posts, and many other types of content.

Produce quality white papers and case studies with Elite Editing

If you’re still not sure which way to go when it comes to a case study versus a white paper, don’t give up hope. If you’re looking for a partner that understands your content needs, Elite Editing is here to help.

We have a full staff of writers, editors, and SEO experts at the ready to help craft top-notch case studies and white papers for your business. Getting a free quote is easy. Reach out to us today!

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Reporting Publications to NIH

Learn how to report publications to NIH in progress reports and funding applications.

Include PMCID in Citations

Anyone submitting an application, proposal or report to the NIH must include the PMC reference number (PMCID) when citing applicable papers that they author or that arise from their NIH-funded research.

Example : Three authors collaborate on a paper that falls under the public access policy. Author A has no NIH support, Author B worked on the paper using salary support from his mentor’s NIH award, and Author C used her NIH award to support the research reported in the paper. If any of the four scientists (the authors and Author B’s mentor) cite the paper when they apply for an NIH award, they must include the PMCID in the citation. However, when another scientist (anyone other than the three authors or Author B’s mentor) cites this paper in their NIH research application, they are not required to include the PMCID. In addition, when Author B’s mentor and Author C next report on the progress of their respective awards to NIH, they must cite the paper and include the PMCID.

How to Cite

A. for non-competing continuation awards, use my ncbi to report papers.

A video overview is available on YouTube .

My NCBI will provide the current public access compliance status for your paper. A video overview is available on YouTube .

  • Papers marked “In process at NIHMS” are only provisionally compliant within 3 months of the official date of publication . My NCBI will change the status to ‘Complete’ when a PMCID is issued. If the paper does not have a PMCID after 3 months, My NCBI will change the paper’s status to ‘non-compliant’ until a PMCID is issued.
  • Papers collected under submission Method A will stay provisionally compliant (‘PMC Journal In Process’) until a PMCID is Issued.
  • Papers collected under submission Method B are only provisionally compliant within 3 months of the official date of publication. If they do not have a PMCID after 3 months, My NCBI will change the paper’s status to ‘non-compliant’ until a PMCID is issued.

The RPPR draws from every paper in the PI’s My Bibliography collection, and any paper linked to the award in the Other Citations collection. You can also generate a PDF report for the publications section of the PHS 2590.

B. Tracking and reporting papers arising from resource sharing

If an NIH award’s only contribution to a publication is a shared resource, awardees should not list the publication in section C.1 of an RPPR or in the progress report publication list of a competitive renewal application.

  • Awardees are not required to track or report publications arising from the resources they share. Instead:
  • Awardees submitting an RPPR can opt to list and/or summarize these publications in section B.2. Section B.2 requests a description of accomplishments and other achievements. Publications listed and/or summarized in this section will not count against the section’s two-page limit.
  • Awardees submitting a renewal application can opt to list and/or summarize these publications in the appropriate sharing plan (Data Sharing Plan, Genomic Data Sharing Plan, Model Organism Sharing Plan Resource Sharing Plan, etc.).

Awardees should only use a list or summary to highlight how shared resources lead to noteworthy impact(s). Neither a list nor summary is required. If awardees provide a list, it does not have to be complete.

C. Everywhere else you wish to cite papers you author or arise from your funding, and are subject to the public access policy , including renewal applications (type 2s) and biosketches:

My NCBI will provide the current public access compliance status for your paper. A video overview is available here. For papers published more than 3 months before an application, proposal and report is submitted: List the PubMed Central reference number (PMCID) at the end of the full journal citation for the paper in NIH applications, proposals and reports. A PMCID is the only way to demonstrate compliance for these papers.

  • When using Submission Method A or B , indicate “PMC Journal - In Process” or the PMCID at the end of the full citation.
  • When using Submission Method C or D , provide a valid NIH Manuscript Submission System reference number (NIHMSID) or PMCID at the end of the full citation.

Note , NIH awardees are responsible for ensuring that all steps of the NIHMS submission process are complete within three months of publication. Note: no special notation is required when manually citing publications that do not fall under the public access policy.

The appropriate locations for literature citations vary depending on the application type. See the Guide Notice NOT-OD-08-119 for details.

Additional Information

The difference between a pmcid and a pmid.

The PubMed Central reference number (PMCID) is different from the PubMed reference number (PMID). PubMed Central is an index of full-text papers, while PubMed is an index of abstracts. The PMCID links to full-text papers in PubMed Central, while the PMID links to abstracts in PubMed. PMIDs have nothing to do with the NIH Public Access Policy.

Examples of Citations

Sala-Torra O, Gundacker HM, Stirewalt DL, Ladne PA, Pogosova-Agadjanyan EL, Slovak ML, Willman CL, Heimfeld S, Boldt DH, Radich JP. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression and outcome in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2007 April 1; 109(7): 3080–3083. PMCID: PMC1852221

Cerrato A, Parisi M, Santa Anna S, Missirlis F, Guru S, Agarwal S, Sturgill D, Talbot T, Spiegel A, Collins F, Chandrasekharappa S, Marx S, Oliver B. Genetic interactions between Drosophila melanogaster menin and Jun/Fos. Dev Biol. 2006 Oct 1; 298(1): 59-70. PMCID: PMC2291284

Examples, before the PMCID is available:

For Submission Methods A and B, use “PMC Journal - In Process”: Example: Sala-Torra O, Gundacker HM, Stirewalt DL, Ladne PA, Pogosova-Agadjanyan EL, Slovak ML, Willman CL, Heimfeld S, Boldt DH, Radich JP. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression and outcome in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. [a publication date within 3 months of when the application, proposal or report was submitted toNIH]. PMCID: PMC Journal - In Process

For Submission Methods C and D, use the NIHMSID: Example: Cerrato A, Parisi M, Santa Anna S, Missirlis F, Guru S, Agarwal S, Sturgill D, Talbot T, Spiegel A, Collins F, Chandrasekharappa S, Marx S, Oliver B. Genetic interactions between Drosophila melanogaster menin and Jun/Fos. Dev Biol. In press. NIHMSID: NIHMS44135

Note : NIH expects NIH applications, proposals and reports to provide the most up-to-date information available on Public Access Policy compliance. The NIH Manuscript Submission reference number (NIHMSID) or “PMC Journal - In Process” should not be used once the PMCID is available. Previously submitted applications, proposals and reports need not be updated when the PMCID becomes available.

Locating the PMCID

The PMCID is posted in PubMed as soon as an article has been successfully processed by PMC, which usually occurs around the time of publication.

  • The easiest way to find and track PMCIDs is to add the paper to My NCBI (See My NCBI and My Bibliography training materials at Learning for instructions). My NCBI will automatically add the PMCID to a citation as soon as it is available.
  • PMCIDs are listed in the lower right corner of the Abstract Plus view of PubMed . If the paper is successfully processed but not yet publicly available on PMC, PubMed will also list the date the paper will become available.
  • NIH provides other methods of locating PMCIDs (e.g. the PMCID - PMID - Manuscript ID - DOI Converter ), as do several bibliography management software packages.

Related Resources

Research Performance Progress Report (RPPR)

difference between essay and white paper

What’s The Difference Between An Article A Paper And An Essay

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Table of Contents

When it comes to writing, you may wonder what the difference is between an essay, article, and paper. Even the most experienced writers sometimes confuse these terms, but once you understand what they represent, you’ll be able to choose which kind of writing suits your purposes best. With a little help from an essay writer service, you can be certain that each one of your pieces of writing will be polished and ready to impress upon completion.

Introduction

There are three main types of academic writing: essays, articles, and papers. While these categories are similar, there are some major differences. This post will help you identify what separates these terms from one another. Here’s a quick breakdown of each type of academic writing.

Essay vs. Article vs. Paper

Why are they different? What’s in a title? We hear them used all of the time interchangeably in different contexts, but what makes these three so different from one another? To understand how essay writing differs from articles and papers, we need to look at how each differs from another. So let’s get started by exploring some of their main differences: Essay vs. Article vs. Paper – Key Differences 1. Length 2. Subject Matter 3. Author 4. Purpose 5. Audience.

Essays are typically 1–3 pages long. Articles vary in length but run longer than essays. Papers typically range from 10 to 15 pages or more. It’s important to note that essay writer services have very different writing styles. Some writers write with a conversational tone, while others use a formal style for essays and articles. The best way to figure out which type of writing fits your needs is by looking at samples of their work or asking them about their process.

  The three types of writing are intended for different purposes. The purpose is often reflected in both length and tone. For example, a paper is generally longer than an essay or an article because it must be more comprehensive. It also tends to be more formal because it’s intended to be read by experts in a particular field (e.g., doctors reading a medical journal). On the other hand, an essay is usually shorter than a paper because it doesn’t have to cover as much ground and can take a more casual tone since it’s not necessarily directed at experts. Finally, articles tend to fall between essays and papers in terms of length, formality, and audience (i.e., they’re generally shorter than papers but longer than essays).

The difference between essays, articles, and papers can be found in the audience. In other words, you will write them for different people and in different situations. If you need to explain something (from a textbook or another piece of writing) or if you are explaining a procedure to someone new to that topic, then your best bet would be to write an essay. Alternatively, if your purpose is simply to inform someone about something they might find interesting, articles would do just fine. Finally, if you want to share some information with a large group of people with similar interests, then a paper would be your choice. So which one should you choose? It depends on what exactly it is that you want to achieve with your writing.

Subject Matter

There are a few distinct differences in subject matter for these different types of written work. Essays should be focused and concise; articles cover a broader scope. For example, if you were writing about gun control in America from a historical standpoint, your essay would focus on one distinct period throughout American history (likely before modern times), while your articles could each look at a different time during which gun laws were passed, enacted or changed. Papers are similar to essays in that they have a narrow focus, but papers typically take on more of an academic tone than essays do. Papers may also have footnotes, bibliographies, and other citations within them. It’s important to note that there isn’t always a clear distinction between essay and paper; some papers can even read like essays!

Unlike essays and articles, papers do not focus on a single topic. Papers are meant to convey complex information that may have been derived from numerous sources of information. Papers are also typically longer than essays or articles, ranging from five to more than 20 pages in length. This makes papers a relatively demanding form of academic writing. While essays often focus on personal reflections or observations, papers delve into specific topics with objective research findings drawn from secondary sources such as newspapers, journals, or books. An essay writer can be anyone who writes essays for money. An essay writer can be someone who has experience working with students in high school, college, or university-level institutions.

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  5. Essay writing tips: relevancy (pt. 1)

  6. How to write an essay #ENG1503 #ENN1504 #Lawschool #Law

COMMENTS

  1. Writing a White Paper

    Length If you are writing a white paper, be prepared to compose a long document. Depending on your industry, a white paper can extend beyond 25 pages. However, it will not usually be this long in the academic context. If your instructor asks you to write a white paper, follow their instructions regarding length.

  2. 3 Key Differences Between White Papers and Scientific Papers

    Difference #1: The Author Commercial white papers are written by a company's in-house staff or by a freelance writer under contract. The writer meets with the marketing staff to discuss the information to be presented, to determine an angle, and set parameters on facts and messaging.

  3. White paper

    [8] White papers are a way the government can present policy preferences before it introduces legislation. Publishing a white paper tests public opinion on controversial policy issues and helps the government gauge its probable impact. [9] By contrast, green papers, which are issued much more frequently, are more open-ended.

  4. White papers, working papers, preprints: What's the difference?

    How are they different? And which is best? Below, we explain each, pointing out its strengths and weaknesses. As always, we urge journalists to use care in selecting any research to ground their coverage and fact-check claims. Peer-reviewed article

  5. White Paper: Purpose and Audience

    The Purpose of a White Paper. Typically, the purpose of a white paper is to advocate that a certain position is the best way to go or that a certain solution is best for a particular problem. When it is used for commercial purposes, it could influence the decision-making processes of current and prospective customers.

  6. What Is a White Paper? Types, Purpose, and How To Write One

    Key Takeaways A white paper promotes a certain product, service, or methodology to influence current and prospective customer or investor decisions. Three main types of white papers include...

  7. How to Write and Format a White Paper: The Definitive Guide

    6. References (using correct industry format) What is a white paper? A white paper is an authoritative document intended to inform the reader on a particular topic fully. It combines expert knowledge and research into a document that argues for a specific solution or recommendation.

  8. How to Write a White Paper in 10 Steps (+ Tips & Templates)

    One of the best ways to do that is with a white paper. White papers can help move the needle for your sales team. According to a 2018 content preferences survey report, ... However, there are a few differences between the two, and it's important to know which one is best for your needs.

  9. The Four Main Types of Essay

    Published on September 4, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on July 23, 2023. An essay is a focused piece of writing designed to inform or persuade. There are many different types of essay, but they are often defined in four categories: argumentative, expository, narrative, and descriptive essays.

  10. What is a White Paper? (Definition, Templates + Formatting Tips)

    Dec 23, 2021. Most people assume that white papers are promotional documents written to convince readers to buy their product or service. Others think they're the in-depth version of ebooks — same as ebooks are the detailed versions of blog posts. Except, a white paper isn't all that.

  11. White Paper

    A white paper is an elaborate essay or report handed not only in a single page. It normally comes with a few pages and a title page serves as a cover page where the name of the author and date of publication are also reflected. Introduction. An introduction of a white paper acts as a teaser that outlines what readers can expect in the enter report.

  12. How to Write and Format a White Paper

    1. What is a white paper? A white paper is an in-depth report or guide about a specific topic and the problems that surround it. It is meant to educate readers and help them to understand and solve an issue. In the world of marketing, a white paper is a long-form piece of content, similar to an eBook.The difference between the two is that white papers tend to be more technical and in depth.

  13. Grey Literature & White Papers

    White papers are a valuable source of industry and public policy information. However, you must approach the information in the reports as critically as you would other sources of information. When reading a white paper, try to identify the following pieces of information and ask yourself how that could impact the relevance and accuracy of the ...

  14. What is a white paper and how to write it with examples

    The other difference between white papers and blog articles is the tone. White papers require an official and professional style, while blog articles can be written in a more informal manner. White papers require more research and provide a thorough analysis of a product or service.

  15. Research paper vs white paper: how are they different?

    A white paper, on the other sheet, is a tool to share information and influence decision-making. Research papers explore all existing knowledge and can never have enough of it. White papers focus on a handful of points. Just enough knowledge to help someone make the right decision and nothing more. Research papers expand the mind, white papers ...

  16. A Guide to White Papers: Definition, Format and Titles

    A white paper, also known as a whitepaper, is an informative document that presents research and expert knowledge about a particular recommendation or solution. These documents ‌help the reader in making a decision, solving a problem or understanding an issue. White papers are text-heavy and typically contain at least 2,500 words.

  17. What Is a White Paper? Definition, Uses and Best Practices

    One of the main differences between a white paper and other research papers is that a white paper will present problems and proposed solutions in a persuasive manner. Unlike a research report, which merely presents facts, analyses and outcomes, a white paper will appeal to its audience and gain attention so readers will take a position.

  18. What Paper vs. eBook (and Which Is Right for You)

    August 21, 2023. Content marketing is much more than distributing a blog article to your audience. White papers and eBooks are two great examples that can take content to the next level, offering your audience a new and exciting way to digest relatable information, while generating leads. Though similar, there's still something that sets ...

  19. The Difference between an Essay and a Research Paper: A Comprehensive

    An essay is a shorter piece of writing that presents a writer's argument or perspective on a specific topic. On the other hand, a research paper is a longer and more comprehensive piece of writing that involves in-depth research and analysis of a specific subject. See also How to Write a Compare-and-Contrast Essay: Step-by-Step Guide.

  20. What is the difference between Green and White paper

    Stakeholders and the public will be invited to comment on the Green Paper. Each Green Paper will contain several alternative policies, which will be discussed before a final decision is made. A White Paper is a more authoritative report and is seen as a statement of government policy. A White Paper may also consult the public and stakeholders ...

  21. Case Study versus White Paper

    Differences between a white paper and a case study. As you can see, there are some key differences between a white paper and a case study. Case studies are shorter and descriptive. ... you may opt for a white paper. White papers can also be a great option if you want more of a hard sell document geared toward a B2B audience.

  22. Reporting Publications to NIH

    B. Tracking and reporting papers arising from resource sharing. If an NIH award's only contribution to a publication is a shared resource, awardees should not list the publication in section C.1 of an RPPR or in the progress report publication list of a competitive renewal application.. Awardees are not required to track or report publications arising from the resources they share.

  23. What's The Difference Between An Article A Paper And An Essay

    So let's get started by exploring some of their main differences: Essay vs. Article vs. Paper - Key Differences 1. Length 2. Subject Matter 3. Author 4. Purpose 5. Audience. Length Essays are typically 1-3 pages long. Articles vary in length but run longer than essays. Papers typically range from 10 to 15 pages or more.

  24. What is the difference between essay and paper?

    As nouns the difference between essay and paper is that essay is a written composition of moderate length exploring a particular issue or subject while paper is a sheet material used for writing on or printing on (or as a non-waterproof container), usually made by draining cellulose fibres from a suspension in water.

  25. Scholarly Article or Book Chapter

    Poster, Presentation, Protocol or Paper. Deposit scholarly works such as posters, presentations, research protocols, conference papers or white papers. If you would like to deposit a peer-reviewed article or book chapter, use the "Scholarly Articles and Book Chapters" deposit option.